The first Antarctic expedition

History of world Antarctic exploration

Antarctica is the farthest and loneliest continent on earth. Its cold and perennial ice and snow have long shut people out. For hundreds of years, in order to conquer Antarctica and uncover its mystery, thousands of explorers went to Antarctica, showing their indomitable spirit and creating epic achievements.

During the period of 1772-l755, the expedition led by British captain Cook made many explorations in Antarctic waters, but no land was found. It was not until 18 19 that Captain william smith of England discovered south shetland islands.

1820 l 18 10 18, Palmer of the United States took the sloop "Hero" and discovered the northwest coast of the Orleans Strait and the Antarctic Peninsula, which was later confirmed to extend from the Antarctic continent. American mapmakers have always called this peninsula Palmer Peninsula. However, British cartographers said that the British Royal Navy's Branzfield discovered this peninsula as early as1820 65438+1October 30th, and they called it Graham Land. It was not until 1964 that English-speaking countries agreed to name the Antarctic Peninsula, which is called Graham Land in the north and Palmer Land in the south. Many historians at that time also agreed that Brands Field had sailed in the Strait between south shetland islands and the mainland. Found the island Palmer later saw.

The Antarctic expedition fever is at 1820- 1830. 182 1 year, an expedition led by Russian bellingshausen and lazarev circumnavigated the Antarctic continent by "Orient" and "Peace" and discovered the island of Alexandria I, whose coast was named Alexander I by bellingshausen at that time. Davis was the first person to land on the Antarctic Peninsula. He boarded the sailboat Sicily on February 7th, 182 1. 1823, the British navigator Vedel led two small boats to discover the weddell sea. 183 1 year, Bisco, the captain of the British whaling fleet, led two small boats, Tula and Lively, to discover enderby. 1839, Captain Baroni of England led two ships and discovered the Baroni Islands. 1840, French explorer Dwell led two masts and discovered the Adelie coast. 1838- 1842, American navy captain Wilkes' exploration of Antarctica proved that Antarctica is a continent, not an archipelago, and the land he found along the Indian Ocean coast was called Wilkes Land.

Ross discovered an ice-free water area at 184 1, which is now named after him. During his voyage to the south, he found a steep and rocky coastline on the horizon of 70 41's,172 30' e, which was later called Cape Wang Maolin. He also found a Ross ice barrier as high as 10 meters, and saw an active volcano as high as 3795 meters, which he called Mount Erebus, and a nearby one. In short, during his three Antarctic expeditions from 1839 to 1943, Ross discovered six islands or archipelagos in the area from the west of South orkney to Baluchistan Islands, and seven areas in the Antarctic continent. 1895 65438+ 10, the Norwegian whaling ship "Antarctica" landed at Cape Adele under the leadership of its captain Chris Zhan Sen, among which E. Bolch Grevink became the leader of the first British expedition to spend the winter in the Antarctic continent. At the same time, he was also the first person to reach 78 50' s by sleigh, which was the southernmost point that people reached at that time.

