Zhao Ying Zi Yuan Hui Huayin Renye classical Chinese translation

1. Classical Chinese translation: "Be true to your word, think about what is right when you see it"

Original text

Zhao Rou, whose courtesy name is Yuanshun, was born in Jincheng. He is famous for his virtue, talent and learning. When Juqu was herding cattle, he was the Minister of Jinbu.

The ancestor of the throne lived in Pingliang Prefecture and moved to the capital. Emperor Gaozong practiced it and worshiped him as a writer. Later, he became the prefect of Hanoi due to his achievements in the past and was very benevolent and benevolent. Rou tasted the gold pearls left behind by the people of Ruth, and the price was hundreds of coins. Rou called to the Lord to return them. Later, someone gave Rou a few hundred pieces of vinda, and Rou and his son Shan Ming vended them in the market. I bought it from Rou and asked for twenty pieces of silk. A businessman knew that it was cheap and wanted to take thirty pieces of Rou with him. Rou said: "When dealing with others, it is settled with just one word. How can it be beneficial to move people's hearts?" So she followed him. The gentry and their ilk heard and respected him. (Selected from "The Biography of Zhao Rou in the Book of Wei" with some modifications)

Translation

Zhao Rou, named Yuanshun, was a native of Jincheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He was famous in Hexi for his virtue, talent and learning when he was young. When Juqu Muqian was the emperor of the Jin Dynasty, Zhao Rou was the minister of the Jin Dynasty.

After Shizu pacified Liangzhou, Zhao Rou went to the capital to serve. After Gaozong ascended the throne, Zhao Rou was appointed as the author. Later, because of his political achievements, he came to the capital to serve as the governor of Hanoi, and his reputation for benevolence was very obvious. Zhao Rou once picked up a gold bead that someone else had dropped on the road, which was worth hundreds of pieces of yellow silk. Zhao Rou immediately called the owner back and returned the gold bead to him. Later, someone gave Zhao Rou hundreds of plowshares (ploughshares, soil-turning agricultural tools), so Zhao Rou and her son Shanming went to the market to sell them. There was a man who wanted to buy Zhao Rou's silk. Zhao Rou asked him for 20 pieces of silk. Another businessman saw that his asking price was low, so he offered him 30 bolts of silk to buy. Shanming planned to sell it to this businessman. Zhao Rou said: "When making a deal with someone else, you just have to say one word. How can you change your mind because of profit?" Then she sold it to the original person. After the bureaucrats and gentry at that time heard about this, they all admired Zhao Rou very much. 2. Yang Bo, whose courtesy name is Yanqing, is from Huayin, Hengnong, Yunnan.

Yang Bo, whose courtesy name is Yanqing, is from Huayin, Hengnong, Yunnan.

Zuzhen, the prefect of Hanoi and Qinghe counties. Fu Yi, Yanxingwei, became the prefect of Guangping and had great achievements.

When Emperor Gaozu visited the south, officials praised him and gave him three hundred pieces of silk to General Ningyuan. Yang Bo's original character was Yuan Xiu, in the middle of Taihe, Emperor Gaozu gave him the gift to change it.

My mother, Mrs. Wang, is the aunt of the Wenming Queen Mother. Sow less and repair it, but serve it with all the courtesy.

As a foreign relative, I need to give you special gifts urgently, and I have many plans before and after. Entering the north gives Shizhong.

The imperial edict was patrolled in the north, and Gaozu personally sent it to his household, admonishing him for military strategy. Soon, General Long Xiang was eliminated.

He went out to Mobei with Wang Yi and others from Yangping to fight against the creeps, and returned with a great harvest. The great ancestor commended his merits and gave him ten slaves.

He moved to the general of Wuwei and attacked Weiwei again, and returned to Juran Mountain. Follow the car and drive south to Zhongli.

When the division returned, Zhaobo led three thousand infantry and five hundred cavalry into the army hall. At that time, the spring water was beginning to grow, and a large number of thieves arrived, and the boats and ships blocked the river.

Before the troops crossed the Huaihe River, they marched to the south bank and placed themselves in the rear. After all the troops had crossed, the thieves gathered and surrounded them.

