Kangxi's time in Jiangnan

Kangxi's southern tour and his practice of river regulation in Huai 'an

From the 23rd year to the 46th year of Kangxi (1684- 1707), Aisingiorro Michelle Ye made six southern tours, leaving many well-known stories, which spread in novels and movies, plausibly discrediting historical facts, and the core purpose of Kangxi's southern tour was to control rivers, guide Huai River and help the poor. At that time, Huai 'an was the intersection of Huang, Huai and Yun, and it was the hub of Huang and Huai, while Gaojiayan was an important barrier for people's life and property safety in He Lixia, Gong Wei. Therefore, Huai 'an area was the focus of river management in Qing Dynasty. Emperor Kangxi went to Huai 'an every time he made a southern tour to consult the strategy of river management. Emperor Kangxi tried hard to practice his idea of "repairing the river once and for all" here, which reflected the realistic personality of a great monarch who pursued social stability and people's happiness and gave us many useful lessons and inspirations.

Aisingiorro Michelle Ye (1654-1722), Emperor Kangxi, was the second emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. He is well versed in Wen Tao's military strategy and has foresight. In his sixty-one years in office, he has made outstanding achievements by taking solid as the foundation and being pragmatic as the government. He acceded to the throne at the age of eight, and after he acceded to the throne at the age of sixteen, "San Francisco, river affairs and grain transportation were the three important things, and he missed them every night. He wrote books and hung them on the pillars of the palace." [1] Especially for river affairs, Emperor Kangxi devoted his life to it. In order to harness the river, from the 23rd year to the 46th year of Kangxi (1684- 1707), Emperor Kangxi made six southern tours, each time focusing on detailed inspection of river workers. The area around Matou Town, Huaiyin District, Huai 'an City was the intersection of the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Canal at that time, which was the hub of grain transportation. Gaojiayan was an important barrier for people's life and property safety in He Lixia, Gong Wei. Therefore, Huai 'an area is the focus of river regulation in Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Kangxi must come here every time he makes a southern tour.

First, he paid attention to and studied river affairs at the beginning of his administration.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, wars were frequent and the rivers were in disrepair. In the early years of Kangxi, the lower reaches of the Yellow River burst everywhere, and disasters continued year after year. According to incomplete statistics, from the first year of Shunzhi in the early Qing Dynasty to the sixteenth year of Kangxi (1644- 1677), there were as many as 90 disasters in the Huaihe River basin. [2] From the foot of Dangshan Mountain in Xuzhou to Lianshui Haikou, the Yellow River burst its banks in 70 or 80 places, the Gaojiayan in Hongze Lake burst its banks in more than 30 places, and the Zhajiaba burst its banks in nine rivers, and the clearing port was silted up into land, which not only flooded the fields and houses of the people, but also blocked the traffic arteries, losing the guarantee of supplying 4 million mangoku grain from the south to Beijing every year.

In July of the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), shortly after Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, the Yellow River burst at Yandun on the south bank of Taoyuan, and all counties along the river learned of floods, especially Qinghe. The lower reaches of the Yellow River were blocked, the water in Gaoyou was as high as two feet, the gate was blocked, and tens of thousands of villagers drowned. [3] Since then, the flood has attracted great attention of Emperor Kangxi, as Emperor Kangxi himself said: "I have repeatedly visited Gaojiayan and other canals below Suqian since I was fourteen years old." [4] He seriously studied the strategy of river regulation and never did it for life.

In March of the 9th year of Kangxi (1670), Emperor Kangxi attempted to take an examination of the palace in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Emperor Kangxi took the clarification of official management and river management as the examination questions, in which he proposed that "there are millions of stones in grains, which are taken from the southeast and transferred to the Yellow River and canals. Why do you need to fix it? And there are a lot of books in Tian Yu, so that the country can collect money and the people will not be hurt? There must be a way to get here. Many scholars have studied it for a long time. When they do see it, they will hug it in detail, and I will see it myself. " 〔5〕

