What is the significance of Dujiangyan construction?

I hope it helps you. First, the significance of "eternal project" in the history of world science and technology. In 1970s, after visiting Dujiangyan, Romanian guests praised this project as an "eternal project". Tell people, "what is eternity". Facing Dujiangyan and looking around the world, "this is eternity" in human history. This foreigner's wonder, I think, should be the * * * knowledge of foreigners after visiting Dujiangyan. Looking around the world, I wonder how many great projects have been created in human history and how many have survived to this day? Great ancient projects, such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Colosseum in ancient Rome, the Temple of Athens in Greece, the Great Wall of China, etc. , are brilliant ancient civilizations, but now they are just "dead things" piled up by stones and bricks, which were fixed in that ancient era and lost their role; Because it is a scenic spot, people in later generations are endowed with the function of providing sightseeing. Du Jianghe is very different. For more than 2260 years, it has come down in one continuous line. In the long river of history, spring water has been flowing into farmland, towns and cities for 2 1 century of human history, which is a "living water project". Humans depend on water to survive, control water and prosper the world. Up to now, it has a long history of more than 2260 years, and it is also a large-scale farmland irrigation project that is still in use today. Looking back on ancient times and looking around the world, only Dujiangyan is eternal. The value of this in the history of science and technology cannot be underestimated. Second, the world significance of the "harmony between man and nature project" The year before last, a grand event was held to commemorate the "2260th anniversary of Dujiangyan weir construction", and Chinese and foreign VIPs, experts and scholars gathered. In academic seminars and field trips, everyone talked about the coordination and harmony between Dujiangyan water conservancy project and their natural environment. Human construction projects are transforming the natural environment (even a small part) and the demand for natural resources (even a small part). /kloc-before the 0/9th century, westerners always thought about separation and integration, and their actual behavior only cared about people's income, regardless of the destruction of things; Especially colonial plunder; Only care about real interests, regardless of future disasters. Due to the over-exploitation of nature by capitalist production, violent lifestyles and the accumulation of bad things, the ecological environment has deteriorated. Under the threat of ecological retaliation, people woke up. After the second half of the 20th century, the protection of ecological environment and the harmonious development between man and nature have become the consensus of all mankind and the code of conduct for sustainable development. People look at Dujiangyan water conservancy project from this perspective, and they are all amazed that the thoughts and behaviors of the ancestors of the Chinese nation, such as "harmony between man and nature" and "harmony between man and nature", have been fully and perfectly reflected here. Forty years ago, in the riverbed of Minjiang River, the headwork of Dujiangyan Canal, visitors saw a row of low bamboo cages in the river (either to the east bank or to the west bank), as well as the low Jingang dike and cliff mouth from the fish mouth to the Sha Fei weir. King Kong Dike is like a sandbar in the river. In fact, when Li Bing founded Dujiangyan, he used the sandbar "backwater river" in the river to achieve the purpose of water diversion. Although the bottle mouth of Aquarius is man-made in ancient times, it looks like a natural cliff seam made in the sky today. Standing on the Longfu observation deck, looking around, the landscape trees and water conservancy facilities on the river bed are so harmonious, simple and natural. Nowadays, although there are electric sluices on the Waijiang River and the buildings of resorts on both sides of the strait are exploding, the scientific principles and infrastructure of the water conservancy project itself have not changed. Dujiangyan fish mouth takes water from the natural Minjiang River bed instead of dividing water under the long dike and high dam that blocks the river. This surprised many people who came to Dujiangyan for the first time. When people talk about water conservancy projects, they can't help thinking about dams. There is more irrigation water, and the potential of water storage is power generation, while water is flowing and overflowing, and there is no dam to store more water and no growth potential. This is a natural truth. Therefore, dams are the first choice for large-scale water conservancy projects all over the world. Looking through the world-famous water conservancy projects listed in Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Damei, most of them are the geometry of dam height, dike length and storage capacity. According to their height, length, width and storage capacity, the world ranking of this project is listed, and what are the "highest dam", "first storage capacity", "irrigation first" and "power generation first" and so on. Half a century ago, this was the goal that people blindly pursued when building large-scale water conservancy projects. However, in recent twenty or thirty years, under the voice of protecting the ecological environment, it has become a trend to question the construction of dams, especially to oppose the construction of high dams and levees. Those who oppose the construction of the dam are eloquent, and those who build the dam are justified. No matter who advocates it, in front of Dujiangyan, a large water conservancy project without a dam, they are convinced and sincerely admire it. Dujiangyan has no dam, which is the crystallization of the idea of "harmony between man and nature" Dujiangyan's main function is to irrigate