Key points of cultivation of Cymbidium hybridum

Selection of cultivation medium and basin

It is advisable to choose a long cylindrical basin with porous bottom and four walls. The cultivation medium should be bark blocks or fern roots with good air permeability and water permeability, and charcoal and ceramsite should be added to the bottom of the basin to facilitate drainage. I like warm winter and cool summer. The optimum growth temperature is 1-25℃. The temperature at night is about 1℃.

Growth type: | Herbs | Orchidaceae flowers

Ornamental characteristics: The flowering cymbidium is loved by people because of its majestic planting posture and huge flowers.

like warm winter and cool summer climate, like high humidity and strong light, and the suitable growth temperature is 1℃ to 25℃. The appropriate temperature at night is about 1℃, especially during flowering, if the temperature is kept above 5℃, the flowering period can be prolonged for more than 3 months below 15℃. The flowering period can be from October to April of the following year according to different varieties. Generally, it takes 3 ~ 4 years to grow the tissue culture seedlings from the bottle to flowering. Cymbidium hybridum plants are composed of mother bulbs, daughter bulbs and sun bulbs, among which the sun bulbs grow fastest.

Cymbidium hybridum likes strong light and can withstand 5, to 7, lux of strong light. Cymbidium hybridum is native to tropical and subtropical plateau of Asia, and likes cool and high humidity environment. The suitable temperature for its growth is 1 ~ 25℃. It should be kept in a low-temperature greenhouse in winter, and it will last for a long time at around 1℃ at night, with normal elongation of flower stems, and it usually blooms in February ~ March. When the temperature is lower than 5℃ in winter, the leaves are slightly yellow, the flowering period is delayed and the flower stems are short. However, when the overwintering temperature is about 15℃, the leaves are green and shiny, and the flowering is advanced to January-February to supply the Spring Festival market. The flower diameter is soft, and it must be supported vertically by pillars to keep it upright. If it is arched, it can be made into "arched cymbidium", which is also called "weeping cymbidium" in the market. In fact, the real "weeping cymbidium" should be a kind of cymbidium with natural drooping inflorescence. Scholars have done more in-depth research on the characteristics of vegetative growth and reproductive growth: most cymbidium varieties need high humidity, so it is necessary to give sufficient water to the adult plants all year round (the young plants should be watered appropriately). Generally, water should be watered once every morning in winter and early spring, and once every day before 8 o'clock and after 5 o'clock in the evening from early summer to late autumn. At the same time, water should be sprayed on the leaves once a day, and the decomposed cake fertilizer should be diluted into .2% liquid fertilizer. Usually, fermented oil-meal organic fertilizer mixed with bone meal or calcium superphosphate is made into pellets with a diameter of about 2cm and placed on the basin surface (which can slowly release fertility with the infiltration of water), and the compound fertilizer solution with a concentration of .1% ~ .2% is combined with watering once a week.

The growth of Cymbidium hybridum needs enough scattered light, and the shading net should be used for shading about 5% in summer and autumn. When the sun is soft in cloudy days or winter and spring, the shading net should be opened to receive direct light. However, in flowering period, the orchid plant should be placed in a place with weak light, so that it can bloom brightly. Propagation by ramet method. The division time is longer than that after flowering and before the new buds grow up, which is carried out during this short dormancy period. Before branching, it should be properly dried, and the roots should be operated when they are slightly white and soft. Variety of Cymbidium hybridum: Memories of the Past C. Plair' Days Memory' Photography Wang Siqing

It usually takes 3 to 4 years from the time when the tissue culture seedlings are taken out of the bottle to flowering, and the growth cycle standard is as follows:

After the tissue culture seedlings are taken out of the bottle, they are put into a 5-hole or 66-hole hole tray, and the substrate is water moss, and they are cultured for 2 months.

8×8 black nutrient bowl with bark as substrate, and cultured for 5 months.

12×12 black nutrition pot, with bark as the substrate and stones as the bottom cushion, was cultured for 7 months.

15×18 black nutrition pot, with bark as the substrate and stones as the bottom cushion, was cultured for 5 to 7 months.

18×22 hard plastic pot, with bark as the substrate and stones as the bottom cushion, was cultured for 12 to 15 months.