In April of the 11th year of Kangxi (1672), Emperor Kangxi sent Wu Dan, a bodyguard, and Guo Yuehe, a bachelor, to work and draw a picture. (6) In the fifteenth year of Kangxi (1676), the Gaojiayan burst, and there were 34 executions from Wujiadun to Gaoliangjian alone, and the Huaihe River quickly fell. After the river crept into the Huaihe River, a large amount of river water poured into the lake, forming a serious situation in which the noble levee burst, the Gaojiayan burst, burst into the Li Canal and flooded into the Li River. The rich people in the south of the Yangtze River were seriously flooded and the traffic was blocked, which was also extremely unfavorable for pacifying the "San Francisco" war. Therefore, although the national finance is still difficult, Emperor Kangxi made up his mind to comprehensively manage the Yellow River and Huaihe River. Emperor Kangxi ordered Ji Ruhuan and others to inspect the river project. Before leaving, he repeatedly asked: "There are many funds for river projects, but so far no results have been achieved, and people in all counties along the river are suffering. Today, when we order you to go, you must look at each other in a down-to-earth manner and explain in detail the interests of the river and how to build dikes everywhere. This is a once-and-for-all plan, and there is nothing to do. If you can't stand it, if something happens in the future, you can't blame it. " [7] In December of the same year, Emperor Kangxi also thought about the long-term plan of harnessing the river, guiding the Huaihe River and draining the waterway, and "ordered the Jiangnan Huaihe River and Yang River to plant willows along the river to meet the needs of the river workers." 〔8〕

In February of the 16th year of Kangxi (1677), at the height of fierce fighting to pacify San Francisco, Emperor Kangxi issued an order to Anhui Governor Jin Fu. After Jin Fu took office, he was stationed in Jiangpu, Jieqing, and went deep into various rivers and waters for investigation and study. "The situation in Zhoudu is the same as that in Baxi." [9] Supplementary explanation: "Those who govern the river should take the overall situation into account, and the resistance of the waterway is also due to the change of the river. The change of the river has always been to control the river, doing its best where the ship passes, and other breaches are ignored by irrelevant waterways, leading to the deterioration of the river. " [10] Jin Fu pointed out: "If you don't dig below Qingkou, there will be no return to Huanghuai, and if you don't dig a river above Qingkou, the Huaihe River will be impassable. If the breach of the high weir is not completely blocked, it will be difficult to brush yellow, and the yellow mud will flow backwards, and the downstream clear water pool will be dangerous. The south bank of the Yellow River is not mentioned, and the high weir still has hidden concerns, while the north bank is not mentioned, and Shandong Chong. So the embankment was built, the flow was discharged, and the breach was blocked, but there was no priority. Today is not a once-and-for-all plan, and it will be built again and again. " [11] In fact, many ministers disagreed, because it was in line with Emperor Kangxi's policy of repairing the disease once and for all, and Emperor Kangxi specially invited it.

In the first month of the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), Emperor Kangxi approved the appropriation of more than 2.5 million yuan, limited to three years. [12] Since then, under the auspices of Jin Fu, large-scale river regulation has been carried out in an all-round way. Drawing lessons from the theory of Pan Jixun, a hydraulic scientist in Ming Dynasty, Jin Fu put forward the theory of "building dikes to control water and attacking sand with water". In the practice of river regulation, Jin Fu first dredged the channel from Qingjiangpu to Yuntiguan in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, making the flood flow into the sea smoothly, and then successively blocked the Gaojiayan and the Yellow River breach. After flood control, Jin Fu has successively completed the projects of moving Qilidun to port, diverting water from four ports, dredging Zaohe River, and middle canal, and the river regulation has achieved initial results.

Second, the first and second southern tours, inspecting river workers and measuring the situation.

After pacifying San Francisco and unifying Taiwan Province Province, Emperor Kangxi took river affairs as the first priority. Although some achievements have been made in water control, the floods in Huai and Yang areas have not been significantly improved. Emperor Kangxi worked hard for this, day and night. He was afraid that officials would fail to rule the river, so in the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), he quoted the Book of Southern Expedition and went to Wan Li to study river engineering.

