What are the categories of art?

Art, talents and technology have a wide meaning, and then slowly add various high-quality ideas and evolve into a term of beauty, thought and realm. Art is a typical social ideology that reflects reality with images, including literature, calligraphy, painting, photography, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, drama, movies, folk art, electronic games (the ninth art) and so on.

Art is an important supplementary means of language, just like in a speech, we will use loud voices to represent anger, laughter to represent happiness, and dance to represent anxiety or other feelings to convey to each other. Therefore, every work of art should have its own unique appeal, which is the vitality of art.

trait

Unity of image grasping and rational grasping

Image is an aesthetic image. Aesthetic situation and artistic conception in a broad sense mainly refer to vivid, concrete and sensible images of people and things that can arouse people's thoughts or emotional activities in artistic activities. Image is a unique way of existence in artistic activities. As the product of human spiritual production, works of art depend on a certain material carrier. It must be intuitive and concrete, and can be directly perceived by human senses. Image is the basic element of artistic works, so every artistic image must appear in a specific perceptual form, which truly shows the external forms and internal characteristics of people, events, sights and things in life, making people feel vivid and lifelike. Artistic image is the result of the artist's understanding and experience of life and the crystallization of the artist's aesthetic consciousness. Therefore, when artists examine and experience life, their artistic images are vivid and concrete. Through people's senses such as vision and hearing, we can feel and grasp the colors, lines, sounds and movements of artistic images, giving people the aesthetic feeling of hearing their voices, seeing their people and being in the environment.

The Unity of Emotional Experience and Logical Cognition

The emotion in art is an aesthetic emotion, which is not utilitarian and universal. Emotion is one of the important factors in the generation, creation and acceptance of artistic activity motivation. At the same time, emotion is the basic element of artistic creation. Artistic activities are always accompanied by emotion, which is the concrete psychological expression of desire, interest and personality, and also the value judgment of whether the object can satisfy its own desire. Lev tolstoy, a Russian writer, once pointed out in On Art that literary creation is an artistic activity in which an artist "evokes the feelings he has experienced in his heart, and after arousing this feeling, conveys this feeling with images expressed by actions, lines, colors, sounds and words, so that others can experience the same feelings." Emotion dominates the whole process of artistic activities and runs through the whole psychological process of artistic creation. The "feeling" in artistic activities is dominated by the desire to "enjoy" and is always attracted by the colors and sounds of objects that can make you happy; Perception in artistic activities often selects and processes objects according to emotional needs, and selects and "judges" objects according to emotional schema; The "imagination" in artistic activities is to create an image that conforms to one's feelings and purposes according to the trend of the subject's emotional requirements. "Understanding" in artistic activities is often a kind of personalized recognition and perception. It is undoubtedly an emotional activity to gain a deep understanding of life and its meaning through understanding.

The Unity of Aesthetic Activities and Ideology

The aesthetic characteristics of art are the fundamental sign that distinguishes it from other social practice activities. The so-called aesthetic characteristics refer to the aesthetic quality and value of works of art. Works of art are the crystallization of artists' aesthetic ideals and the result of the creation of beauty. It not only touches people with emotion, but also appeals to people with beauty, which makes people get a kind of spiritual pleasure. Images in works of art have more metaphysical aesthetic characteristics than images of real things in life, because they condense and condense the beauty of images in life. The image of plum blossom in China's traditional paintings is often old and withered, escaping sideways, frost and blooming in the spring, which embodies the aesthetic connotation of old trees and new flowers and blooming youth, making people feel more beautiful than watching plum blossom in life. Works of art show the image of beauty in life, making it more prominent and perfect, showing the ugliness in life, and turning the ugliness in life into artistic beauty. By mocking and flogging the ugliness in life in his works, the artist fully exposes its ugly essence, arouses people's disgust and contempt for ugliness, thus eliminating ugliness and eradicating ugliness, and arouses people's yearning for beautiful things. At this time, the ugliness of life has certain aesthetic significance and value. For example, the works of art with the theme of fighting corruption and advocating honesty, through the exposure and criticism of corruption, fully reveal the harmfulness of social decay to socialist construction, warn the world, and also achieve the shocking power of turning decay into magic, so that the appreciator gets a special aesthetic feeling.

type

Art embodies and materializes people's certain aesthetic concepts, tastes and ideals. Both aesthetic creation and aesthetic acceptance of art need to be felt and conveyed through some senses of the subject, and the corresponding aesthetic experience will be triggered. The aesthetic classification of art should be mainly based on the aesthetic feeling and perceptual way of the subject. According to this principle, art can be divided into plastic arts, performing arts, comprehensive arts and language arts.

formative arts

The so-called visual art is art, which refers to the art of conveying and accepting aesthetic experience through human visual senses (eyes) and corresponding aesthetic means. ?

Among all kinds of sensory organs, vision is the most complex, meticulous and sensitive, and it is also the main source of information. People often perceive the richness and diversity of the external world through visual activities. Therefore, the types and styles of visual arts are also the richest, and even other arts often need to construct artistic images based on visual feelings. ?

