Popular science knowledge about the Olympics. Urgent ~

The external structure of "Bird's Nest" is mainly composed of huge portal steel frame, with 24 truss columns, 20 truss columns and 2 lower columns have been hoisted. The top of the National Stadium is saddle-shaped, with a major axis of 332.3 meters and a minor axis of 296.4 meters. The height of the highest point is 68.5 meters and the height of the lowest point is 42.8 meters. ..

Change of design scheme

Under the premise of keeping the architectural style of "Bird's Nest" unchanged, the new design scheme has greatly adjusted and optimized the structural layout, building cross-section form and material utilization rate. The openable roof in the original design scheme was cancelled, the opening of the roof was increased, and the steel consumption was greatly reduced by optimizing the steel structure. The long-span roof is supported on 24 truss columns with an interval of 37.96 meters. The main trusses are radially arranged around the opening in the middle of the roof, and 22 main trusses are straight or nearly straight. In order to avoid too complicated joints, a few main trusses are truncated near the inner ring. A large number of steel structures are box-shaped members welded by steel plates, and the cross-arranged main trusses, together with the substructure of the roof and facade, form a special architectural shape of "Bird's Nest". The main stand adopts reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure system, which is completely separated from long-span steel structure.

Application of Q460 steel

Speaking of Q460 steel, most people may not understand it. The structural design of "Bird's Nest" is strange and novel, and the steel structure Q460 built this time has many unique features: Q460 is a low-alloy high-strength steel, which will only undergo plastic deformation when the stress intensity reaches 460 MPa, which is greater than that of ordinary steel, so it is very difficult to produce. This is the first time that Q460 steel has been used in building structures in China. The thickness of the steel plate used this time is 1 10 mm, which is unique in the past. In the national standard, the maximum thickness of Q460 is only100 mm. In the past, this kind of steel was generally imported from Luxembourg, South Korea and Japan. In order to provide a "fit" Q460 for the "Bird's Nest", from September 2004, the researchers of Henan Wugang Special Steel Plant began to tackle scientific and technological problems for more than half a year, and finally succeeded in trial production. Nowadays, mass production of Q460 steel for "Bird's Nest" has begun. In 2008, 400 tons of domestic Q460 steel with independent innovation and intellectual property rights will support the "Bird's Nest". The Bird's Nest used 42,000 tons of steel.

special construction

In addition, the hoisting of the main truss in the inner ring of the roof and the installation of the substructure of the facade have been fully launched. The thickness of steel used in the "Bird's Nest" steel structure can reach 1 1 cm, which has never been produced in China. In addition, a translucent film will be pasted on the outer surface of the grid structure at the top of the "Bird's Nest". After using this film, the light in the stadium is not direct, but diffuse, making the light softer. Diffused light can also solve the maintenance problem of the stadium lawn, and also has the function of shielding the seat from wind and rain. Sliding openable roof is an important part of stadium structure. After closing, the stadium will become an indoor arena. Just like the lid of a container, whether the roof is closed or open, it is a basic part of a building. Except for some specific structural needs, the structure of the openable roof is basically a net structure, which becomes a waterproof shell after adding inflatable cushions. "

"Bird's Nest"-Lightning protection does not hurt people.

The "Bird's Nest" has a bare appearance and no protruding lightning rod. What if it thunders?

In fact, there is no need to worry at all, because the overall steel frame of "Bird's Nest" is an ideal "cage lightning protection network". The metal components on the "Bird's Nest" and the steel bars in the reinforced concrete are all connected by welding, so that the "Bird's Nest" itself forms a huge lightning protection network, which can quickly lead lightning into the ground.

But does the "Bird's Nest" use its own steel frame to receive and conduct lightning, which will endanger the safety of the audience inside?

Don't worry, experts have considered that all the places that people in the venue can reach have been specially treated, and lightning will never harm human beings.

More subtly, the "Bird's Nest" slightly raised the outdoor terrain of the whole stadium, and placed many ancillary facilities under the terrain, which not only avoided the huge investment consumed by underground excavation, but also landed slowly at the edge of the outdoor square, and built 2,000 open-air seats in the warm-up venue according to the situation, which was organically integrated with the surrounding environment and saved investment again.