farmland. Li Bing built Dujiangyan to "avoid the harm of foam water" and rowed to irrigate the fields. Flood control and drainage is an urgent task to ensure the life of residents in western Sichuan, transform wetlands in western Sichuan and develop agriculture. After Dujiangyan was completed, it created a beautiful living environment of "everything in the river village is quiet" in the western Sichuan Plain. Dujiangyan has created a good agricultural environment and improved agricultural economic productivity. This is what Japanese scholars call "water production efficiency". The function and efficiency of Dujiangyan are mainly reflected in the "water production efficiency" in the development of agricultural economy. Dujiangyan project mainly solves the problem of agricultural irrigation water, and the water diversion and use are in harmony with the natural environment. Agricultural water is mainly used in late spring and early summer. At this time, the rainy season of the year began, and the snow in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River began to melt. Above the head of Dujiangyan canal, the accumulated water area is 25,820 square kilometers, and the annual inflow of Minjiang River is150.82 million cubic meters. Thousands of miles of snow in Minshan Mountain do not melt all year round. It is a natural reservoir with abundant and stable water resources. Li Bing built Dujiangyan and personally visited the side road (now Songpan), and learned that the wilderness and snow-capped mountains in the upper reaches of Minjiang River are rich in water resources. Considering that there is no contradiction between the dry season and flood season of Minjiang River and agricultural irrigation water, it is not necessary to build a dam to store water. This is the unity of nature and human needs. There is no high dam, and the scenery is harmonious. In today's world, it is a big problem for people who have been trapped for a long time to build water conservancy projects and intercept sand. Throughout the ages, I don't know how many water conservancy projects have been abandoned because the problem of sediment discharge has not been properly solved. Dujiangyan successfully solved this problem. To solve this problem, first of all, we must scientifically choose the best location and the best reach of the water source project. Second, the engineering facilities are ingenious. All facilities play a main and auxiliary role and cooperate organically to achieve the overall goal of water diversion, flood discharge, sediment discharge and introducing a certain amount of clear water into irrigation channels. Third, management should be standardized and institutionalized and implemented every year. All the facilities are simple and easy to manage, but the effect is great. Every year, 6.5438+0.3 million tons of sediment are not deposited here, so Dujiangyan can last forever. 1In April, 1980, foreign river sediment experts from Britain, the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, Denmark and Canada visited here to explore the mystery. Why can Dujiangyan solve this problem? That is Li Bing's guiding ideology and project implementation principles from the objective environment, that is, "make the best use of the high and humble, drive the self", "adjust measures to local conditions" and "guide the situation", which completely conforms to nature and needs me, so that subjective intentions can be realized under objective conditions and * * * can be harmonious. The exquisiteness of Dujiangyan's sediment discharge is described by experts and scholars as "curved circulation" or a stone on the shore "carrying water". In short, the sand discharge has been successfully realized, and everything is in nature. This is really a great masterpiece. Third, the comprehensive development of water resources, the overall planning of engineering facilities, scientific thinking, the significance of world water conservancy projects, and Dujiangyan's development of water resources have produced various social benefits. In ancient times, people used water to buy water mills and water mills. Nowadays, the function of rafting has faded, and industrial water, urban water, tourism water and environmental protection water have been developed. Ancient westerners did not have the idea of comprehensive development of water resources. In the 7th century BC, Assyria and Babylon, the ancient countries of the two river basins in West Asia (Tigris River and Euphrates River), began to build water diversion projects. In the 6th century BC, Egypt built the Nile Canal, and in 267 BC, the king of Egypt dug a canal between the Nile and the Red Sea. Although these projects are relatively early, they have only one purpose, that is, transportation. Water conservancy projects in ancient Greece and Rome are only simple ditches to solve urban water supply and drainage. Water conservancy project, the five cradles of human civilization, shines with the light of scientific thought, and only the light of Dujiangyan in China is eternal. As for farmland irrigation, although the two river basins, Egypt, India and other places appeared earlier, most of them belong to natural river flooding and artificial simple channel water diversion, unlike Dujiangyan, which is a set of engineering facilities under the guidance of the idea of comprehensive utilization of water resources, after comprehensive planning and deployment, and then rational allocation. Dujiangyan headwork includes Yu Zui, Jingang dike, Sha Fei weir spillway, Baokou and some auxiliary dikes, auxiliary canals and water retaining facilities. These facilities have their own unique shapes and functions, and they are organically coordinated with each other. * * * Realize water diversion, flood discharge and sediment discharge, bring a certain amount of water with less sediment into irrigation channels, and finally realize the regional and temporal changes of water resources distribution. Because its scientific design and construction are "adapted to local conditions", it is safe (no high dam), economical (local materials, bamboo cages, pebble mortar) and convenient for operation and management. Efficient and "enduring". Dujiangyan's development and utilization of water resources and the excellent scientific ideas contained in the canal head hub project have given great enlightenment to Chinese and foreign participants. Japanese scholars stood in front of Dujiangyan to discuss how to improve the "multifunctional function of farmland water and facilities" in their national irrigation projects. Dujiang ancient weir keeps pace with the times. At present, there is a shortage of water resources, so we should inherit and carry forward the tradition of comprehensive development, rationally allocate water resources, handle the contradiction between rural water use and urban water use, and rationally allocate water for economic development and protect the ecological environment. The latter is the focus of people's attention at present, and it should also be put on the agenda and given high attention for the development of tomorrow. Fourth, the world cultural significance of Dujiangyan's "water right system" is a term used by Japanese scholars. What we often call "management system". But now it seems that "management" does not explicitly include "water right". There are many articles on the advocacy, construction and management of water conservancy by feudal regimes in previous dynasties. Including Dujiangyan and its irrigation area, it is managed by Sichuan provincial, provincial, prefectural and county governments. This kind of article mainly discusses its system evolution, protection and maintenance policies and measures, achievements and experience summary. Foreign scholars do not seem to value this point, but pay attention to who has owned water resources since ancient times. Is there a guarantee system? Who owned Dujiangyan's water resources in ancient times? In ancient China, it was "a place where kings are not in the world". All fields, grasslands and mountains in the world have to pay grain tax. Fishing and boating in rivers, lakes and seas are also taxed, but there is no record of measuring and paying taxes on agricultural irrigation water. The calculation of national land tax is based on the area and fertility of farmland, and water consumption is not included (such as Dujiangyan irrigation area). Successive governments have invested a lot of manpower and funds to repair and strengthen the source of the canal, but they have not recovered the cost afterwards. The government does not collect water charges, which is regarded as a national public welfare undertaking of "protecting the people and promoting agriculture". In fact, the process of diverting water from irrigation project to field soil includes a process of water source distribution. Who is responsible for this distribution? In the first year of Kangxi (166 1), the governor of Sichuan, Tong Feng, collected annual maintenance funds, and Dujiangyan, "ordered all counties to use water, make money according to grain, and dig buildings every year, so that the people would not worry about drought". In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the farmland measurement in Sichuan was completed, and the governor of Sichuan Xiande played a dredging role. According to the uneven distribution of grain in the field, it was changed to "equally divided by mu", but considering the distance from the water source, guanxian, Pixian and Chongqing counties were equally divided into 2 silver per mu; Silver difference per mu in other counties 1.5%. Tongji Weir and Gufuo Weir are the most famous irrigation areas in Dujiangyan. Tongji Weir irrigates farmland in Xinjin, Pengshan and Meizhou; Gufuo Weir, built during the reign of Qing Qianlong, irrigated three existing fields, Pengshan, Huayang and Renshou, and allocated the water resources of the second weir, all of which were evaluated according to the size of the outlet and the distance from the weir head. The water discharge time of each cylinder is equal, and the bigger the cylinder mouth, the higher and smaller it is. The height near the weir head is high and the distance is low. The collectors and managers of water charges in Dujiangyan, Tongji Weir and Gufuo Weir are not local government officials, but weir heads and ditch heads recommended by the people. The water fee is not turned over to the government, but is completely used for the maintenance of water conservancy projects, which is completely "taken from the people and used by the people". Gufuo Weir irrigates farmland in three counties. In order to collect and manage water charges and mediate water disputes, the three counties coordinated, and each weir head and ditch head set up an office in Huanglongxi at the junction of the three counties. People call it the "three-county yamen" (a magistrate's patrol, perhaps to visit here). It can be seen that the allocation of water resources is not decided by the local government, but by the people themselves, and the government only plays the role of coordination, supervision and settlement of water disputes. This "water right system" is the implementation and embodiment of China's traditional thought of "people are the foundation of the country", which is different from the system of ancient western (or ancient Japanese) lords controlling water resources. In the distribution and enjoyment of water resources, the idea of "people-oriented" has important practical significance today. The above four points are just accidental thoughts, which are rough and superficial. I look forward to colleagues' correction, discussion and supplement. Dujiangyan is a world cultural heritage, and we should explore its value in world culture to make up for the lack of past research and publicity. This research is also an important part of "Dujiangyan Studies", which is also my original intention to write this clumsy article "Throw a brick to attract jade". Let's work together in Qi Xin to fully display the charm of Dujiangyan in front of the people of the world, and enrich and develop the treasure house of Dujiangyan research.