Yan Tingjian's Theory of Painting and Calligraphy Creation of Four Schools in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

Text/■ Yan Ting

Someone said, "A camera is an indispensable tool for a painter, but a photographer doesn't have to use a brush." . Of course, photographers capture beautiful moments with cameras, so painters paint ideals with brushes. In the long river of China culture, Chinese painting has a certain position since ancient times, of course, the traditional landscape of Chinese painting is also included. It is not only the image language of the Chinese nation, the most important thing is that it has charm and charm. Landscape painting can be divided into freehand brushwork, description, realism, ethereal and so on. And three-distance method or six-distance method. It's just that each painter's creative ideal is different, which also explains a lot. Each has its own way.

For many years, I have been convinced of a concept, and that is tradition. Wang Wei said in "On Mountains and Rivers":' Every painting of mountains and rivers is intended to be done first'. This sentence first put forward the importance of pen, and then laid the foundation for the development of China landscape painting, which is dominated by ink and wash. From Yuan Sijia to Ming Sijia, and then to the Qing Dynasty, they became the integrators of China's landscape painting, which pushed the traditional landscape painting of China to a peak.

Let's start with Yuan Sijia. There are two main arguments. One: Zhao Mengfu, Zhenwu, Huang and Wang Meng. Second, it refers to Huang, Wang Meng, Ni Zan and Zhenwu. Yuan Sijia plays an important role in the creation of traditional landscape painting. All four are from Zhejiang, and they are good at painting landscapes and bamboo stones, which are typical literati styles. They lived in the social turmoil at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, but they reached a peak in China's landscape painting skills, which had a great influence on later paintings, especially the "Nanzong" school. Landscape painting is the most prosperous painting in Yuan Dynasty. Its creative thinking, artistic pursuit and style all reflect the mainstream tendency of painting circles and have the most far-reaching influence on later generations. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, landscape painters were represented by Qian Xuan, Zhao Mengfu and Gao. They all made a serious exploration of traditional landscape painting and sought a new way through retro. Yuan Sijia's main representative works are: Zhenwu's handed down works include Fisherman's Map, Two-year-old Plain Map, Qiu Jiang Fishing Hidden Map and so on. Wang Meng's representative works handed down from generation to generation include "Living in Seclusion in Qingbian" and "Spring Mountain Studying in Shanghai Museum". Ge Zhichuan's migration map is in the Palace Museum in Beijing; "Autumn Mountain Cottage Map" is collected in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Huang Chuanshi's works include Jiu Feng Xueji Axe, Stone Cliff of Tianchi (collected by Beijing Palace Museum) and Shan Jutu (collected by Nanjing Museum). Ni Zan's works include Mountain Scenery on the Riverbank, Bamboo Trees and Wild Stones, Six Sons of Xishan, Shuizhuju, Songting, Lion Forest, Xilin Zen Room, Quiet Cold Pine, Colorful Pictures of Qiu Linshan and Spring Rain. There are water bamboo residence map, over-the-knee lent map, fishing village Qiu Ji map, mountain gull map, quiet stream cold pine map, beautiful trees in autumn pavilion, strange rocks and bamboo trees handed down from generation to generation. Since then, Yuan Sijia has developed China landscape painting to a new stage with his innovative style and concise and detached artistic techniques, which also represents the mainstream of landscape painting development in this period.

Let's talk about homesickness: Ming thinkers, also known as the "Four Schools of Wumen", refer to four Ming painters in China's painting history: Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying. They are all engaged in painting activities in Suzhou, Jiangsu. Because it is the land of Wu alone, it is also called: Shen, Wen, Tang and Qiu are the "Wu Four Families".

Ming Sijia, Shen Zhou and Wen Zhiming are all good at painting landscapes. In Tang Yin's paintings, landscapes and people are very good. They take the courtyard of the Southern Song Dynasty as their method, and Chou Ying is famous for its meticulous figures and green landscape. Four people have their own strengths and are equally famous. But apart from Shen Zhou and Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying have their own painting styles. Therefore, the "Four Wu Schools", that is, Ming Sijia, which we are talking about today, are just four great men with different styles who achieved great success in the Ming Dynasty, not the same painting school. Let me start with Shen Zhou, a native of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, who came from a family of calligraphy and painting. He has many artistic talents and is good at painting landscape figures. The long scroll "Cangzhou Interesting Map" is a rare masterpiece in his later years. Wen Zhiming, a native of Changzhou, is a painter and a famous scholar. Can draw figures, flowers and birds, landscapes and meticulous landscapes is the best. Tang Yin, also known as Tang Bohu, a native of Suzhou, is a typical romantic genius in Jiangnan. Chou Ying's meticulous brushwork is well known to future generations. The famous representative works are: Shen Zhou's The High Map of Lushan Mountain. Map of Huishan Tea Party in Wen Zhiming. The lonely sunset in Tang Yin. Chou Ying's Taoyuan Wonderland. These masterpieces are called masterpieces by later generations.

In the Qing dynasty. There are two theories. First of all, Weng Fanggang, Liu Yong and Liang are famous for their calligraphy, and they are also called "Weng, Liu, Liang and Wang". Later generations called them the four great families of Qing Dynasty. Let me focus on Liu Yong, an important figure in the famous fictional TV series Prime Minister Liu. He is famous for his unique calligraphy art. Liu Yong (17 19- 1804) was born in Zhucheng, Shandong. During the Qianlong period, he was a scholar, from the official to the official department, and a university student in Tijen Pavilion. Liu Yong studied under the books of Dong and Zhao, and turned to study cabinet posts in depth, eventually forming its plump and heavy style. Liu Yong's calligraphy is well-known in the world because of his high officials and great achievements. Secondly, the Four Kings of Landscape Painting refer to the four famous painters in the early Qing Dynasty: Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang and Wang Yi. But their generations are different. In other words, China traditional landscape painting has reached a peak since the Qing Dynasty. In their creation, the main feature of * * * is antique, taking the brushwork of famous artists in Song and Yuan Dynasties as the highest standard, but creating the characteristics of the four kings. It was this idea that was recognized by the emperor at that time, so it was honored as "authentic". The "Four Kings" are mainly landscape paintings, and their paintings are different in style. They are divided into "Loudong" and "Yushan" according to the relationship between teachers and students, which has influenced future generations for more than 300 years. Can be taught by future generations!