The roof of the "Bird's Nest"

Sliding openable roof is an important part of stadium structure. After closing, the stadium will become an indoor arena. Just like the lid of a container, whether the roof is closed or open, it is a basic part of a building. Except for some specific structural needs, the structure of the openable roof is basically a net structure, which becomes a waterproof shell after adding inflatable cushions.

"Water Cube" is not only a beautiful and complex building, but also can inspire people's inspiration and enthusiasm, enrich people's lives and provide people with a carrier of memory. Therefore, in the design, not only the decorative function of water is utilized, but also its unique microstructure is utilized. The ETFE membrane (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene * * * polymer) wrapped inside and outside the whole building is a new lightweight material, which has effective thermal performance and light transmittance, can adjust the indoor environment, keep warm in winter and dissipate heat in summer, and can also prevent the building structure from being eroded by the internal environment of the swimming center.

When the membrane structure is used in buildings internationally, PTFE membrane is widely used. It is a kind of fiber material, which is characterized by opaque light, but its application technology is relatively mature. "Water Cube" uses ETFE film, which is a transparent film that can bring more natural light to the venue. The theoretical research on this thin film structure in China is almost blank.

The Allianz Stadium in Munich, one of the main venues of the 2006 World Cup in Germany, also adopted ETFE air cushion exterior wall, but compared with the Water Cube, the difference between them is that the air cushion coverage area of the Allianz Stadium in Germany is 60,000 square meters, while the Water Cube is 6,543,800 square meters. Allianz sports ground is a single-layer air cushion, which is arranged regularly, while the water cube is a double-layer air cushion, and almost no two air cushions have the same shape.

According to the design scheme, the membrane structure of the inner and outer facades of the Water Cube consists of 3,065 air cushions (minimum 1-2 square meters and maximum 70 square meters), covering an area of 654,380+10,000 square meters and a development area of 260,000 square meters. It is the largest membrane structure project in the world and the only large-scale public building completely enclosed by membrane structure. It is a great challenge to design, construction and use, and it also poses a very difficult task to ETFE membrane materials, ventilation and air conditioning, fire control, sound, light and electricity control.

New environmental protection design

Many innovative designs have been applied in the swimming pool of the swimming center, such as introducing outdoor air into the pool surface, the end pool shore with holes, and visual and sound signals. There are also some high-tech equipment, such as optical devices to determine the relative position of athletes, multi-angle three-dimensional image projection systems and so on. These devices will help the audience watch the game better.

In the design, the needs of environmental protection are also fully considered. In order to reduce the generation of carbon dioxide, electricity consumption is reduced in the design. Use solar cells to provide electricity. The extensive use of new materials reduces the load of air conditioning and lighting by 20%-30%. In addition, 80% of the water consumed by the swimming center will be collected from the roof and recycled, which can weaken the dependence on water supply and reduce the sewage discharged into the sewer. The system recovers waste heat, and the application of heat recovery refrigerator will save 600 thousand kwh of electricity a year. There are also modern fire-fighting devices tailored for buildings, which save 74% compared with conventional facilities.

In terms of building energy efficiency, the design of "Water Cube" is also unique. In the "Water Cube" with a total construction area of 80,000 square meters, the roof of 30,000 square meters will make the rainwater collection rate reach 100%, which is equivalent to the annual water consumption of 100 households; In terms of light utilization, the "Water Cube" adopts special membrane materials and corresponding technologies, which enables the venues to utilize natural light for 9.9 hours every day. A year later, the 80,000-square-meter "Water Cube" will save a lot of power resources.

Scientific and technological innovation is a highlight of the architectural design of "Water Cube". Its special membrane material, steel structure and indoor environment design are all blank in the history of Olympic venues. Therefore, scientific innovation has become the highlight of the construction of "Water Cube". Through the joint efforts of all parties, the relevant state departments have approved more than 65,438+00 scientific research projects.

Humanized design details

The design of "Water Cube" pays attention to details, fully considers the needs of athletes and spectators, and embodies the three concepts of "Green Olympics, Hi-tech Olympics and People's Olympics" of Beijing Olympic Games.

