Nobel Prize in Physics: 1901 to present

Illustration of gravitational waves. According to Alfred Nobel's will, the Nobel Prize in Physics will be awarded "to the person who has made the most important discoveries or inventions in the field of physics." The prize is awarded every year except in 1916, 1931, 1934 and 1940. In 1941 and 1942, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said:

Here is the complete list of winners:

2019: Canadian James Peebles of Princeton University wins half of the Nobel Prize for "theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology." The other half of the prize was won jointly by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz*** "for their discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star," the institute said. The mayor is a professor at the University of Geneva in Switzerland. Queloz studied at both the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge in England. He studied the evolution of the universe and China's place in the universe at the same time as the Earth. The academy said:

2018: Arthur Ashkin received half of the award, with the other half awarded jointly to Donna Strickland and Gerald Muru for their groundbreaking inventions in laser physics. This is the first time in 55 years that a woman has won the Nobel Prize in Physics. [Learn more about the 2018 Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize winners]

2017: Half of the 9 million Swedish krona ($1.1 million) prize goes to MIT's Reina ?Owned by Rainer Weiss. The other half is shared between Barry Barish and Kip Thorne of the California Institute of Technology. According to the Nobelprize.org website, the award recognizes the trio's decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and gravitational wave observations. These three scientists were integral in the first detection of ripples in space-time called gravitational waves. The waves in this case came from the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.

2016: Half awarded to David J. Solis of the University of Washington in Seattle, and the other half awarded to F. Duncan M. Haldane and Providence Brown of Princeton University J. Michael Kosterlitz of the University. Their theoretical discovery opens the door to a strange world where matter can take on strange states. According to the Nobel Foundation: "Thanks to their pioneering work, people are now searching for new and exotic phases of matter. Many are hopeful about future applications in materials science and electronics.

2015: Takaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald demonstrate the deformation of neutrinos, revealing that subatomic particles have mass, opening up a new field of particle physics

2014: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura invented an energy-saving light source: a blue light-emitting diode (LED), "KdSPE" "KDSPS" 2013: Peter Higgs of the United Kingdom and two scientists of Franfland, Belgium, who predicted the future of Higgs nearly 50 years ago The existence of the Higgs boson [Related: Higgs boson physicist wins Nobel Prize]

2012: French physicist Serge Harroch and American Phys. Wyland, for their pioneering research in quantum optics

2011: Half awarded to Saul Perlmutter, the other half jointly awarded to Brian Schmidt and Adam G. · Reese, who discovered acceleration in the expansion of the universe by observing distant supernovae

2010: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, "Pioneering experiments on the two-dimensional material graphene." "

2009: Charles K. Kao, "For the groundbreaking achievement of transmitting light in optical fibers for optical communications," Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, "For the invention of imaging semiconductor circuits— —CCD sensor.

2008: Yoichiro Nambu, "To discover the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in subatomic physics," Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa said, "To discover the origin of at least existing symmetry breaking."

2007: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg, "Discovery of giant magnetoresistance"

2006: John C. Mather and George F. Smoot, "Discovery of the blackbody form of the cosmic microwave background radiation and Anisotropy."

2005: Roy J. Glauber, "for his contributions to the quantum theory of optical coherence," and John L. Hall and Theodor W. H?nsch, "for their contributions to laser precision spectroscopy. "Contributions to the development of optical frequency comb technology."

2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, and Frank Wilczek, "Discovering asymptotic freedom in strong interaction theory."

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2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, and Anthony J. Leggett, "Pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids." "

2002: Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, especially the detection of cosmic neutrinos," and Riccardo Giacconi, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics. contribution, which led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources. "

2001: Eric A.Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl E. Wieman, "To achieve Bose-Einstein condensates in dilute alkali atomic gases, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of condensates."

2000: Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, "for the development of semiconductor heterojunctions for high speed and optoelectronics," and Jack S. Kilby "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit."

1999: Gerardus't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman, "Quantum structure for the elucidation of electroweak interactions in physics."

1998: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L .Stórmer and Daniel C. Tsui, "For their discovery of a new quantum fluid with fractional charge excitation."

1997: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips, "Cooling with Lasers and the development of methods for trapping atoms."

1996: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, and Robert C. Richardson, "Discovery of Superfluids in Helium-3."

1995: Martin L. Perl, "Discovery of the tau lepton" and Frederick Reines, "Detection of Neutrinos."

1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse, "Development of Neutron Spectroscopy" and Clifford G. Shull, "For the Development of Neutron Diffraction Techniques."