Humans have been exploring visual modeling since ancient times, leaving behind the earliest paintings and sculptures. With the progress of human civilization, there are more and more kinds and means of art that take vision as the aesthetic way. Painting, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, calligraphy and photography are the most typical visual arts. ?

(1) Painting and sculpture?

Painting and sculpture mainly use shape, color, quality, point, line, surface and body to form a certain artistic image. The former is expressed in two-dimensional plane, while the latter is shaped in three-dimensional space. Modeling is their most important aesthetic feature. ?

Because of the different means of expression, there are many kinds of painting, and realism and expression are the two most important ways. Realistic painting directly imitates the images of natural and realistic things and achieves specific figurative effects by realistic means; Expressive painting emphasizes the subjective spirit and directly expresses the emotional experience and aesthetic needs of the subject by exaggeration, deformation, symbol and abstraction, thus shaping the artistic image. For example, the characteristics of Chinese painting lie not only in the great particularity of its tool materials (brush, rice paper and ink color), but more importantly, it attaches great importance to expressing the inner spirit of the subject, emphasizes "writing spirit with form" and "both form and spirit", and pursues charm, vividness and artistic conception, not to study the material characteristics of the image towards the objective world, but to touch the image of the painting for the needs of the soul and show it implicitly and profoundly. ?

(2) architecture?

Architecture is a symbolic visual art, which "generally can only use things in the external environment to imply the meaning transplanted into it" and "create a work whose external shape can only imply the meaning in a symbolic way". ?

Architecture fully embodies the organic combination of function and aesthetics, technology and art. Although the forms and uses of various buildings are different, it generally embodies the principle of "practicality, firmness and beauty" emphasized by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, and always tries to express the forms of various basic natural forces and the spirit and wisdom of human beings. In other words, buildings have practical functions (people can live in them, and so on). ), at the same time, it has certain aesthetic function characteristics. Through physical structure, spatial combination and decorative techniques, rhythmic abstract formal beauty is formed to stimulate people's aesthetic association in the process of observation, thus causing various specific aesthetic experiences. For example, the ancient palaces in China are rigorous and symmetrical, giving people a sense of neatness and solemnity; Gothic churches are like minarets and towering towers, which make people feel soaring upwards. Tiantan in Beijing, pyramids in Egypt, Notre Dame de Paris in France, Sydney Opera House in Australia, etc. All of them give people a unique aesthetic feeling and enlightenment with their unique abstract shapes.

(3) Calligraphy?

Calligraphy, as a unique art in China, is sublimated from practicality. It uses the particularity of brush and Xuan paper to establish an isomorphic aesthetic relationship between the combined movement of font modeling and human emotions through the stippling of Chinese characters, which makes every Chinese character seem to have life and embodies the calligrapher's spiritual temperament and aesthetic pursuit. "China's calligraphy is rhythmic and natural, expressing a profound conception of life images and becoming an art that reflects life."

(4) photography?

Photography is a visual art with strong modernity. Since French Daguerre invented photography in 1839, photography has developed rapidly both technically and aesthetically. Especially with the development of photography technology, human aesthetic vision has expanded from space to the seabed, from micro to macro. Photography has become one of the main expressive tools of people's visual aesthetics and the "third eye" of human beings.

performing arts

① Music

Music is the art of conveying and accepting aesthetic experience through auditory senses (ears) and corresponding aesthetic means.

Music expresses the subject's emotional state through organized musical sounds, and its basic elements include rhythm, melody, timbre, harmony, tone and intensity, which constitute an incomparably rich musical form. Beethoven once praised that "music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy", while Heine emphasized that "music may be the last artistic language". ?

(2) Dance?

Dance is an art form in which the human body keeps moving according to a certain rhythm. It originated from the productive labor of ancient human beings, combined with music and poetry, and is one of the earliest art forms in human history. ?

As an art to express the beauty of human body, dance conveys people's aesthetic feelings and expresses the aesthetic attributes of life by means of exquisite, organized and beautified human posture. In dance, people's body movements continue and change with the music in time, which not only infects the emotions of those who appreciate (accept) and gives them aesthetic pleasure, but also creates an atmosphere for directly venting their emotions, which stimulates the dancers' emotions and enables them to obtain entertaining spiritual satisfaction from rhythm and sports. The aesthetic characteristics of dance are first expressed as lyricism and expressiveness. Dance language is a virtual and symbolic language. Because dance can only be expressed by the dancer's posture, it is necessary to use exaggerated and symbolic body movements to shape artistic images and convey inner thoughts and feelings. Dance constructs a unique artistic image through rhythmic movements, postures, expressions and ever-changing shapes. The movement to express life is the most fundamental aesthetic feature of dance art. Yi Fu's Dance Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty once described the exquisite dancing skills and spiritual breath of the dancer "Zheng Nv" in the Han Dynasty drum dance: "Luo Yi brushed the long sleeves with the wind, dancing endlessly and whispering. The bird flies to the torii Yanwu, which is shocking, graceful and leisurely, fast and light. Wonderful posture, pure and clear heart, practicing etiquette and showing ambition, thinking alone. In the mountains, in the soup. Aspiring to be pneumatic, it is not empty. " In this description, we can easily see tenderness, gentleness and strength from the dancer's gentle and soothing, erratic and charming body movements. It is like a gust of wind, amazing leap, quiet as a virgin, moving like a rabbit, and the beauty of quickness, which perfectly shows the inner feelings of dancers, such as "gas like clouds, ambition like autumn frost"?