As the competition venue of the Olympic Games, the National Aquatics Center must first meet the competition demand during the Olympic Games. The design of "Water Cube" will make the athletes feel comfortable here and the audience feel comfortable as much as possible. And this comfort often comes from small details. "Water Cube" has diving pool, competition pool and warm-up pool. The water temperature of these swimming pools is not much different from that of their halls, which creates good conditions for athletes to play stably.

In addition, the "Water Cube" has also spent a lot of thought on the design of the ground. Because there is a certain distance between the competition pool and the warm-up pool, athletes often shuttle back and forth between the two pools barefoot. The "Water Cube" has done a particularly detailed treatment on the ground at this distance. At that time, "athletes will be very comfortable to walk over" and will not feel cold hands and feet.

Lightning protection design:

The "Water Cube" is similar to the "Bird's Nest" and also adopts the traditional lightning protection technology. The underground and foundation parts of "Water Cube" are reinforced concrete structures, and the above-ground parts are steel grid structures. The steel bars in the steel structure and the reinforced concrete structure are connected by welding, and together they form a cubic cage. On the roof, the inflatable pillow is embedded and fixed with trough-shaped steel members. The trough-shaped steel members are wide and thick, and welded with the steel mesh on the four walls of the "Water Cube" to support the whole roof. In thunderstorm weather, these steel members play a more serious role. On the one hand, they are used as drainage ditches to collect and remove rainwater from roofs; At the same time, it acts as a lightning arrester to guide lightning current to the "cage lightning protection network" in time to protect the safety of the whole building. This is an ideal "cage lightning protection network", which depends entirely on the materials in the building's own structure, and does not need to erect lightning rods, make down leads or grounding bodies separately. There is no prominent lightning rod or lightning belt on the roof, which is economical, beautiful, safe and reliable.

Seismic design:

"Water Cube" is a typical soft outside and rigid inside. Only inflatable membranes are seen outside, which look very fragile. These membranes are supported by solid steel structures, and the auditorium and indoor buildings are reinforced concrete structures. The wall and ceiling of "Water Cube" are composed of 6,543,800+0.2 million reticulated steel pipes connected by load-bearing joints, which evenly share the weight of the building and make it strong enough to withstand the strongest earthquake in Beijing. The underground part of the Water Cube is a reinforced concrete structure. When pouring concrete, embedded parts (upper steel blocks) shall be set at the position of each steel laurel, and the steel columns of steel structure shall be welded firmly with these embedded parts. In this way, the steel structure on the ground and the reinforced concrete structure in the underground part form a solid whole. It is precisely because of its superior structural form and good integrity that the "Water Cube" has a "perfect shape" and has reached the standard of seismic intensity of 8 degrees.

The Olympic torch is a hand-held torch approved by the International Olympic Committee to burn the Olympic flame. The Olympic torch is the carrier of the Olympic flame. From the 11Olympic Games in 1936, every Olympic Games has produced a torch that embodies the cultural characteristics of the host country and meets the high-tech requirements, and has become an important legacy of the Olympic Movement.

The torch of Beijing Olympic Games is 72 cm long and weighs 985 grams. Combustion time15min, flame height 25-30 cm at zero wind speed. It can be recognized and photographed in strong light and sunlight. In terms of technology, one-step forming technology of conical surface and aluminum etching coloring technology are adopted. The fuel is propane, which meets the requirements of environmental protection. The torch shape is made of recyclable and environmentally friendly materials. The whole torch is elegant and gorgeous, with heavy connotation and strong China characteristics, which harmoniously combines China culture with the Olympic spirit. The concept of "origin and harmony" contained in it is a unique interpretation of the Olympic spirit and the connotation of the Olympic flame. The integration of China elements such as auspicious clouds, lacquer red, paper rolls, etc. makes the ancient oriental civilization and the modern Olympic spirit perfectly combined again, and shines brilliantly.