It was for the sake of Yuan Chen that he fought with his own body and beheaded many of them. He then lodged with the soldiers and devoured them, and the thieves surrounded him. Even more anxiously, Gaozu looked to the north and saw that there were no boats and no rescue. When the water receded slightly, Bo led three hundred fine cavalry, marched through the boats, and shouted: "Now I want to cross, and those who can fight will come!" The thieves did not dare to move, so they supported the crowd and helped.

The great ancestor was very strong and gave Juehua Yinzi to find and eliminate the right guard general. Later, he attacked Cui Huijing and Xiao Yan in Dengcheng, defeated them, and was promoted to General Pingdong.

At that time, the chariot was driving with great power on the Mianshui River, and a banquet was held on the mountain. Gaozu was gambling with Xie, the king of Pengcheng, and the Chinese army. The long-range shot is in the middle, and the fundraising limit is full.

Emperor Gaozu said: "The left guard has prepared enough, and the right guard has to deal with it." He said to the emperor: "Relying on the grace of God, we will fight for it."

So he bent his bow and fired. , the arrow hits the target. Emperor Gaozu laughed and said: "The wonderfulness of nourishing Youji, how can it be better than this?"

Then he gave the wine to Xiansheng: "The ancients used wine to cure diseases. I now appreciate your ability, which can be said to be the best in modern times and ancient times." "It's very special." From the time he arrived at Xuanhu, he became an uncle.

At the beginning of Jingming Dynasty, he also served as a servant in Hengzhou to support the cold and fatigue. After removing General Anbei and the governor of Bingzhou, he was granted the title of General Anxi and governor of Huazhou.

When he went to the state to borrow land from the people, he was impeached by Wang Ji, the censor, and his official rank was removed. He died at home in the second year of Yanchang.

Zi Kan and others left the coffin unburied and complained for many years. In Xipingzhong, they presented it to General Zhenxi and restored his title. 3. Sun Tai Classical Chinese Translation

Sun Tai was from Shanyang. He studied under Huangfu Ying when he was young. His behavior and character were very ancient.

Sun Tai’s wife is his aunt’s daughter. At first, the aunt was old and entrusted her two daughters to Sun Tai, saying, "The eldest daughter has a problem with one eye. You can marry her sister."

When the aunt passed away, Sun Tai married His aunt's eldest daughter is his wife. Someone asked him why, and Sun Tai said: "That man has something wrong with his eyes. He can't marry except me."

Everyone admired Sun Tai's loyalty. Sun Tai once met an iron lampstand in the city, bought it, and had it cleaned. It turned out to be made of silver.

Sun Tai hurried to return the seller. During the Zhonghe period, Sun Tai would settle down in Yixing and purchase a villa for two hundred guan.

Having paid half of the money, Sun Tai went to Wuxing County for a tour and agreed to go to the newly purchased villa when he came back. Two months later, Sun Tai came back, stopped the boat and walked, and gave the rest of the money to the owner of the house, asking him to move elsewhere.

At this time, I saw an old woman crying bitterly. Sun Tai was frightened after hearing this and asked her to ask.

The old woman said: "I once served my parents-in-law here, but my descendants were not successful, so the villa was owned by others, so I was sad." Sun Tai felt at a loss for a long time, so he lied to her and said: "I just happened to be here." After receiving the document from the capital, I have been appointed to another position and cannot live here. The place where I live is temporarily in charge of your son." After saying that, he untied the boat rope and left, never to come back. . 4. Guo Xie, Zhi Renye, classical Chinese translation, best answer

I don’t know where your article ends, so I copied some more. Guo Xie was from Zhi (zhǐ, refers to) County, with the courtesy name Weng Bo.

He is the grandson of Xu Ning who is good at meeting people. Guo Xie's father was killed during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty because he was a knight.

Guo Xie was short, smart and strong, and did not drink. When he was a child, he was cruel and cruel, and when he was angry and unhappy, he killed many people with his own hands.

He did not hesitate to sacrifice his life to avenge his friends, hid desperadoes to commit illegal robberies, minted coins privately when he stopped, and dug graves. His illegal activities were countless. But you can encounter God's blessing, often escape from embarrassment and crisis, or encounter amnesty.

When Guo Xie got older, he changed his behavior, took care of himself, repaid those who resented him with kindness, gave more to others, and had little resentment towards others. But his own preference for Xingxia became stronger and stronger.