On September 28th, the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Emperor Kangxi left Beijing and began his first southern tour. 10 19, Emperor Kangxi went from Suqian to Taoyuan County to inspect various dangerous workers on the north bank of the Yellow River 180, and stayed in Gongji. 1October 20th, Emperor Kangxi was lucky enough to be in Linqingkou. Accompanied by Jin Fu, he walked more than ten miles. Although muddy to the knees, he took great pains. [13] He also boarded the gate of Tian Fei and personally surveyed the water situation. Seeing the rapid flow of water, he ordered to change it to a grass dam, and set up another seven-mile gate and an emergency door to divide the water potential. [14] Emperor Kangxi said to Jin Fu, "I always pay attention to river affairs. Every time I read books on river defense, river maps entered over the years and the names of dangerous workers, I will discuss them from time to time. Although I know how difficult it is to build a dangerous worker, I have never experienced a river worker and can't understand the turbulent river conditions and the distance of the dike. Today's detailed survey of the terrain and situation, such as Xiaojiadu, Jiuligang and Cuijia Town, are all in danger, and the long dikes and dams built must be protected from time to time. " [15] Then, Emperor Kangxi boarded the ship and crossed Qingjiangpu and Huai 'an Prefecture.

Later, Emperor Kangxi came to Baoying, Gaoyou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Wuxi and Jiangning. 1 1 month 10. On the way back to Luanhe River, Emperor Kangxi took a boat to Qinghe County and visited Wang Gong levee, Laobakou, Wujiadun, Tian Fei Gate and Gaojiayan levee. Everywhere he goes, he will ask around. When inspecting the loading port, he said to Jin Fu, "You should build more sluice seats to prevent yellow water from flowing backwards." 〔 16〕

Emperor Kangxi called Jin Fu into the palace to comfort him, and personally wrote a poem "Reading River Embankment" for Chen Han [17]. He said to Jin Fu and his party, "I visited the south and witnessed the hardships and poverty of river workers. Miss the people here, when can you give them an acre of peace? When will the river worker finish? Writing a poem occasionally is not a matter of rhetoric. "

The poem says:

Prevent river food, and the six emperors go out of the palace.

Slow down and beg people to live in seclusion, sighing at the common dome.

When you are happy, this day is dredging.

An Lan has made great contributions!

From this poem, we can see that Emperor Kangxi was eager to cure the flood, and he had high hopes for Jin Fu. Jin Fu was so scared that he turned this poem into a monument and obeyed it. This monument was erected on the south bank of Jiangmen, which has been lost for a long time. Later, Chuxiu Garden rebuilt the monument.

In the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), the Golden Gate and the Golden Gate were built on the Jin Fu, which were originally built to discharge water from the Yellow River, but were later transported to Yangzhuang to discharge water from the river. In the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi (1687), the Zhong Canal from Zhongzhuang to Suqian was opened, and the Zhong Canal was completed, as long as the water carriers avoided the waves in the Yellow River 180.

In the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), on the eighth day of the first month, Emperor Kangxi made another southern tour. On the 25th, when he arrived in Qinghe County, Emperor Kangxi gave an order to Wang Xin, the governor of the river course: "The middle reaches and the Yellow River are approaching. If the Yellow River breaches, it must be mixed and preventive measures should be taken." Emperor Kangxi also wrote a letter to the governor of the two rivers, Fulata: "Since my southern tour, I have been worried about the difficulties of the people and worked hard to govern the country. I have been to the border of the south of the Yangtze River, and the scenery of people's livelihood is slightly richer than the previous southern tour ... (jiangnan province) owes about 2.22 million yuan, ... plus the people of the whole province in the south of the Yangtze River owe Xiaoding money, food, lessons and Mi Dou. "18" and "show me quickly, it travels three hundred miles a day, and remote villages know what I mean. "[19] Emperor Kangxi improvised a poem entitled Jiangnan Fu [20].

The poem says:

Enriching the country is more important than the southeast, and it has been responsible for renting and thinking about Yin.

Why don't we often see rain? All people are willing to work happily.