Artistic and Technical Features of Beijing Olympic Torch

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The torch of Beijing Olympic Games was inspired by the "auspicious clouds" pattern of "origin and harmony". The cultural concept of Xiangyun has a time span of several thousand years in China, and it is a representative cultural symbol of China. The design of the torch was inspired by the traditional paper roll in China. Paper is one of the four great inventions in China and spread to the west through the Silk Road. Human civilization spread with the appearance of paper. The application of lacquer red, which originated in the Han Dynasty, on the torch makes it obviously different from the torch design of previous Olympic Games. The contrasting colors of red and silver produce striking visual effects, which is beneficial to various forms of media communication. The torch is divided into upper and lower parts, the auspicious cloud pattern and the three-dimensional relief process design make the whole torch elegant and gorgeous, with rich connotations.

The torch of Beijing Olympic Games has reached a new technical height in terms of combustion stability and adaptability to the external environment, and it can keep burning under the conditions of strong wind with a speed of 65 kilometers per hour and 50 mm rainstorm. In terms of technology, it is designed with light and high-quality aluminum alloy and hollow plastic parts, which is very lightweight. The lower part is sprayed with high-touch plastic paint, which feels comfortable and is not easy to slip. The torch of Beijing Olympic Games is a product independently designed and developed by China, with complete intellectual property rights.

The fuel used for the torch of Beijing Olympic Games is propane, which is a cheap common fuel. Its main components are carbon and hydrogen. After burning, there are only carbon dioxide and water, and there are no other substances, which will not pollute the environment.

Research and development process of torch design for Beijing Olympic Games

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The design, research and planning of the Beijing Olympic torch began in August 2005. Combined with the idea of hosting Beijing Olympic Games, the torch design concept, design requirements and creative methods are determined by analyzing the torch design experience of previous Olympic Games. According to the characteristics of torch industrial design, in order to realize the perfect combination of art and technology, with the approval of Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, the creative mode of torch design is determined, which focuses on artistic modeling, and combines synchronous collection of combustion technology and industrial design, public collection and directional commissioned creation.

On February 6th, 2005, BOCOG held a press conference to solicit the torch design scheme from the public. By February 28th, 2006, BOCOG * * had received 847 entries from design institutions and designers at home and abroad, including 388 valid entries.

After the preliminary evaluation and re-evaluation of the submitted works by the Beijing Olympic Torch Design Solicitation Committee, according to the provisions of the evaluation procedure, three works were selected and submitted to the BOCOG Executive Committee for consideration. From June to August, 2006, according to the principle of selecting the best artistic design and technical design scheme, the BOCOG Executive Committee decided that the shape of the torch "Xiangyun" designed by Lenovo (Beijing) Co., Ltd. was the artistic design scheme of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and the torch internal combustion system designed and developed by Aerospace Science and Industry Group was the technical scheme of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. With the assistance of Lenovo (Beijing) Co., Ltd., it was determined that Aerospace Science and Industry Group completed the production of torch samples combining torch modeling and combustion system, forming a complete design of the torch for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, which was approved by the International Olympic Committee on June 5438+ 10.

The Olympic flame successfully reached the top of the world.

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Date: May to August, 2008 Xinhua News Agency

Xinhua News Agency reporters Li Li and Lu Yongjian were at an altitude of 8,844 meters on May 8, 2008. Under the purest blue on the earth and above the most flawless white, the summit of Mount Everest was illuminated by a little fire.

At 9: 0016, Tsering Wangmo, a Tibetan female athlete, held high the burning Olympic torch at the summit! At this height, there is a fire symbolizing light and warmth for the first time.

Its significance lies not only in the fact that the "Xiangyun" torch of the Beijing Olympic Games has reached the top of the world in terms of geographical concept, but also in the fact that it has ignited a bright lamp at the top of human spirit.

The Olympic flame, once transmitted from space by satellite, once swam in the deep sea and experienced the spectacle of fire and water blending; Today is the first time to climb Mount Everest, which is known as the roof of the world. The "skyfire" stolen by the hero Prometheus was endowed with the meaning of light, peace, friendship, progress and harmony under the banner of the Olympic Games. It shines on the "holy mountain" for the first time, which not only declares the unremitting pursuit of human beings to challenge themselves and explore nature, but also completes a feat of human beings returning to their spiritual homes from the heart.