There are other cultivated types of Cymbidium hybridum, as shown in the figure below (please click on the picture to enlarge it). Ensure that the illumination of Cymbidium hybridum is native to low latitude and high altitude areas, and the suitable temperature for growth is 1℃ to 25℃. It is not appropriate to overwinter, and it is more suitable to be around 1℃ at night. Cymbidium hybridum likes light, and it can receive direct light except in high temperature season in midsummer. In high temperature season, it should be shaded by about 3% to promote the formation of flowers and prevent sunburn of leaves.

Water-moisturizing Cymbidium hybridum requires high moisture content, and it should not be excessively dried during the growth period. In principle, it should be watered as soon as it is dried, and it must be thoroughly watered. Spring, autumn and winter can be watered once every three or four days, and the watering frequency should be gradually increased with the increase of temperature. In hot summer, you need to water it 2 to 3 times a day, and often spray foliar water to increase air humidity to avoid yellow leaves.

Rational fertilization: thin fertilizer should be applied frequently during the growth period, and thin chemical fertilizer or compound fertilizer can be applied topdressing. If more bone meal and rotten bean cake fertilizer are applied, the flowers will be large and numerous. Liquid fertilizer should be diluted at a ratio of 1: 1 and applied once every 1 days. Full fertilizer should be applied before flowering, and no fertilizer should be applied during flowering and midsummer.

1. Fertilization

The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the growth period is 1: 1: 1, the ratio of accelerating flowering period is 1: 2: 2 to 3, and the pH value of fertilizer solution is 5.8 to 6.2.

generally speaking, the fertilizer concentration for young seedlings is 35-4 times, for medium and large seedlings, it is 2-35 times, once or twice a day in summer (water and fertilizer are applied alternately), and fertilizer is usually applied once every three days in other seasons.

organic fertilizer: organic fertilizer should be applied once a month from the time the tissue culture seedlings come out of the bottle to the time before flowering. The ratio of bean cake to bone meal in the growing period is 2: 1, and pure bone meal should be applied in the flowering period. Organic fertilizer can't be applied to roots. If the salt content of bone meal is too high, it can be washed with water before application. It is best to stop applying organic fertilizer in winter. The application rates at different stages are as follows:

8 cm× 8 cm nutrient bowl: 1-2 g/pot

12 cm× 12 cm nutrient bowl: 7-9 g/pot

15 cm× 18 cm nutrient bowl: 12-15 g/pot

18 cm× 22 cm flowerpot: 15-2 g/pot < Slow-release fertilizer does not release nutrients until one month after application, so it is necessary to ensure the supply of fertilizer within this month. The dosage of long-acting slow-release fertilizer is generally 2 to 3 grams for young seedlings, 6 grams for medium seedlings and 18 grams for large seedlings.

facilities: Cymbidium hybridum is generally cultivated in plastic greenhouses or heated greenhouses, and cultivated in plain areas should be equipped with alpine bases to promote flowers in summer. Yunnan is the main production area of Cymbidium hybridum in China. Generally, plastic greenhouses are used, which need to be heated in winter. When the temperature rises in summer, the plastic film in the greenhouse should be removed and replaced with shading nets.

The pseudo-bulbs of Cymbidium hybridum with monthly buds usually contain more than four leaf buds. In order not to disperse the nutrition, the new buds and their growing points must be completely picked and erased. This operation should start from the end of flowering period, pick buds once a month and stop before the new flowering period, so as to concentrate nutrition, expand the mother bulb and make the flowers bloom bigger and more. Cultivation substrate: The 5-hole pot is made of water moss, which needs to be soaked with 8-1 times of thiophanate methyl, thiophanate methyl or carbendazim for 2-4 hours, and the old water moss can also be soaked after 1-2 noon.

tissue culture rooting seedlings: take a bottle to exercise in the greenhouse for 1-3 days, and harden the seedlings in a cool place in summer. Before seeding, take out the seedlings from the tissue culture bottle, remove the culture medium, wash them with clear water, and then wash them in 8 times of carbendazim solution, and package the seedlings into three grades, using a 5-hole hole tray, spraying fertilizer on the leaves half a month after plugging, with EC value of .8-.9, and 15 days after plugging. When the plug seedlings are cultured for 2 to 3 months, they can be placed in 8×8 nutrition bowls, and fine bark can be used as substrate at this time. Bark application standard: use 2-5 mm bark for seedlings, 5-1 mm bark for medium seedlings and 8-18 mm bark for large seedlings.

seedlings: annual seedlings in 8×8 and 12×12 nutrient pots, generally without lateral buds. One-year-old seedlings: seedlings that have grown for about one year are transferred to a large pot (the diameter of the inner mouth is 15 or 18 cm), and generally two bulbs are left for each seedling, which is the best effect, and other lateral buds are peeled off by hand. It is most suitable to sparse buds when the buds are 5 cm long. Because the lateral buds have no roots before 15 cm long, they begin to root after 15 cm. Different varieties use different ways to leave buds, and some also leave one ball per seedling.