On the seventh day of March, Emperor Kangxi led his ministers to inspect the dam around Gaojiayan on his way back from the funeral. He said to the ministers, "the embankment is already quite strong, and it is useless to build it outside the old embankment." Some people also said, "In the first year, the Gaojiayan burst, and the Huaihe River flowed eastward and was invincible. Yellow water flows backwards, the lake bottom is silted up and the estuary is blocked. Gaojiayan not only reduces the dam, but also draws water to weaken the Huaihe River. However, in the flood year, the Huaihe River will rise, and if it is unclear, it will hurt the embankment. " [21] On March 19, Kang Xixun returned to Beijing and immediately went to Yumen to listen to politics, again soliciting opinions from officials on river management.

Third, the third southern tour, planning a new strategy for river management.

From the 29th year of Kangxi (1690) to the 36th year (1697), Emperor Kangxi mainly concentrated on putting down the rebellion in galdan. In the past few years, the number of river workers has changed frequently, and the position of river chief has changed ten times. Except for Jin Fu, all the other nine people were ineffective, which led to the increasing corruption of the river staff.

In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699), Emperor Kangxi made his third southern tour. On February 28th, Emperor Kangxi inspected the dike projects of Guiren dike and Gaojiayan on the south bank of the Yellow River. He said to the ministers, "The best way to harness this river is to deepen it. If the bottom of the river is deep, Hongze Lake will go straight to the Yellow River, and seven counties such as Xinghua and Yancheng will not be flooded, and the land will naturally dry up. It is useless to control the flow unless the source is cured. At present, the intersection of the Yellow River and Huaihe River is too straight. The dikes of the river and Huaihe River should be bent and built to make them flow obliquely, so that the Yellow River will not flow backwards. " [22] Emperor Kangxi promulgated the imperial edicts of clearing the mouth [23] and inspecting rivers and lakes [24], and specially formulated a new river management plan: (1) dredging the river body deeply. Emperor Kangxi pointed out: "I have been paying attention to river affairs for a long time. Looking at the water of the Yellow River by boat along the way, we can see that the river is getting higher and higher. When we climb the bank, we can measure horizontally and see that the river is higher than the fields. In Qingkou and Gaojiayan, the low water level of Hongze Lake and the high water level of the Yellow River caused the river to flow back into the lake, and the lake could not get out, flooding seven counties such as Xinghua and Yancheng, which was also the cause of this disaster. The best way to harness this river is to deepen it. ..... If the bottom of the river can be deepened, Hongze Lake will reach the Yellow River directly, and there will be no floods in seven counties, and the folk land will naturally dry up. If you don't cure the source, it's useless to treat pollution. " (2) Damming. Emperor Kangxi wrote: "It is advisable to extend the embankment on the south bank of the Yellow River near the Huaihe River to the east for two or three miles to make it strong, and the embankment near the Huaihe River should also be extended to make it inclined so that the water of the Yellow River will not flow backwards into the river." (3) Opening the Taozhuang River diversion project. Emperor Kangxi ordered: "From the back of Huiji Temple, the river is introduced, and then flows eastward from the canal to the intersection of Huiji Temple, so the yellow water naturally does not flow backwards." (4) Dredge the river. Emperor Kangxi said: "It is advisable to clear the mouth to the west, and try to keep the river straight at many bends. When the river is straight, it slides sharply, and when it slides, the sand brushes itself, and the river is deep. " (5) Remove the Yellow Dam. Emperor Kangxi ordered the dam blocking the Yellow River near Yuntiguan to be dismantled as soon as possible, and the estuary channel was dredged, so that the Yellow River could directly enter the sea, enhance the water potential and scour the sediment.

After Emperor Kangxi built the city gate, he wrote the poem "Reading the River" [25], which showed the minister of the river.

The poem says:

Dredging the Huaihe River and the Yellow River is costly, and it is not afraid to do it for three years.

Several dikes are hand-painted and ploughed successfully.

On the second day, rice prices were high and people's livelihood was difficult in flood areas. Emperor Kangxi ordered the interception of 100,000-stone grain, which was distributed to 12 counties such as Gaoyou, Yancheng and Suqian, and then the interception of 100,000-stone grain was stored in Huai' an and Yangzhou. Emperor Kangxi lived in Yangzhou, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiangning and other places. On the way back to Luanhe River, I passed Yangzhou, docked in Huai 'an on 25th, crossed the Yellow River, and inspected Xinyi by boat.