Generally speaking, dance can be divided into life dance and artistic dance. The former is a dance activity in people's life, and the most popular one is ballroom dancing, which originated in Europe and later became popular all over the world, including elegant waltz, tango and rumba with distinct rhythm, disco with strong sense of movement and so on. Artistic dance refers to the works that dancers perform on the stage and create through artistic conception. There is a high demand for dance skills, such as ballet, modern dance, folk dance and ballet.

(3) Quyi

Quyi is the general name of all kinds of rap arts of the Chinese nation. It is formed by the long-term development and evolution of folk oral literature and singing art, and it is a performing art category that tells stories, shapes characters, expresses thoughts and feelings and reflects social life by "oral rap". Most of them focus on narration, supplemented by endorsement, and have the characteristics of "one person has many angles (that is, one actor simulates multiple roles)", or speaks or sings; A few people mainly speak on behalf of others, supplemented by narration, and sing in different roles. Different Quyi varieties are closely related to their respective regional dialects, and Quyi music is an important part of China national music. When performing, the number of actors is small, usually only one or two or three, and simple props are used. The performance forms include sitting, standing, singing, standing, walking, dismantling and colorful singing. This song has three genres: prose and verse, full prose and full verse. Music styles include "couplet style" of singing Qupai, "main style" of singing seven or cross sentences, or a combination of the two.

Comprehensive art

The so-called comprehensive art refers to the art of conveying and feeling aesthetic experience through the simultaneous activities of visual and auditory senses and corresponding aesthetic means. Mainly including movies, television, drama and so on.

film and television

Film and television is both audio-visual and audio-visual art. Since the birth of 1895, in a short period of more than one hundred years, the artistic creation means and aesthetic expression ability of movies have been rapidly developed and enriched, which not only greatly expanded the aesthetic taste of movie art, but also formed its own aesthetic characteristics and became the most expressive art type in the 20th century. As a modern media, TV is also a young type of audio-visual art, which permeates all aspects of human real life and has a great influence on contemporary society. ?

drama

Drama is a comprehensive art composed of literature, painting, sculpture, music, dance and other art forms. It is an art form in which actors play roles and perform the contradictions, conflicts, development and evolution of life in public places. ?

Chinese opera

Traditional Chinese opera is a traditional art of the Chinese nation, and it is an enduring wonder in traditional culture. China opera is a combination of music, dance, literature, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. China's traditional drama has a long history in China. In the long process of development, after more than 800 years of continuous enrichment, innovation and development. Paying attention to singing, doing, reading and playing is full of dance and high technology, which is different from other operas and becomes a complete art system of traditional Chinese opera.

According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of traditional operas and tens of thousands of traditional plays in ethnic minority areas in China. After the founding of New China, many traditional plays have been adapted, and new historical plays and modern plays that express the theme of modern life have been warmly welcomed by the audience. The more popular and famous operas are Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, xiang opera Opera, Guangdong Opera, Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Fujian Opera, Hebei Bangzi Opera, Huangmei Opera and Hunan Opera. There are more than 50 kinds of operas, especially Peking Opera, which is the most popular, covering the whole country, regardless of geographical restrictions. However, in recent years, the development of China's drama art has been weakening day by day, and it has been impacted by the new art, especially the songs from Hong Kong and Taiwan have flooded into the mainland, and they are idolized. As a student, they are eager for stars, but they know little about the artistic treasures of our Chinese nation.

China's ancient drama is called "drama" because it is mainly composed of "drama" and "qu". China's operas mainly include Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zaju in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, legends and legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and traditional repertoires of modern Peking Opera and other local operas. Is the floorboard of China national drama culture.

Language art

Language art mainly refers to literature. Literature takes written language (words) as the medium, unlike other arts, which directly appeal to people's audio-visual senses. Whether it is the transmission or acceptance of literature, we need to feel, experience and construct aesthetic images through subjective imagination. ?

As a huge art category, literature usually includes different genres such as poetry, prose and novel. Among them, poetry is the earliest literary genre. With its rhythmic language, it directly hits people's emotions and creates an emotional world that transcends reality and exists only in people's hearts. On the other hand, prose is a literary genre, which freely expresses the subject's thoughts and feelings and reveals social significance by describing certain events. It has the characteristics of broad subject matter and bold language, and its aesthetic characteristics lie in the freedom and flexibility of artistic expression and the diversity of styles. The novel mainly tells stories and depicts characters, and depicts characters in many ways through a complete story. ?

In short, the aesthetic characteristics of literature are mainly manifested in four aspects: image, integrity, indirectness and profundity. ?