Two-year seedlings: refer to seedlings that have grown for more than 24 months and do not need to change pots. At this stage, the seedlings should apply 15g of organic fertilizer per pot every month, and as the seedlings grow up, they should use 18g to 2g per pot every month. After changing pots for 12 months, only bone powder should be applied, and the buds should be continuously thinned before October. The number of sun buds (flowering bulbs) should be determined from November to January. Generally, large flowers: 2 sun buds can be left per pot, and 3 to 4 flowers can bloom per pot in the future; Medium-sized flowers: 2 ~ 3 sun buds can be left per pot, and 4 ~ 6 flowers are expected to bloom in the future. It is enough to ensure that the winter temperature is not lower than 5℃ at night.

flowering plant culture: (three years) The night temperature is 15℃ to 2℃ and the daily temperature is 23℃ to 25℃ from March to June in spring. The night temperature from June to October is 15℃ to 2℃, and the daily temperature is 2℃ to 25℃; After November, the night temperature is 1℃ to 15℃, and the daily temperature is 2℃. From February to April, apply 1 grams of organic fertilizer per pot every month (bean cake: bone meal 2: 1), and apply 14 grams of organic fertilizer per pot every time after April. From June to October, the temperature difference will be increased, and the flat cultivators generally need to go up the mountain for cultivation. During this period, bone powder is mainly applied, about 15 grams per pot. After the flower buds appear, the organic fertilizer will be stopped immediately. After the flower spikes are formed in November, all newly-occurring buds will be erased after the flower arrows are determined. Most varieties can see flower buds at the end of September to October, and if they grow leaf buds, they should be peeled off. The flower arrow is supported by a sheathed iron wire with a diameter of 5 mm, and stands up when the flower bud grows to 15 cm. The lowest part of the flower-tying arrow is 1 cm, with an interval of 6 to 8 cm, and the pillars are generally 8 cm and 1 cm long.

key technologies of flowering regulation: temperature: June to October, 2℃ to 25℃ during the day and 15℃ to 2℃ at night. High temperature above 3℃ is not conducive to flower bud differentiation and development, and it can tolerate short-term high temperature, so the temperature difference between day and night must be large. Light: strong light can improve the flowering rate, but too strong will lead to the death of young flower buds, generally controlled below 6 thousand lux. Water control: Proper water control during flower bud development can promote flower bud differentiation and inflorescence formation. C/N ratio: Smear buds all year round and increase the ratio of P and K to increase the C/N ratio in plants. Selective fertilization: from January to June, N P and K are balanced; From June to October, the flowers of Cymbidium hybridum with increased P/K ratio: insufficient nutrients during flowering, high temperature or temperature difference greater than 1℃ are easy to cause falling flowers and thunder. Dark flowers like strong light, and low temperature can make the color black or brown. Forcing flowers in the mountains above 8 ~ 1m above sea level: it is not afraid of rain, and it can be cultivated in the open field. It is only necessary to temporarily build a sunshade net of about 5%. At high temperature, the water demand of Cymbidium hybridum is large, and sufficient water sources should be prepared. The water quality also requires the conductivity to be less than .3 ms/m. Flowering mechanism of Cymbidium hybridum: < P > 1. Growth and flowering habits: There are no axillary buds at the base of pseudobulb, and the flower stems are usually pulled out at the nodes 2 to 4 in pseudobulb. The germination of buds is mainly controlled by temperature, and it usually takes 8 to 12 months for new buds to germinate and grow in pseudobulb. Long sunshine, high temperature, high light intensity and high fertility can promote the growth of new buds, but when it is high temperature and high fertility, it will affect the expansion of pseudobulb. After June, the elongation of plant height will stop slowly, and flower buds will begin to form. The inflorescence will start from the hypertrophy of axillary buds, and the inflorescence differentiation will be completed in 2 months. After the inflorescence differentiation is completed, if the minimum temperature is controlled at 15 ~ 18 degrees at night, it will develop smoothly until the flower stems are elongated and bloom, and the early-growing varieties will bloom from September to November.

