What is the orientation, angle and composition of the lens?

Pictures here generally refer to painting, photography and film and television pictures. There are both connections and differences between film and television composition and photographic composition. First of all, talk about photographic composition.

The word composition comes from Latin, which means composition, structure and connection. It is borrowed from the art of photography, which generally refers to the complete creative process from material selection, conception to modeling. That is, thinking process and organizational embodiment process. In a narrow sense, it refers to the layout and composition of a photo. It is to consciously arrange the objects to be expressed in the picture according to the requirements of theme and content, and express the photographer's intention. Specifically, it includes the overall visual experience of a photo, the treatment of subject and companion, the relationship between environment and subject, the spatial relationship, the control of image reality, the light, color tone, the configuration of color tone, the rendering of atmosphere and so on.

The purpose of composition is to enhance the expressive force of the picture, better express the content of the picture, and make the theme clear and the form novel and unique. Prominent theme, clear intention and aesthetic feeling in form are the basic requirements of photographic composition.

Composition used in TV art has the same meaning as photographic composition. However, camera shooting is different from photography. A shot is not the end of the work. Each TV picture is only the basic unit of the screen artistic image in the whole work. This is like writing a word in an article, which needs to be connected by many shots to express a complete meaning. If the choice of modeling means is compared to the choice of words, film and television composition is equivalent to making sentences, and the montage of the picture is to make a fuss. Television pictures and photos have different missions and functions. Therefore, we can't completely apply the processing method of photographic composition to deal with TV picture composition.

Synthesis of focal plane image

The focal plane picture composition refers to the picture segmentation form formed by the position and space occupied by the subject in the picture; And the combination of light, shadow and color in the picture structure to form a visual image.

The basic purpose of focal plane composition is to create a sense of depth. That is, on the screen of two-dimensional plane, create a three-dimensional sense of space that convinces the audience.

The primary task of focal plane picture composition is to highlight the main image, attract the attention of the audience, and accurately guide it to the place where the film creator wants the attention of the audience.

Characteristics of focal plane composition

Overall coherent rhythm-a complete focal plane is usually completed by more than two or even dozens of movie pictures. Part of the content explained by a shot is often continued or developed from the previous picture to the next picture, so it is not required that the composition of a movie picture is complete, but that the composition structure is complete after a series of shots are combined.

Fixity of composition frame-standard screen ratio1:1.37; The scale of shadow screen is1:1.66/1:1.85; The widescreen ratio is 1:2.35.

Composition form of focal plane

Closed combination and open combination—

It is used to describe the composition skills and strategies that adapt to the audience when dealing with pictures without the participation of the audience. In open composition, some people's bodies may be cut off by the edge of the picture or partially blocked by objects in the foreground. In closed composition, the position of characters is carefully arranged to achieve the best clarity and picture balance. Open composition has a strong sense of recording, while closed composition pays more attention to dramatic effect.

For film creators, the most interesting aspect of open composition and closed composition is how they are used to provide different levels of audience participation and intimate relationship between characters in the picture. How film creators make use of this relationship leads to psychological problems of aesthetic distance.

Focus perspective and depth of field lens—

Focus perspective: a method of expressing spatial depth with virtual image or real image focus. The closer the optical lens is to the focus, the clearer it is, and the farther it is from the focus, the more blurred it is, so that the images of scenes at different distances become clear or blurred to show the spatial position of the scenes represented by the images in the objective environment, thus creating the illusion of spatial depth on the plane. Focus perspective is related to depth of field. For example, if you focus at a short distance, the scene image at a long distance will gradually blur; The focus is on the middle scene, and the far and near scenes are blurred; The focus is on the distant view, and the scene images of the middle view and the close view are gradually blurred.

Depth of field: the subject can get a clear image on the screen in the spatial range of different distances from the camera optical lens. The scene image within the depth of field is clear, and the scene image outside the depth of field is blurred. Usually refers to the clear range before and after the focal plane reflected by the final screen image.

Everything related to the depth of field-the relationship between focused elements and unfocused elements, and the use of these elements in the depth of field to determine whether the foreground or background is in focus-will affect the attractiveness of the image to the audience. In this case, it is basically the responsibility of the filmmaker to evaluate the part he wants to show in the whole incident. From that point of view, this action is basically the responsibility of the filmmaker. In most cases, the external action of a scene will have some more important dramatic points. By choosing these important actions and deciding how to present them in front of the camera, the filmmaker and others thus control the viewpoint of any scene, the benchmark of audience identification and his emotional trend.

As a way to organize the scene space, the action space (performance space) in front of the camera is artificially divided into three parts: the foreground-according to the nearest part of the camera; Medium shot-medium shot; Background-the part farthest from the camera.

Panoramic focusing: Also known as deep focal length and Quan Jingshen. The movements of people in the deep air and the scenes taken from far and near are all clear images in the picture. Commonly used small aperture (the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field); Hyperfocus (the farther the object distance, the greater the depth of field; The distance from the ranging point is equal to the maximum depth of field when hyperfocal distance is away) and the short-focus lens (when the aperture is the same as the object distance, the depth of field of the short-focus lens is greater than that of the long-focus lens). Close-up and panoramic scenes are contained in the same picture, which can clearly show the scene image of the whole performance area and strengthen the realism of the picture space and the sense of scale of the scene. Complex plot content is expressed in a single picture, which has a strong dramatic effect. It enriches the expressive force and appeal of a single shot cutting time and space.

Orson welles's Citizen Kane is an early film that takes this effect as the feature of the whole film. Orson welles tends to divide his actors in the space of foreground and background, thus emotionally isolating Kane from the people around him. At the end of the film, Kane and Susan are arranged at two ends of a huge room, and both of them are detained by the camera space.

Some of the most impressive depth-of-field shots in the film were achieved by trick photography. For example, for the first exposure, one side of the picture is covered and the other side focuses on the people in the foreground. The second exposure, the film back to the starting point, the shooting part was covered, and the other side focused on the people in the background. In this way, two exposures are combined into one picture, which produces a great depth of field effect.