He has saved the lives of others, but does not boast of his merits, but his heart is still cruel and vicious, and his sudden anger and murder over trivial matters remains the same. The young man at that time admired his behavior and often avenged him, but did not let him know.

The son of Guo Xie’s sister relied on Guo Xie’s power to drink with others and ask them to toast. If the person's alcohol capacity is small and he can't drink anymore, he forces the person to drink.

The man got angry, drew his sword, stabbed Guo Xie's sister's son to death, and then ran away. Guo Xie's sister was angry and said: "With the loyalty of my brother Weng Bo, my son was killed, but the murderer could not be caught."

So she dumped her son's body on the road without burying it, hoping to use it to kill him. This humiliates Guo Xie. Guo Xie sent people to secretly find out where the murderer was.

The murderer was embarrassed and came back on his own initiative to tell Guo Xie the truth. Guo Xie said: "You should have killed him, but my child is unreasonable."

So he let the murderer go, put the blame on his sister's son, collected his body and buried him. When people heard the news, they all praised Guo Xie's moral behavior and became more attached to him.

Every time Guo Xie went out or came back, people avoided him. Only one man sat on the ground arrogantly and looked at him. Guo Xie sent someone to ask his name. Someone among the retainers wanted to kill the man. Guo Xie said: "I live in the countryside and I am not respected by others. This is because I have not cultivated my morals enough. What crime does he have?"

So he So he secretly asked Wei Shi: "This man is the one I care about most. When it is his turn to serve, please exempt him." From then on, every time he served, there were many times when the county officials did not find this man who was rude to Guo Xie. people.

He felt strange and asked the reason. It turned out that Guo Xie had exempted him from the service. So, he exposed his body and went to Guo Xie to apologize.

When the young people heard the news, they admired Guo Xie's behavior even more. There were people in Luoyang who were enemies of each other, but there were dozens of wise men and heroes in the city to mediate between them, but the two parties never listened to persuasion.

The retainers came to see Guo Xie and explain the situation. Guo Xie went to meet with his enemies at night. Out of respect for Guo Xie, the enemies reluctantly listened to his advice and prepared to reconcile.

Guo Xie said to his enemies: "I heard that the Dukes of Luoyang offered to mediate for you, but most of you refused to accept it. Fortunately, you have listened to my advice. How could Guo Xie come from another county? What about usurping the mediation power of the virtuous officials in the city?" So Guo Xie left that night without letting anyone know, saying, "Don't listen to my mediation for the time being. After I leave, let the heroes of Luoyang mediate, and you just listen to them. "

Guo Xie maintained his respectful attitude and did not dare to drive into the county government office. He went to other counties and counties to do things for others. If the things could be done, he would definitely get them done. If the things couldn't be done, he would have to satisfy all parties involved before he dared to eat and drink with others.

Therefore, everyone respects him very much and competes to serve him. Young men in the city and wise men and heroes from nearby counties would often come to visit Guo Xie in more than ten cars in the middle of the night, asking to take the guests of Guo Xie's family back to their homes for support.

In the second year of Yuanshuo, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the imperial court wanted to move the wealthy families from various counties to live in Maoling. Guo Jie's family was poor and did not meet the transfer standard of three million yuan, but Guo Jie was included in the transfer list. Xie's name, so the officials were afraid and did not dare to let Guo Xie move. At that time, General Wei Qing said to the emperor on behalf of Guo Xie: "Guo Xie's family is poor and does not meet the criteria for relocation."

But the emperor said: "The power of a common man can make the general speak for him. This shows that his family Not poor." Guo Xie was then moved to Maoling.

People paid more than ten million to see Guo Xie off. The son of Yang Jizhu, a Zhe native, was appointed as a rafter in the county, and he was the one who nominated Guo Xie to be moved there.

The son of Guo Xie’s brother cut off the head of the rafter in Yang County. From then on, the Yang family became enemies with the Guo family.

Guo Xie moved to Guanzhong, and the sages and heroes in Guanzhong, no matter whether they knew Guo Xie before or not, now that they heard about his reputation, they all competed to become good friends with Guo Xie. Guo Xie is short, does not drink alcohol, and does not ride a horse when going out.

Later, Yang Jizhu was killed. Yang Jizhu's family wrote a letter to complain, and someone killed the complainer in front of the palace gate.