1993: Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr. "For the Discovery of a New Type of Pulsar, a Discovery that Opened Up Fields for the Study of Gravity " 1992: Georges Charpak, "for his invention and development of particle detectors, especially the multiline proportional chamber." 1991: Pierre Gilles de Gennes. “It was discovered that methods for studying ordering phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, particularly liquid crystals and polymers. "

1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, and Richard E. Taylor, "Pioneering studies of deep inelastic scattering of protons and bound neutrons by electrons, for quarks in particle physics The development of the model is of great significance. "

1989: Norman F. Ramsey, "Invention of the method of separating oscillatory fields and its application in hydrogen masers and other atomic clocks", Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul, "Developments in Ion Trap Technology .

1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger, "For the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the dual structure of leptons by the discovery of the muon neutrino." "

1987: J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller, "Important breakthrough for the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials. ”

1986: Ernst Ruska worked on electron optics, for the design of the first electron microscope, and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope.

1985: Klaus von Klitzing, "For the discovery of the quantized Hall effect", 1984: Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer, "for their decisive contribution to the large project leading to the discovery of W and Z field particles, weakly Interactive communicators.

1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, "for his theoretical studies of important physical processes in stellar structure and evolution," and William Alfred Fowler "for his studies of the physical processes of the weak interaction theoretical research.

"Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Nuclear Reactions Important in the Formation of Cosmochemical Elements.

1982: Kenh G. Wilson, "On the Theory of Critical Phenomena of Phase Changes.

1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, "For their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy, and Kai M. Siegbahn to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy, "Discovery of Neutral Kason Decay Violations of fundamental symmetry principles in Among others, prediction of weak neutral currents.

1978: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, "Fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics", and Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson "Discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation" .

1977: Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Neville Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Weylick, "Fundamental theoretical studies of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems",

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, 1976: Burton Richter and Samuel Chao, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a new heavy element particle."

1975: Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in the nucleus and for the development of a structural theory based on the nucleus." " About this connection.

1974: Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish, "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle's observations and inventions, particularly the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish's work on decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.

1973: Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, for their experimental discoveries about tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively "and Brian David Josephson" for his work on supercurrents across tunneling barriers. Theoretical predictions of properties, especially those of the phenomenon commonly known as the Josephson effect" 1972: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schriever, "For Them.

1971: Dennis Gabor, "for his invention and development of the holographic method"

1970. : Hannes Olof Gosta Alphen, "For fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics and their fruitful applications in different fields of plasma physics," and Louis J. Union · Felix Nair, "For fundamental work and discoveries on antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism, which have important applications in solid-state physics."

1969: Murray Gell Mann, "On Fundamental "Contributions and discoveries to the classification of particles and their interactions." 1968: Luis Walter Alvarez, "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, especially the discovery of a large number of vibrational states. For his development of techniques that made possible the use of hydrogen bubble chambers and data analysis

1967: Hans Albrecht Bethe, "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries about the generation of energy in stars." "

1966: Alfred Kastler, "For the discovery and development of optical methods for the study of Hertzian vibrations in atoms.

1965: Sin Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, and Richard P. Feynman, "For their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics,

1964: Charles Hard Townes, "Quantum Electrons "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the principle of maser lasers", and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the principle of maser lasers" " Construction of oscillators and amplifiers."

1963: Eugene Paul Wigner, "for contributions to the theory of atomic nuclei and elementary particles, especially through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles, and to Maria Goepert Mayer and J. Hans D.Jensen, who discovered the core-shell structure.

1962: Lev Davidvich Landau, "for his pioneering theory of condensed matter, especially liquid helium.

1961: Robert Hofstadter, "for his pioneering work on electron scattering in atomic nuclei research, which led to his discoveries about the structure of the nucleus," Rudolf Ludwig Mós*** auer, "for his studies on the vibrational absorption of gamma radiation and for his discoveries in this regard" the effect named after him

1960: Donald Arthur Glaser, “For the Invention of the Foam Chamber. "

1959: Emilio Gino Segrè and Irving Chamberlain, "for their discovery of the antiproton. "

1958: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il'ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, "For the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect. "

1957: Chen Ningyang and Zongdao (T.D.) Lee, "for their in-depth study of the so-called parity law that led to important discoveries about elementary particles. "

1956: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter House Brattain, "Research on Semiconductors and Discovery of the Transistor Effect,"

1955: Willis Eugene Lamb, "Discovery of the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum", Polykarp Kusch, "Precise determination of the magnetic moment of the electron",

1954: Max Born, "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, esp. for his statistical interpretation of the wave function," and Walter Bott, "for the method of conformity and its discoveries. "

1953: Frits (Frederik) Zernike, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially the invention of the phase contrast microscope.

