Movie english terminology

director

Assistant director

Producer producer

dramatist

camera operator

Assistant photographer photography assistant

stagehand

Lighting engineer

property manager

Artistic director, scenery designer

film editor

Sound engineer

Script holder reporter

Distributor issuer

cast

film star

Protagonist

co-star

Guest actor guest appearance

stand-in

extra costs

Lighting stage lighting

title to property

Special effects

Slow motion slow motion

Edit clip

Audio and video recording

Sound effect sound effect

hybrid recording

Dubbing dubbing

The eight major Hollywood film companies

The first eight Hollywood films were MGM, Paramount, 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros., United Artists, Universal, Columbia and Radio Television.

The Motion Picture Association of America (MPA), established by these eight film companies, rates all films released in the United States and lobbies for the interests of American films. At that time, the eight major film companies were all monopolies, especially the top five companies, which not only monopolized all aspects of film production and distribution, but also owned their own cinemas. It was not until the 1950s that they were forced to sell their cinemas under the anti-monopoly law of the United States (but at present, big film companies have begun to intervene in cinema management, for example, Sony already owns 20% of the largest cinema in the United States). Due to the loss of cinemas and the impact of TV popularization, the eight major companies fell into an unprecedented predicament, which led to the bankruptcy of radio and television in the 1950s, but the rise of Walter Disney filled the vacancy left by radio and television.

Then Hollywood began to enter a recession. In 1970s, MGM, the original largest company, gradually declined and was acquired by the United States. However, before America's good days began, it went bankrupt because it invested in the most loss-making "blockbuster" paradise gate. Instead, MGM was asked to clean up the mess, and MGM/USA (UA) was formed, and eight movies became seven. At the same time, some small companies were established and emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, such as Samsung, New Line, Carolco and Orion. , but never reached the scale of seven, Samsung and New Line did not develop further until they were acquired by big companies.

In the early 1980s, Hollywood began to recover-large-scale mergers and acquisitions began. First, MGM, which was still weak at that time, was acquired by Turner Broadcasting Company, the parent company of CNN. Turner already has two studios, New Line and Castle Rock (business card production companies such as The Shawshank Redemption and green mile), and soon found that MGM's mess was hard to digest. So Turner left MGM's only valuable thing, the world's largest movie library, to enrich his TV programs (which is why many DVDs of MGM/United American movies were released by Warner), so he handed MGM over to an Italian financial consortium. The only hope for MGM is that Turner didn't take 007' s money? br/>；

1985, even the release of the Star Wars trilogy failed to shake Fox out of the shadow of bankruptcy. News Corp. of Murdoch, Australia, appeared in time and acquired it. Media tycoon Murdoch does have a way to bring him back to life. Under the operation of News Corporation, Fox not only regained its former glory, but also established the fourth largest television network in the United States. After Sony acquired CBS records, it also acquired Colombia and Samsung from Coca-Cola with 1989 to form Sony Pictures/Colombia-Samsung. Although Gensonnie was initially overwhelmed by the losses of the new company for many years, Sony was unwilling to give up. Sony's countryman Matsushita, after acquiring Universal and its parent company MCA, found that the profit was in the foreseeable future and failed to bring much profit to the sales of its audio-visual hardware, so he sold MCA to Canadian wine giant Sigma. Disney also regained its glory through The Little Mermaid, and in order to distinguish the distribution of its children's films, Disney set up Touchstone and Hulaiwood Film, which are specialized in distributing adult films, and assembled three distribution brands into Buena Vista——BV.

However, after entering the 1990s, Carlo, who enjoyed great success with such successful blockbusters as Instinct and Terminator, began to encounter big troubles, and his scale could not bear the continuous large investment. The failure of cutting roar island made it lose all its money and become rich. The release of Stargate completely bankrupt Carlo, and his movie library was sold to MGM. Time warner Inc. Company acquired Turner Broadcasting Company in 1990s, and New Line Company and Castle Rock Company joined time warner Inc. Company. ..

From the middle and late 1990s to the new century, these seven companies have all become part of multinational media groups: Disney acquired Milla Max and ABC TV, the largest independent film producer in the United States; Paramount was acquired by Viacom, which owns MTV, and established UPN TV network; Fox was reorganized into Fox Entertainment Group, and the third largest independent filmmaker in the United States, Fox Search Light, was established. Time warner Inc. merged with AOL; After Sigma acquired Polaroid, it was acquired by French media giant Vivendi due to huge losses and reorganized into a new company Vividen-Universal. Although MGM has not recovered (its market share is even lower than that of independent filmmakers such as Milla Max, and its overseas distribution rights have been entrusted to Fox), it has also established its own cable TV network, acquired the film libraries of bankrupt companies such as Olin and Polaroid Films, and regained the largest film library in the world. Of course, the newly established DreamWorks has also begun to show its strength, but from the perspective of market share and business depth and breadth, there is still a long way to go to become the new eighth largest.

In 2004, after a long negotiation, during which Sony hesitated, Warner gave up, Sony Pictures finally hit a huge sum of $3 billion, and assumed a high debt of $2 billion for MGM. It was decided to acquire MGM Group, and the final acquisition will be completed in mid-2005. Through this acquisition, Sony has acquired MGM's rich film library, which is ready for further occupation of the film field. This acquisition also means that one of the top eight is missing.

Therefore, it has become a common saying that the eight major films refer to the mainstream studios in Hollywood. At present, there are only six truly "blockbusters", namely, six members of the Motion Picture Association of America (Motion Picture Association of America): Sony/Columbia University (including MGM /UA), 20th Century Fox and Disney/Disney.