When the emperor heard the news, he ordered the officials to capture Guo Xie. Guo Xie fled, placed his mother in Xia Yang, and fled to Linjin himself.

Shaoping, a native of Linjin, did not know Guo Xie. Guo Xie took the liberty of meeting him and asked him to help him get out of the customs. After Ji Shaogong sent Guo Xie out of the customs, Guo Xie moved to Taiyuan. Wherever he went, he often told the people who kept him room and board about his situation.

The officials chased Guo Xie and tracked him to the home of the young master. Ji Shaogong had no choice but to commit suicide, and his confession was cut off.

After a long time, the government arrested Guo Xie and thoroughly investigated his crimes. They found that some of the people killed by Guo Xie had happened before the amnesty order was announced. Once, a Confucian scholar from Zhi County was sitting around with an envoy who came to investigate Guo Xie's case. Guo Xie's disciples praised Guo Xie and said, "Guo Xie loves to do evil and illegal things. How can we say he is a wise man?" When the judge heard this, he killed the Confucian scholar and cut out his tongue.

The officials questioned Guo Xie and asked him to hand over the murderer, but Guo Xie did not know who the murderer was. The murderer has never been found, and we don’t know who he is.

The officials reported to the emperor that Guo Xie was not guilty. Gongsun Hong, the imperial censor, commented: "Guo Xie acted as a commoner, played tricks, and killed people for trivial matters. Although Guo Xie didn't know it, his crime was more serious than his own murder.

Guo Xie was convicted of treason and immorality." So he executed Guo Xie and Wengbo's family.

From then on, there were many people who practiced chivalry, but they were all arrogant and rude and not worthy of praise. But Fan Zhongzi from Chang'an in Guanzhong, Wangsun Zhao from Huaili, Gao Gongzi from Changling, Guo Gongzhong from Xihe, Lu Gongru from Taiyuan, Changqing from Linhuai, Tian Junru from Dongyang, although they are heroes, they can still modestly give in. of. 5. History of the Ming Dynasty. Classical Chinese translation of He Kai's biography

He Kai, courtesy name Yuanzi, was a native of Zhenhaiwei in Zhangzhou. Jinshi in the fifth year of Tianqi. When Wei Zhongxian was in chaos, he returned without being elected. During the reign of Chongzhen, he was appointed as the head of the Household Department, promoted to Yuanwailang, and transferred to the Criminal Department for Shizhong. The bandits trapped Fengyang and destroyed the imperial mausoleum. Kai impeached the governor Yang Yipeng and the inspector Wu Zhenying for their crimes, and assassinated the assistant ministers Wen Tiren and Wang Yingxiong, saying: "Zhenying, Tiren is a private person; Yipeng is the master of Yingxiong. The rebels invaded the imperial mausoleum, and the gods and men were angry. Your Majesty He stopped talking about avoiding the palace and was moved

He Kai wrote "The Book of Songs in Ancient Meanings"

The two ministers looked at it alone, wanting to make Yipeng and Zhenying wear their sins and redeem themselves. . If the relationship is important, the ancestral mausoleum is light; if the friendship is deep, the world will not tolerate ridicule." He also said: "Ying Xiong and Tiren played a debate, and Ming Zi introduced his disciples to marry Ya. This is the real reason why the criminal officials looked at each other. They begged for instructions and ministers, and did not distinguish between grudges and hatred, but used state affairs as a drama." Ying Xiong repeated the debate. . Kaiyan said: "Since I have not followed the order, Ying Xiong first quoted Chen Shu's poems in the first day, and there must be someone who missed the ban on Chinese." The emperor was moved and ordered Ying Xiong to explain himself, but Ying Xiong actually left. The Secretary of the Ministry of Civil Affairs said that in the key areas of Deng and Lai, the governor Chen Yingyuan cited illness and should allow him to go. And when Yongjia was promoted to Yingyuan, he was appointed as the governor of Denglai. Regular script also sparsely refutes it. Kai also asked Gao Panlongguan to be given to the imperial censor of the capital, to confer posthumous titles on Zuo Guangdou's ministers, and to summon Hui Shiyang back. See and listen sparsely. Repeatedly moving to engineering majors failed. 6. Translation of the biography of Liu Lin in the Ming Dynasty