On the second day of May, Emperor Kangxi ordered Zhang Peng, Governor of Liangjiang, to enter Beijing. /kloc-on October 7th, I returned to Beijing. A few days later, Emperor Kangxi said to the minister, "I have been to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and I have seen the surplus and shortage of its cultivation and the shortage of the market. Ten years ago, it was worse than now. This local department is not easy to investigate, and the kindness of the court has not come down. " [26] So he ordered Cao Yin to be intercepted, given relief and exempted from its accumulated money and grain.

In September of that year, Emperor Kangxi showed the university students that the river was longer than the one painted by Jackie Chan. He pointed out that "the four seas are peaceful now, and the most important thing is to govern the river. I've been on patrol before, and I know that water can't be cured. The water in Hongze Lake is too big to be discharged, and the two rivers meet with Huang Yun, becoming more and more vast and flooding. " [27] Emperor Kangxi made a decision to rebuild the river channel, so that the Yellow River moved slightly northward and the Huaihe River could be unblocked. He pointed out: "Jin Fu, Dong Anguo and Yu Chenglong knew how to build dikes to protect water, but they didn't talk about changing the river to the north to let clear water flow. If you don't let clear water flow, how can you control it? "

〔28〕

In the second year, Zhang Peng Ao, the new river chief, began to implement the new river management strategy formulated by Emperor Kangxi. First, remove the Yellow Dam and dig deep into the sea. During the ten days, the riverbed was three feet deep and more than twenty feet wide, and the river entered the sea, which was unbearable. [29] By the end of forty years (170 1 year), other projects were completed one after another. The following summer, the Yellow River suffered another serious flood, which was a severe test for the newly-built project, and Kangxi paid special attention to it. When the flood lasted for ten days, Kangxi ordered Ao to stay by the river day and night. The newly-built pick-up dam near Qingkou (now Kangxi Royal Dam) forced the Yellow River to divert water to Tao Zhuang in summer and autumn, and went down the north bank. The Huaihe River flows smoothly from Qingkou to the enemy's Yellow River, and there is no danger of the Yellow River flowing backwards. The construction of Gaojiayan in Hongze Lake was in danger several times. After strengthening the defense, it finally blocked the roaring flood peak and stood the test. Most other projects have withstood the challenge of the flood. The dam on the west bank of the Yellow River from Xuzhou to Haikou and the dam on the west bank of Sanyang to Shao Bo Canal have been in danger for many times, and migrant workers have taken the rain to repair them. Finally, there have been no major disasters in previous years. In this flood, the riverbank in the upper reaches of Hongze Lake was still destroyed, but the disaster was much smaller than in previous years. Emperor Kangxi was glad that all the projects had stood the test of flood.

Fourth, the fourth southern tour, crossing the river has achieved initial results.

In the 42nd year of Kangxi (1703), Emperor Kangxi made his fourth southern tour from the 15th of the first month to the 15th of March, when the river project was about to be completed.

On the fourth day of February, Emperor Kangxi boarded the Qingkou Royal Boat, inspected the Tian Fei Gate and the Royal Dam, and awarded awards to the officials of Zhang Peng Aohe River, the river chief, and the Ministry of Education "discussed narrative documents in detail" for the officials below the main river. [30] Emperor Kangxi personally watched Tao Zhuang dig ditches and ordered him to clear his mouth. If you look at reducing the dam, you will not be satisfied, so as not to seize the river flood. Reading Baojiaying refers to dredging the river to make the Qingjiang River safe. When he read the estuary, his life moved to Yangzhuang, and Emperor Kangxi ordered the river governor Ao to say, "The clear water outlet of Zhongzhuang was forced to slide southward, and the port was blocked. You should choose Yangjiazhuang under Taozhuang to divert water so that the river in the middle reaches can be led out from here. " [3 1] Clear water flows out of Zhongjiazhuang, and whenever the Yellow River surges and goes straight to the south bank, the estuary is bound to be irrigated. If the estuary is moved, it will be safe.