2. Correlation between flower bud formation and light conditions: inflorescence will not be formed under the short-day condition of poor growth of new stems, and the light intensity is strong: leaves are short, pseudobulb is large and full, and there are many flower buds. However, the flower bud differentiation period and flower quality are not affected by light intensity.

3. Correlation between flower bud differentiation and flowering and temperature conditions: 2℃ to 25℃ during the day and 1℃ to 15℃ at night are the best temperatures for flower bud differentiation and formation. If the temperature is too high, pollen formation will be blocked and the whole inflorescence will die. Generally, the temperature for flower stem elongation and flowering is around 15℃. If the temperature is higher than 3℃ during the day and 2℃ at night, the inflorescence formation will be affected. After 6 days of high temperature, the inflorescence development will all stop. Inflorescences above 3 cm are more susceptible to high temperature than those below 3 cm. The differentiation of flower buds depends on the time when the leaves of new buds stop growing and pseudobulb matures.

Key points of cut flower cultivation technology:

Variety selection: cut flower varieties should be selected for cultivation.

forcing flowers on the mountain: the cultivation technique of cut flowers is the same as that of potted plants when they bloom for the first time, forcing flowers on the mountain in June in summer, and cutting the cut flowers when they open. The plant leaves two buds after flowering for flowering in the next year, and will not go up the mountain again. The flowering period of this plant is later than that of the mountain, and the result is equivalent to prolonging the flowering period.

harvesting of cut flowers: 2 ~ 3% of inflorescences are suitable for harvesting, and stored in a cold storage at 2 ~ 5℃. Cut flowers are packed in soft paper and transported in cartons. The service life of the bottle can reach more than 3 days.

The daily cultivation techniques of Cymbidium hybridum are as follows:

(1) Selection of culture medium. In the cultivation of Cymbidium hybridum, some culture substrates with larger particles should be selected; Generally, vermiculite, coconut crumbs, broken bricks, clay and water moss can be used for planting.

(2) lighting control. Compared with traditional cymbidium, Cymbidium hybridum has higher requirements for light. Insufficient light will lead to slender plants and weak disease resistance, and also obviously affect the reproductive growth of cymbidium; Shading is 2% ~ 3% in spring and 4% ~ 5% in summer, and the light can be increased from late September to December during the flower bud growth period. Shading 5% ~ 6% in midsummer and sunshine in autumn are beneficial to the formation and differentiation of flower buds. If the auxiliary light is added when planting Cymbidium hybridum in greenhouse in rainy and snowy days in winter, it is very beneficial to flowering.

(3) fertilizer management. The cultivation of Cymbidium hybridum mostly uses non-soil substrates with high fertilizer efficiency, so the application of fertilizer is very important in the cultivation of Cymbidium hybridum. Generally, fertilizers containing more nitrogen, such as urea, should be selected from March to September; In October, varieties containing more phosphorus and potassium, such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, should be applied. You can also use the special fertilizer for orchids. The concentration is generally .1% ~ .3%. At the same time, topdressing should be applied once or twice a month from April to May after flowering and from September to October in autumn. The main types of topdressing can be newly cooked cake fertilizer, and bone meal, fish meal and grass retting water can be selected.

(4) water management. Water once every 3 ~ 5 days in winter, and it is better to dry the basin soil; Because of the low temperature at this time, the lower water content of plant cells will be more conducive to the overwintering of cymbidium. Since spring, the amount of watering should be gradually increased; Watering once a day in early summer, lasting until autumn, and then gradually decreasing.

(5) temperature. In winter, Cymbidium hybridum should be moved into the greenhouse for overwintering, and the temperature should be kept above 5 ~ 8℃. Most of them occur at the top of leaves, and the edges of diseased spots are dark brown and the middle is gray, which is mostly caused by high temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation. The diseased spots should be cut off in time and sprayed with drugs. Commonly used chemicals are 1 times mancozeb and 1 times kocide.

Other fungal diseases are commonly controlled by the following chemicals: 1, times chlorothalonil, 8 times ruidifu and 8 times metalaxyl. The optimum temperature of flowering period is 8℃ to 15℃, and it can't be placed next to high-temperature and dry heating. Water it once every three days at flowering period, and keep it at 2℃ to 3℃ for a long time.