The biography of Liu Lin in the Ming Dynasty

Original text

Liu Lin, courtesy name Yuan Rui, was originally a benevolent man and was the deputy Qianhu of Guangyang Wei in Nanjing. , because of home. He was good at learning and writing, and together with Gu Lin and Xu Zhenqing, he was known as the "Three Talented Scholars in Jiangdong". In the ninth year of Hongzhi's reign, he became a Jinshi. In addition to the head of the Criminal Department, he was also a member of the imperial family, and more than 390 people were rehabilitated. At the beginning of Zhengde period, he became the prefect of Shaoxing. Because Liu Jin refused to pay tribute to him, he was dismissed from serving the people. Jin Zhu set out to repair Xi'an and moved to Yunnan as an envoy. At the beginning of Jiajing's reign, he summoned the imperial servant to pay homage to him, became the right deputy censor of the capital, and made the governor of the Six Prefectures of Baoding. After becoming an official on March 21, the fourth year of Jiajing's reign (1525), he was promoted to Minister of Dali Temple and Minister of the Ministry of Industry. Because of the fourteen events in the last festival, Zhonggui was greatly resented. Because the ultimatum stopped the weaving of Zhejiang, Su, and Song, and the robes for the emperor were also suspended, the middle official Wu Xun thought of it and ordered Liu Lin to become an official. Living in Nanyuan in the suburbs, he composed poems to amuse himself. Late in life, he lived in a building, but he was too poor to build it. He hung a basket on a beam and lay in it, which was called the Shenlou. Wen Zhengming drew the picture. He died in the 40th year of Jiajing at the age of eighty-eight. As a gift to Prince Shaobao, he was given the posthumous title Qinghui. There is "Liu Qinghui Collection".

Translation

Liu Lin, whose courtesy name was Yuanrui, was a native of Ren County, Ben'an County. He had been a deputy to the Guangyang Guards in Nanjing for generations, so he settled here. He was knowledgeable and good at writing articles. Together with Gu Lin and Xu Zhenqing, he was known as the "Three Talents of Jiangdong". In the ninth year of Hongzhi, he passed the Jinshi examination, was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Punishment, and was promoted to Yuanwailang. He corrected the unjust, false and wrong cases of more than 390 people. In the early years of Zhengde's reign, he left Beijing to serve as the prefect of Shaoxing. Because Liu Jin was jealous of him for not thanking him (his kindness), he was dismissed from the people. After Liu Jin was executed, he was appointed as a replacement in Xi'an, and was soon promoted to Yunnan Inspector. In the early years of Jiajing's reign, he was recruited and appointed as Taipuqing, promoted to right deputy censor of the capital, and governor of the six prefectures of Baoding.

After his resignation on March 21, the fourth year of Jiajing's reign (1525), he was appointed minister of Dali Temple and promoted to minister of the Ministry of Industry. Because he wrote a letter about fourteen things to save money, the ministers in the palace hated him very much. Since the general order suspended weaving in Zhejiang, Suzhou, and Songjiang, and the emperor's provision of robes was also stopped, Wu Xun, an official in the palace, took this matter as an excuse and asked Liu Lin to resign. (Liu Lin) lived in Nanyuan in the suburbs, composing poems for his own entertainment. In his later years, he liked bamboo buildings, but because he was too poor to build them, he hung a cart under the beams, curled up and slept in them, and named it a sacred building. Wen Zhengming drew this picture. Jiajing died in the 40th year of his reign at the age of eighty-eight. He was given the title of Crown Prince Shaobao, and his posthumous title was Qinghui. Author of "Liu Qinghui Collection". 7. < >Translation of Yang Zhen's biography, urgent Yang Zhen, courtesy name Boqi, was from Huayin County, Hongnong County

Reference translation: Yang Zhen, courtesy name Boqi, was from Huayin County, Hongnong County.

In the second year of Yanguang's reign, he replaced Liu Kai as Taiwei. The emperor's uncle, Dahong Lu Gengbao, recommended to Yang Zhen the elder brother of Li Run, a regular minister in the imperial court, but Yang Zhen did not listen.

Geng Bao went to visit Yang Zhen in person and said: "Li Changshi is a person of great importance to the emperor. He wants you to recruit his brother as an official. I am just conveying the emperor's wishes." Yang Zhen said : "If the emperor wants to recruit the three prefectures, then there should be a document from the minister."

