Who is the father of movies?

Mankind has entered the19th century, and the rapid development of science and technology has laid a solid foundation for the growth of film art.

The first thing to mention here is the appearance and wide application of 1839 photography technology. It constitutes an important part of film shooting.

It is a bit ridiculous to say that the invention of the movie camera is actually due to an unexpected gain from a gambling game.

1872, an American rich man made a bet with his friend. He said that when the horse was running, its hoof left the ground at the moment of jumping. My friend objected that no matter what time, a running horse always has two hooves off the ground and two hooves on the ground. So the rich man invited Edward, a British photographer? McBride can do this experiment. McBride tied a wire to the shutters of 24 cameras. When the horse galloped past, it broke 24 lines in a row. In a short time, the camera took 24 photos in turn, and then read them one by one to observe how the horse jumped and landed. For this experiment, McBride and his assistants suffered a lot and paid a lot of labor. After six years, I finally photographed a group of precious materials about the "horse track", which also confirmed that the prediction of the American rich man was correct. However, the success of mcbride has raised a new problem for people: how to solve the problem of continuous photography. Because he can only shoot a part of the running horse with 24 cameras, if the horse runs a long distance of 1000 meters, he will use thousands of cameras, and the length of the film will circle the earth. Therefore, how to use a single lens camera instead of a multi-lens camera or a group of cameras has become a key problem to solve continuous photography.

1882, when mcbride traveled around Europe with his continuous photos, their achievements greatly inspired the French scholar. After several years' unremitting efforts, Malai has made a portable "photographic gun" by using the principle of revolver, which is the first camera that can obtain multiple negatives from a lens in one second. It really solves the problem of continuous photography and marks the birth of modern cameras and photography.

By 1888, the British inventor Green improved the camera on the basis of previous studies, invented the world's first film camera, and photographed the street view of London at the same time. When he tried to show his movie and saw the characters moving on the screen, he ran into the street and shouted excitedly, "success, success!" " "

During this period, the contribution of Edison, a world-famous great inventor, cannot be ignored.

His first contribution was that in 1887, he and his assistant Dixon invented the method of drilling holes in the movie room, which solved the problem of showing photos of activities. This is the emergence of "Edison style" movies.

His second contribution was the invention of the "movie mirror" in 1894. It is like a big cabinet with a magnifying glass on it and a 50-foot perforated film inside, which is connected end to end and wound around a group of small pulleys. When the motor starts, the film moves gradually, and the picture cycle appears. "Movie Mirror" came out and was welcomed by people. When it was introduced into China, it was called a "peep show".

Edison's invention improved the film technology. He shot some entertaining stage movies with a "cinescope", which became the earliest record of making dramatic movies in the world film history. For example, "The Otter Sneezes" shot by 1893 is a famous example.

In practice, people found that this kind of "movie mirror" still has some defects: first, it is too large and inconvenient to use; Second, there is no screen, only for one person to watch, lacking mass; Third, the projection speed is too fast, which makes the characters' movements unnatural and smooth.

The task of improving and perfecting the "movie mirror" falls on the shoulders of the Lumiere brothers in France.

The Lumiere brothers used to be photographers. After a comprehensive study of Edison's invention, other people's achievements and their own "continuous camera", the two brothers developed the world's first relatively perfect film projector, the movable film mirror, in 1894, and finally put the image on the screen for the audience to enjoy this new art together. The following year, they obtained the patent to shoot and show movies and became the inventors and founders of real movies.

Lumiere Brothers' "Movable Film Mirror" is a portable camera, which is not only flexible and light, saves film, but also has the functions of camera, copier and projector, and has a far-reaching impact on the film industry. Therefore, future generations respectfully call Lumiere Brothers "the father of movies".

1895 65438+February 28th is a memorable day in human history. On this day, in the basement of the big coffee shop, Kaposin Road 14 in Paris, the Lumiere brothers publicly sold tickets to show their films.

The first screening was The Gate of the Factory. The content is: In the early morning, the door of the factory was slowly pushed open. Women workers dressed in different patterns and hats with various feathers walked into the gate in groups of three and five, talking and laughing. Wearing open jackets and pushing bicycles, these people casually walked into the factory gate. Then came a luxurious carriage, in which the factory owner sat like no one's watching. After the carriage pulled into the factory, the door slowly closed. Although the content of the film is simple, the audience watched it with relish, and the screening was a great success, causing great sensation. This day is considered to be the anniversary of the birth of world movies.

The Lumiere brothers made more than 50 short films, all of which were documentaries. These short films have a far-reaching impact on the film industry from the content to the form of expression.

Their films truly show people's lives. The short film has almost no storyline and lacks contradictions and conflicts. However, it is very active and news-oriented, and it is a pioneer of realism. Movies can broaden people's horizons, develop people's wisdom and promote the development of human science and technology. When Gorky saw these films, he enthusiastically praised: "It is foreseeable that this invention will be widely developed because of its amazing novelty." "It will certainly serve general scientific tasks, improve people's lives and develop people's wisdom."

The following briefly introduces the influence of several films on later generations.

The gate of the factory: It is said that Lumiere was photographed from the window of a building opposite the Lyon factory. This is the first time in the history of film production that "hidden photography" has been used.

Watered Gardener: Is it based on Louis? Lumiere's 7-year-old brother's naughty behavior. It's about a simple and honest gardener pulling a long faucet to water flowers, and a naughty boy comes. He stepped on the rubber faucet quietly. The gardener thinks there is something wrong with the tap. As soon as he turned on the pump to check, the child immediately let go of his feet, and the water from the faucet poured on the gardener's face. The gardener got angry, caught Scampy and spanked him. This scene of chasing children has formed a funny scene, which has achieved the effect that ordinary documentaries can't achieve. Although the shooting technique is not brilliant, the light is gloomy and the composition is dull, this short film can be said to be the earliest comedy with "suspense". It has a short plot, a beginning, a development, a climax and an ending, which laid the foundation for future feature films.

Kneeling: more effective than the last comedy. It tells the story of a beggar pretending to be disabled. In order to escape from the police, he suddenly stood up and ran away, which became the first sound of "chasing movies" later.

"The Train Arrives at the Station": At the beginning of the short film, a vision station appears, and a porter pushes Li. Then a black spot appeared on the horizon, which gradually became bigger. It's a train coming, and the front of it fills the screen. Below are the expressions of many passengers getting on and off the platform. This documentary successfully uses the "depth of field" lens, which gives the picture a sense of hierarchy and depth. From the horizon to the close-up of the train entering the station, the audience can clearly see the prospect of the train and understand the infinite possibilities of the film performance. The real person in front of the camera produces a series of different images in the picture, which is very close to the continuous effect embodied by modern montage.

"Robot Butcher Shop": It describes a fat and strong pig that staggers into a strange machine from the front, but a string of delicious sausages emerges from the back ... This funny short film that caused the audience to laugh and gave birth to an embryo of a science fiction film, which aroused people's infinite reverie.

Four short films, such as "Fire Fighting", were shot at different times and places, and then the Lumiere brothers connected them to show them, which constituted a thrilling story of firefighters fighting the fire. It used montage for the first time in film history.

The Lumiere brothers trained and trained the first photographers. They traveled around and filmed many newsreels with high historical value. Some students, such as Pu Lomio, also created the mobile phone photography method, which made the camera free for the first time. This valuable attempt played a positive role in the formation of film art later.