Emperor Kangxi made a "Book of River Ministers" on the ship, and gave the royal book to Zhang Peng, a river minister. "Biography of He Chen" said: "Since ancient times, there have been floods, but the big river is the biggest. Good governance does no harm to the people. I am sparse and nine, standing flat. Fall into the Han and Tang Dynasties, and never return to Ai. Gradually moved south, and the Song and Yuan Dynasties flooded. Today's river is yesterday's river, so it is impossible to discuss it. In the past, the river was blocked, and now it is also a water law. Not only do you worry about it, but you can also help it. On this side, farming is dereliction of duty. Zeguo Chen Bo is extremely daunting. Great responsibility, but great responsibility. Don't let Jindi collapse in the ant hole, and don't let Tianlu become a dumpling hole. Don't spend money on the country, but it will be difficult all day. Don't make empty efforts to build a house, but verify your merits and demerits. Try to guide the plan first, and don't regret it later. Don't betray the public, don't quit and escape. Only clean and self-sustaining, brainstorming. Then you will suffer from all kinds of diseases and your achievements will be polished. Show me my river minister and respect me. " 〔32〕

Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty crossed Jiangpu, and fortunately there was a banquet garden in the Qing Dynasty. Imperial pen inscribed "Lianbo Quiet" and presented it to Zhang Peng purlin. Zhang Peng 'ao turned this stone into a monument, which remains today.

Emperor Kangxi calendar Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou and Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Jiangning and other places. On the way back to Luanhe River, on the second day of March, Emperor Kangxi visited Gaojiayan again and stayed at Guandi Temple. The next day, he continued to inspect the riverbank and ordered Zhang Peng 'ao, the governor of the river, to immediately build all the places with thin dikes, rotten piles and incomplete earth and stone.

Emperor Kangxi visited all the way and saw that the river worker had won the first battle. He happily wrote the poem "Wang Cheng".

The poem says:

Diligent and long-term governance of Huang Huai, several degrees of dusty grant governance.

Jiuqu is known as the danger of the world, but it is actually a sign of human injury.

Be diligent and cautious when you are clear and turbid, and don't waste your potential.

Although An Lan was beaten with leniency, Jin Tang was remonstrated afterwards.

On March 15, Emperor Kangxi returned to Beijing via Dongping, Dongchang, Cangzhou and Tianjin. /kloc-on 0/6, Emperor Kangxi summoned scholars and Jiuqing and other officials and said, "I have traveled to the south and read all the information about river engineering. I almost succeeded. The Yellow River has always been six feet high and the Huaihe River is six feet low, so it can't compete with the Yellow River, so it often silts up. Today, the six dams will be blocked, the water level of Hongze Lake is high, and the canal will not be flooded. This river worker is successful. " 〔34〕

Five, five, six southern tours, the aftermath of planning rules.

At the beginning of the forty-fourth year of Kangxi (1705), Emperor Kangxi thought that although the river project was successful, it was still necessary to assess the situation and plan the rules for the aftermath. On the ninth day of February, Emperor Kangxi left Beijing and began his fifth southern tour.

On February 16th, Emperor Kangxi sailed over Linqing and moored at Tuqiao Gate. He said to the university students, "I just arrived in the south of the Yangtze River, and the boats are on both sides of the Yellow River. I can see many people and trees. In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi, it was just a riverbank. In the forty-second year, it reached the shore far away, making the river brush deeper and deeper. From then on, the deeper the days, the greater the cure. I heard that I have been cooking in the river for several years and have never seen it before. " 〔35〕

On the sixth day of March, Emperor Kangxi sailed through Dongchang and Jining and entered Jiangnan. On the eighth day of the eighth lunar month, when crossing the Yellow River, Boqing Jiangpu, Emperor Kangxi personally saw the newly-opened middle reaches sluice and the nearby levee in Yangjiazhuang. He was very happy to see that the Yellow River was on the track in An Lan, so he returned to the boat and wrote two poems happily. The name is: "Two Poems on the Folk Houses of Xinkai River in Yangjiazhuang" [36]

One is:

Sail hundreds of miles in a blink of an eye and cross Huai Xu several times.

Time is still like the scene of that year, consciously urging the black temples to be sparse.