So he refused to agree, and Geng Bao left angrily. The queen's brother Zhijinwu Yan Xian also recommended people close to Yang Zhen, but Yang Zhen did not agree.

When Sikong Liushou heard about this, he immediately recruited these two people, and they were both promoted within ten days. Therefore, Yang Zhen was resented even more.

The memorials submitted by Yang Zhen often hit the mark. The emperor was gradually dissatisfied, and Fan Feng and others were extremely hostile. It was only because he was a Confucian that he did not dare to do harm.

Soon a man from Hejian, Zhao Teng, came to the palace to write a letter stating the gains and losses of political affairs. The emperor was furious and put Zhao Teng in prison for trial, and the case was closed on charges of deceiving the emperor.

Yang Zhen wrote another memorial to save Zhao Teng, saying: "I heard that during the reign of Yao and Shun, remonstrance drums and slander trees were set up in the court hall. When the people complained about the sages of Yin and Zhou, they would reflect on themselves and cultivate their virtues. This is In order to be clear-sighted, speak out, widely solicit opinions from the grassroots, and fully understand the sufferings of the people.

The crime Zhao Teng has committed is different from the crime of murder. Please reduce his sentence and save his life. Encourage the people to express their opinions."

The emperor never realized that Zhao Teng was executed in the busy city of the capital. Later, in the spring of the third year of Yanguang, the emperor visited Mount Tai in the east. Fan Feng and others took advantage of the emperor's absence to overhaul the house. Yang Zhen's official Gao Shu summoned the craftsmen for torture, and obtained the forged documents issued by Fan Feng and others. The edict was written into a memorial and was ready to be handed over when the emperor came back.

Fan Feng and others were very frightened when they heard about it. Just when Taishi said that the stars were in retrograde motion, he framed Yang Zhen together and said: "Ever since Zhao Teng was executed, Yang Zhen has been deeply resentful. Besides, he is an old official of Deng's family and he is originally dissatisfied."

Waiting for the emperor to return to Beijing, he waited for the auspicious time to return to the palace at Taixue, and sent an envoy to take back Yang Zhen's Taiwei seal ribbon that night. So Yang Zhen closed the door and declined the guests.

Fan Feng and others still resented him, so they asked General Geng Bao to report that Yang Zhen refused to plead guilty and harbored resentment. The emperor issued an edict to send Yang Zhen back to his hometown.

Yang Zhen walked to Jiyang Pavilion in the west of the city and said generously to his son's disciples: "It is the duty of a scholar to die. Thanks to the great love of the emperor, I hold a high position. I hate the treacherous ministers who are cunning and cannot be punished. I hate them." If we can't stop the rebellion in the harem, how can we see the sun and the moon again? After my death, I will use a mixed wood coffin and cover my body with a sheet. I will not be buried in the ancestral graves or set up a shrine."

So. He died after drinking poisonous wine. He was over seventy years old. In compliance with the orders of Fan Feng and others, Yiliang, the prefect of Hongnong, sent officials to intercept Yang Zhen's funeral car in Shaanxi County, parked the coffin on the roadside, and punished Yang Zhen's sons to deliver the official documents instead of the postman. The people along the way were sad for him. shed tears. 8. Wang Yuanze’s skillful translation of classical Chinese

"Wang Yuanze’s Distinguishing between Deer and Deer" is selected from "Shen Kuo Mengxi Bi Tan Quan Zhi". The following is the original text:

When Wang Yuanze was several years old, A guest put a deer and a deer in a cage together and asked Yu: "Which one is the deer and which one is the deer?" Yu Shi did not know, so he said to him for a long time: "The one next to the deer is a deer, and the one next to the deer is a deer." The guest was very surprised. .

The general idea is: How old was Wang Yu (named Yuanze)? Once, a guest brought a cage containing a deer and a deer and asked Wang Yu: "Which one is the deer and which one is the deer?" One is a deer?" Wang Yu actually didn't know him. After a while, he answered: "Beside the deer is a deer, and next to the deer is a deer." The guest was very surprised.

Note: Wang Yu, whose courtesy name is Yuanze, is the son of Wang Anshi. This is the original text recorded in "Mengxi Bi Tan", which highlights Wang Yuanze's characteristics of quick thinking and exquisite knowledge.