This is the most beautiful highlight of the Beijing Olympic Games, a feat of the Chinese nation to challenge the limits of mankind, a miracle in the history of modern Olympic movement for more than 100 years, and a great human masterpiece dedicated by China to the whole world. The Olympic torch reaching the summit of Mount Qomolangma will be forever engraved in the history of mountaineering, Olympic Games and human history!

Why do you want to climb to the top? French writer and philosopher Doummar said, Because down there, you never know what's up there. The spirit and courage of seeking knowledge embodied here is the direct driving force to promote the continuous progress of human society, which is worth advocating and affirming at any time. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions's Know Yourself carved on the Temple of Delphi in ancient Greece to Socrates' Who am I? Where is the land I come from? where am I going? These three philosophical questions, even the basic proposition of "ontology" that religion, philosophy and science are trying to answer, all reflect the ultimate exploration of human ontology for themselves and the world.

Some people think that the purpose of exploring "The Beginning of Life" is to make reference for people's survival today, to find samples for people to build spiritual homes, and to find answers for "where to go". The process of reaching the summit is a process of re-understanding the subjective self and the objective world. This extreme sport was full of heroism and romanticism from the beginning, until the British Mallory 1922 gave the answer that has been regarded as a classic so far: Because the mountain is there! He also said, "What have I conquered? I have conquered nothing, I just conquered myself. "

In the process of climbing, human beings gradually realize that the summit is not conquest or conquest, but integration and return, through the dialogue between life and nature. In mountaineering, "8000 meters above sea level" is the key line to distinguish between life and death. Perhaps only when you really reach that height, feel the contraction of the lungs in the thin air zone with an oxygen content of only one-third of the sea level, and experience the life that gradually becomes lighter in the sudden drop of temperature, can you understand this more deeply. Pubu Zhuoga, a female member of the Tibet mountaineering team, said that it was not until she reached the summit in 2003 that she realized: "It was not that we conquered Mount Everest, but that Mount Everest showed me a gentle side."

From "conquering nature" to "returning to nature", it embodies a deeper understanding of human beings in this ultimate pursuit: the relationship between man and nature is not confrontation and conquest, but harmony and life.

This coincides with the theme of the Olympic torch global relay "harmonious journey". The Olympic flame climbed Mount Everest, which embodies the highest state of human pursuit of harmony. Harmony is not only reflected in people, people and society, different societies, but also in the harmony between human beings as a whole and nature.

This is why people who have been to the snow-capped mountains say that they have purified their hearts. The state of "oblivion" is exactly the "harmony between man and nature" pursued by China culture, which is described in the simplest language as "harmony between man and nature".

Only when you reach the top can you know the great beauty of the world. At the moment when the Beijing Olympic torch reached the summit, both the warriors at the scene and people around the world watched this feat, without exception, felt the inner shock and paid deep respect to the lofty yearning and unremitting pursuit of mankind. This is the same as the Olympic spirit of knowing yourself, challenging yourself and surpassing yourself.

China mountaineering team, which undertakes the task of climbing to the summit, has made great contributions in the world mountaineering history. /kloc-since 0/960, Wang Fuzhou, Kampot and Qu have created the record of climbing Mount Everest from the northern slope for the first time. Since then,/kloc-more than 0/00 Japanese have continued to write the history of approaching the summit of Mount Everest again and again. There is also the "hero couple" who climbed to the top at the same time as Ren and Ji Ji. On the opposite side of Mount Qomolangma, there is a joint mountaineering team from China, China and Nepal, and a Tibetan player Tsering Duoji has set a world record of 99 minutes of anaerobic summit. ...

In the history of human climbing Mount Qomolangma, there are also many warriors who sleep in the eternal and silent ice and snow, blending human flesh and blood into nature and gaining eternal life. Their courage will always inspire future generations, constantly challenge the physical and psychological limits, seek direct dialogue with nature, and continue to explore the process of the world and human nature.

When explaining mountaineering, Mallory said, "If you can't understand that struggle is the struggle of life itself, and it is the struggle of striving upward and always upward, then you really can't understand why you want to climb mountains. What we get from it is pure happiness, which is the highest pursuit of life. "

This is the essence of the Olympics.