The second is:

At the beginning of the spring rain, the wicker opens and the fishing boat sings late.

As we all know in An Lan today, temples pay attention to Huanghuai.

Emperor Kangxi incorporated the beautiful scenery of Yangjiazhuang "spring rain and willow, fishing boats sing late" into his poems, which was a portrayal of his mood at that time. These two poems are memorable and stand in the Three Dams of Yangjiazhuang.

1 1 day, Emperor Kangxi berthed a boat in Gao Qiao, north of Yangzhou. Emperor Kangxi told the river governor Ao, "The river project has been completed, and the plan for the aftermath is more important. It is my great honor to visit and build the Tian Fei Gate. If the Yellow River rises to five or six feet and the clear water does not rise, it will be too weak. If it loses to the Yellow River, the Yellow River water will naturally flow backwards. Is it a mistake to manage rivers? In case of backward flow, the Tian Fei sluice will be lowered to store clear water against the yellow water, but the yellow water will retreat in a few days. Wait until the grain ship is out of date. "

[37] He also pointed out: "The dike on the south bank of the Yellow River is of great importance and should be repaired." 〔38〕

/kloc-I arrived in Suzhou on 0/7. 18 is the 52nd birthday of Emperor Kangxi. At noon, Emperor Kangxi summoned Zhang Peng Aohe River Worker and gave instructions: "Although the river worker has been successfully completed, it must be repaired and protected in advance to make up for the aftermath." 〔39〕

On the ninth day of April, Emperor Kangxi passed Qingkou on his way back from the funeral and read the Gaojiayan River embankment. 1 1 day, Emperor Kangxi came to Huiji Temple. Zhang Peng, the river manager, led Huaiyang Road, Zhang Bi and Ma Qi, a great scholar, and knelt on the river. Emperor Kangxi stood on a brick embankment and said to his ministers, "Every time I go to the river, I will go to Huiji Temple to watch the water. Before the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699), the yellow water flooded, and the places where Val and others stood were all yellow water. At that time, from the ship, the water surface was flat with the shore, and it could be seen around the shore. After that, the water gradually returned to the trough, and the shore was higher than the water. Now shore to water, more than a foot high. The clear river flows smoothly, forcing the Yellow River to reach the north shore, just a thin line away from Liu Huang. Looking at this situation, I have achieved great success in river engineering. I am very happy. " 〔40〕

During this southern tour, Emperor Kangxi was very happy and planned the rules for the aftermath with "the great achievements of the river regulation project".

Unexpectedly, a few months later, the river worker had another problem. In July of that year, the Yellow River and Huaihe River surged again, which was not seen for many years, resulting in many dams in Gugoutang, Hanjiazhuang and Qingshuigou bursting and flooding. Emperor Kangxi was very angry when he heard the news, and immediately wrote a letter: "I want to go to Gaojiayan in person this spring. Zhang Peng purlin said that the dike project was completed, and at the same time, mosquitoes and flies were everywhere in the hot summer. I asked to stop reading in person and play again four times seriously. I have a close relationship with the weir of Gaos thought, so I went to see it myself, and saw some unfinished places on the stone embankment and many rotten places below. It has been two or three years, so I instructed Zhang Peng purlin and the river chiefs one by one. I also told Ao that floods are unpredictable, so we must protect them day and night. I am also worried about the improper use of dike workers. Today, the dikes of Gugou, Tanggeng, Qingshuigou and Hanjiazhuang burst, and the river workers will be damaged again. The staff of large and small rivers only know that the smooth flow of clear water is their own credit. I don't know that the dam of Gaojiayan leaks too much, the clear water is weak, and the yellow water will flow backwards. "[4 1] Emperor Kangxi ordered his ministers to discuss and play quickly. On July 30, Jiuqing and others agreed to reply, and Ao was dismissed and retained.