1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, "who developed new methods of precision measurements of nuclear magnetics and related discoveries."

1951: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, "For their pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles." "KdSPE" "KdSPs" 1950: Cecil Frank Powell, "for his development of photographic methods for studying nuclear processes and his discovery of mesons produced by this method." "KdSPE" "KDSPs" 1949: Yuki-YukaWa, "For predicting the existence of mesons." Basis for theoretical work on nuclear forces.

1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, "On the development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and its discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation."

1947: Sir Edward Victor Appleton, "for his studies of upper atmospheric physics, and in particular for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer."

1946: Percy Williams Bridgman, "for the invention of a device for generating ultrahigh pressure, and his discoveries using it in the field of high-pressure physics." 1945: Wolfgang Pauli, "For the discovery of the exclusion principle, also known as Pauli's principle." 1944: Isidor. Isaac Rabi, "for the vibrational method of recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei."

1943: Otto Stern, "for his contribution to the development of molecular ray methods and the discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton."

1940-1942: No prizes.

1939: Ernest Orlando Lawrence, "for his invention and development of the cyclotron, and for the results obtained thereby, especially in artificial radioactive elements: "KdSPE" "KdSPs" 1938: "Enrico Fermi" for demonstrating the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and his related discoveries about nuclear reactions caused by slow neutrons "KdSPE" "KdSPS" 1937: Clinton Joseph Davisson and George S. Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.

1936: Victor Franz Hess, "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" Carl David Anderson, "for his discovery of the positron." "

1935: James Chadwick, "For the discovery of the neutron.

1934: No prize awarded

1933: Erwin Schródinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."

1932: Werner Karl Heisenberg, "For the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which led, among other things, to the discovery of the allotropes of hydrogen."

1931:

1930: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect named after him"

1929: Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie "for his discovery of the nature of waves" regarding the electron.

1928: Owen Willans Richardson, "for his studies of thermionic phenomena, and especially for the discovery of the law named after him."

1927: Arthur Holly Compton, "for his Discovered the effect named after him" and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, "for his method of making visible the paths of charged particles by condensation of vapors"

1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin, "for his work on the discontinuity of matter. "Study of structure, especially his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" 1925: James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz, "for their discovery of the influence of electrons on atoms. 1924. :Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, "Discoveries and studies in the field of X-ray spectroscopy",

1923: Robert Andrews milikan, "Works on the elementary charges of electricity and the photoelectric effect",

1922: Niels Henrik David Bohr, "for his contributions to the study of atomic structure and atomic radiation."

1921: Albert Einstein, "for his contributions to theoretical physics, especially his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."

1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume, "for his contributions to atomic structure and atomic radiation" discovered anomalies in nickel-steel alloys that led to precision in physics Measurements.

1919: Johannes Stark, “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in tube rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields. "

1918: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, "for the services he rendered. "His discovery of energy quanta promoted the development of physics.

1917: Charles Glover Barkla, "for his discovery of Roentgen radiation unique to elements.

1916: No Prize award.

1915: Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by X-rays." "

1914: Max von Laue, "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.

1913: Heike Kamerling Onnes, "for his studies of the properties of low-density matter" which led to the production of liquid helium at temperatures.

1912: Nils Gustaf Dalén, "for illuminating lighthouses" and the invention of the automatic regulator for buoys. "

1911: wihelm Wien, "On the discovery of the law of thermal radiation. "

1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, "Work on the equations of state of gases and liquids. "

1909: Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun, "In recognition of their contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy technology. "

1908:Gabriel Lippmann, "Methods of photographic color reproduction based on interference phenomena.

1907: Albert Abraham Michelson, "for his optical precision instruments and for the spectroscopic and metrological studies carried out with their aid." "

1906: Joseph John Thomson, "Recognized the great merits of his theoretical and experimental studies of the conduction of gases. "

1905: Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard, "for his work on cathode rays.

1904: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), "for his studies of the density of the most important gases, and in these studies the discovery of argon."

1903: Antoine Henri Beckerel, "for his gratitude for the extraordinary service rendered by his discovery." and Pierre and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska, "for the extraordinary service they rendered in their joint study of the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." "

1902: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman, "In recognition of extraordinary service" for their contribution through the study of the influence of magnetism on radiation phenomena.

1901: Wilhelm Conrad Róntgen, “For his extraordinary contribution to the discovery of the extraordinary ray that was later named after him.

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