Time and route of torch relay in 2008 Olympic Games

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On March 24th, the flame was lit (Olympia).

24 -29 Greek relay race

March 30th Torch Handover Ceremony (Athens)

March 3 1 Welcome Ceremony of the Flame Arriving in Beijing

Depart for Almaty on April 1 day.

April 2 Almaty

April 3rd Istanbul

April 5 St. Petersburg

April 6, London

April 7th Paris

San Francisco on April 9

April 1 1 Buenos Aires

April 13 Dar es Salaam

April 6, 438 +04 Muscat

April 16 Islamabad

April 17 New Delhi

April 19 Bangkok

April 2 1 Day Kuala Lumpur

Jakarta on April 22nd

April 24th Canberra

April 26 Nagano

April 27th Seoul

April 28th Pyongyang

April 29th Ho Chi Minh City

May 2, Hong Kong

May 3rd Macau

May 4th Sanya, Hainan Province

Wuzhishan City on May 5th

May 5, Wanning City

May 6 Haikou City

May 7, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province

May 8, Shenzhen

May 9 Huizhou City

May 10 Shantou City

May 1 1 Fuzhou City, Fujian Province

May 12 Quanzhou City

May 12 Xiamen City

May 13 Longyan City

May 14 Ruijin City, Jiangxi Province

May 15 Jinggangshan City

May 16 Nanchang City

May 17 Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province

May 17 Shaoxing City

May 18 Hangzhou

May 22, Ningbo City

May 22, Jiaxing City

Shanghai, 23-24 May

May 25, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province

May 25, Nantong City

May 26th Taizhou City

May 26th Yangzhou City

May 27, Nanjing

May 28, Hefei, Anhui Province

Huainan City, May 29

May 29th Wuhu City

May 30th Jixi County

May 30th Huangshan City

May 3 1 Wuhan City, Hubei Province

June 1 Yichang City

On June 2, Jingzhou City

June 3 Yueyang City, Hunan Province

June 4, Changsha City

June 5 Shaoshan City

June 6 Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Nanning, June 7

June 8 Baise City

June 9, Kunming, Yunnan Province

June 10 Lijiang City

June 1 1 Shangri-La

June 12 Guiyang City, Guizhou Province

June 13 Kaili City

June 14 Zunyi City

June 15-16 Chongqing

June 17 Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

June 18 Kashgar City

June 19 Shihezi City

June 19 changji city

June 2 1 Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region

June 22nd Golmud City, Qinghai Province

June 23rd Qinghai Lake

June 24th Xining City

June 25th Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province

June 25 Pingyao County

June 26th Taiyuan City

June 27th Datong City

June 28th Dunhuang, Gansu

June 28th Jiayuguan City

June 29 Jiuquan

June 30th Tianshui City

June 30th Lanzhou City

July 2 Zhongwei, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Wuzhong on July 3rd.

July 4th Yinchuan City

On July 5, Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province

On July 6, Yang Ling

Xianyang city on July 6th.

On July 7, Xi 'an

July 1 1 Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

July 12 Ordos City

July 12 Baotou City

July 13 Chifeng City

July 14 Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province

July 15 Daqing City

July 16 Harbin

July 17 Songyuan City, Jilin Province

July 17 Changchun City

July 18 Jilin City

July 19 Yanji City

July 20, Shenyang, Liaoning Province

July 2 1 Benxi City

July 2 1 Liaoyang City

July 2 1 Anshan City

July 22nd Dalian

July 23rd Yantai City, Shandong Province

July 23, Weihai City

July 24th Qingdao

July 24 Rizhao City

July 25, Linyi City

On July 25, Qufu City

July 25, Tai 'an City

July 26, Jinan City

July 28th Shangqiu City, Henan Province

On July 28th, Kaifeng City

July 29, Zhengzhou City

On July 30th, Luoyang City

July 3 1 Anyang City

August 1 Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province

August 2nd Qinhuangdao City

August 3rd Tangshan City

August 4-5, Tianjin

August 3-5 Sichuan Province to be determined

August 6-8, Beijing

References:

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