Due to this unexpected event, Emperor Kangxi ordered the governors of the two rivers, Ashan, Sanwa and Zhang Peng Ao to discuss the revival plan in detail, so as to facilitate grain transportation and private land. In the first month of the following year, Ashan and others put forward a plan to build a river and slip through the Huaihe River. Its main content is to build a dike from Sizhou, lead the Huaihe River to Gaojiayan, and then clear the mouth after entering Zhangyukou. Because the Chuangxing Liuhuaihe River project needs about1880,000 yuan, Jiuqing thinks that the river project is of great importance and needs a lot of money, so the project situation is particularly difficult to be detailed and clear. It is really difficult to succeed unless the emperor reads the instructions himself. * * * personally knock the emperor on the river, please. Emperor Kangxi thought of his southern tour several times, and the officials and people on the riverside were not without troubles. Besides, he refused to go there for fear of good luck. However, Emperor Kangxi was not at ease about the Huaihe River landslide project. If there were mistakes in such a large-scale project, it would waste manpower and financial resources, and the consequences would be unimaginable. After repeated entreaties from college students, Emperor Kangxi finally decided to make another southern tour.

In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi (1707), on the 22nd day of the first month, Emperor Kangxi left Beijing. On February 20th, Emperor Kangxi went ashore from Qingkou and inspected the terrain of Liu Huaitao in detail. On the same day, Emperor Kangxi summoned his entourage civil and military officials, local officials, river governors and river officials in front of the palace, and severely reprimanded Zhang Pengyi for not paying attention to river workers. Regarding the Huai-Slip Project, Emperor Kangxi said to the ministers: "Former Ashan and others surveyed the water potential in Sizhou and advocated opening another river in the Huai-Slip Engineering Office to reach Zhangfukou, so as to divert the Huaihe River and avoid the flood of Hongze Lake and the danger of Gaojiayan. The drawing has been submitted, please read it yourself. I saw Wujiadun yesterday, and I still said that the sliding sleeves played by Ashan and others can be opened. Today, I took a bus from Qingkou to Caojiamiao. The terrain is very high. Although the river is dug, it can't reach Qingkou directly, which is completely different from the submission mode of Iraq and other countries. Moreover, most of the columns erected are on graves, which not only damaged the fields and houses of the people, but even destroyed the graves of the people. ...... In recent years, the two rivers have been calm and the people's livelihood is peaceful. Why bother? " [42] Emperor Kangxi also pointed out: "Huai and Huang in the Ming Dynasty were different from today. In the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River was strong and the Huaihe River was weak, so there was a problem of backward flow. Jiazi has been touring the south since 2008, reading the feelings of the two rivers. My memory is very clear. Gradually cultivated, now Huai is strong and Huang is weak. The solution to the aftermath is particularly urgent. Instead of running a useless river, it is better not to dig out Hongze Lake. It will be wider and deeper, and the clear water will flow more smoothly. It is better to dredge the river and let merchant ships pass, even oil tankers can pull it, which is not shallow. " [43] Kangxi ordered to stop the Hetao project. After repeated investigation and study, it was ordered to excavate the outlet of Hongze Lake, widen and deepen it, and make the clear water flow smoothly, so as to achieve the effect of Hetao project. [44] On the 21st, Emperor Kangxi ordered him to return to Qingkou from Caojia Temple and removed all the post stations along the way, and the people cheered. Emperor Kangxi went to Qingkou to board the ship and return to it.

During this southern tour, Emperor Kangxi completed the transformation of river workers. On April 22nd, I returned to Changchun Garden in Shi Jing.

In forty-five years of Kangxi (1706), Emperor Kangxi ordered the construction of Wang Jiaying dam, forty-nine years (17 10), Huiji sluice, fifty-one years (17 12), and Bianzhuang dam, fifty-eight years (/.

Emperor Kangxi took the people as the foundation and sought solid governance. He personally visited the river worker and gave instructions on the master plan. After decades of governance, the two rivers were peaceful, the water transportation was smooth, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, which promoted the stability and prosperity of the society at that time. Emperor Kangxi visited the south six times in his life and made a confession back and forth. He knew about the internal money, and he also demanded that "the officials should be punished in advance, and they should not be overworked." [46] After Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong also made six southern tours. But he enjoys success, advocates glitz and is ambitious. He splashed many people's cream for traveling all over Jinshan embroidery in the south of the Yangtze River, and his purpose and function were not the same as his grandfather's.