1898, Gracci led the Belgian expedition to 7L 30' s aboard the "Belgium", was trapped by an ice floe, and then drifted with the ice. They spent the winter on the ship and made many scientific observations. 1901-1916 years, Antarctic exploration was very active. 190 1 year, the expedition led by captain Scott reached 82° 7' s by sleigh,163 30' e, and completed a series of scientific observations. 190 1- 1904, the Swedish expedition led by Nordenskirod made many geographical discoveries on the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. 1907- 1909, the expedition led by shackleton crossed the Ross Ice Shelf and spent the winter on Ross Island. The following year, they set out south, pulled sledges by Siberian ponies and people, and reached 88° 23' s and 65° 438+062 E on1October 9 1909, and found the route to the South Pole, setting a record that the southernmost point was only 179.7 km away from the South Pole. 1909- 19 10, Charco successfully explored the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and discovered Sarco Island. 19 1 1 year, Filchner's ship "Delan" first reached the front of the weddell sea, and it entered from the east of the sea. 19 12 years, Bai Linchu came to whirlpool bay and made a short trip on the Ross ice shelf. 1911-1914. Mo Sen led an expedition to the "dependency" of Australia, made some geographical discoveries and collected a lot of scientific data. 1965438+In August 2004, shackleton planned to cross the mainland by sleigh from Coates in the Weddell Sea and reach the Ross Sea. But his "Enduring" was trapped by a large piece of ice floe, drifted north to the Weddell Sea, and finally sank. A group of people on board drifted on a large piece of ice floe and finally arrived at Elephant Seal Island. After that, shackleton and other five people arrived in South Georgia Island, about 1300 km northeast, by boat from Elephant Seal Island, and finally rescued all the players on Elephant Seal Island. 19 1 1 year, expeditions led by Norwegian Amundsen, German Filchner, British Scott, Australian Mossen and Japanese Bai Otchu explored the Antarctic continent respectively, and their goals were all the South Pole. Amundsen was the first person to reach the South Pole. He plans to leave Norway on the Fromm and go to the North Pole via Cape Horn and Bering Strait. When he learned that peary arrived at the North Pole on April 6th, 1909, he changed his plan and turned his exploration target to the South Pole. 19 1 1 year1October 20th, Amundsen and his party started their Antarctic expedition. They reached 80 S in three days and traveled an average of 38 kilometers a day. Amundsen started from 82 south latitude and went south along163 e, and set up a food warehouse for the return trip at each latitude. At 85 degrees south latitude, where the Ross ice shelf connects with the land. Amundsen and his party climbed the iceberg height of 323 1 m, climbed the Queen Maud Mountain on February 6, 65438, and passed the 88 23 records created by shackleton on February 7, 65438. 12 14, arrived at the south pole, camped, set up an observatory, made continuous solar observation for 24 hours, determined the average position of the south pole, set up a pile of stones, inserted sledges as markers, and the Norwegian flag fluttered here. They lived in the southernmost tip of the earth for three days,1912 65438+10. On 25th of October, Amundsen and other five people safely returned to their winter base-Flam House in two sledges pulled by1/dog. 1 911l1October1The five-member expedition led by Scott, accompanied by a support team, left the McMurdo Strait and headed for the South Pole. The Siberian ponies they brought could not walk on the soft snow, and the three crawler tractors became a pile of scrap metal, so they had to rely on people to pull sledges to transport materials. They finally arrived here on the 35th day after Amundsen arrived at the South Pole and found Amundsen's tent. They stayed at the South Pole for two days and repositioned the South Pole. The measurement results are only a few hundred meters away from Amundsen's South Pole, and began to return on June+10/October 18, 65438. On the way home, all the staff died in the snow because of lack of food, cold and fatigue. The record date of his last trip is 19 1 1 year; September 29th. This plane ushered in a new era of Antarctic exploration. Sir Wilkins of England was the first person to explore Antarctica by plane. He took off from Desepson Island on1October 26th 1928 L 65438+ and flew along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula to 70 degrees south latitude, making the first long-distance flight on the Antarctic Peninsula. 1929, he once again led an expedition to the South Pole, drew the outline map of Sarco Island, and flew to the west of the South Pole.

1928- 1930, Bird established a small American base in Whirlpool. 1929165438+1October 18,19, led by bird, Barchin and others flew into the Antarctic inland for the first time, reached the Antarctic plateau, flew around the South Pole and photographed the South Pole from the plane. In an area of 90,000 square kilometers, we saw mountains that had never been discovered before, and claimed a large area of land west of 150 W for the United States, becoming the first aerial exploration to fly to the pole of Vietnam. During the period of 1926- 1937, Norwegian Christensen and mikkelsen led expeditions to Antarctica many times. In the summer expedition of 1934- 1935, they discovered Ingrid? Christensen coast, and conducted an aerial survey. 1935 In February, Mrs. mikkelsen was with the Norwegian expedition in ingrid? Christensen landed on the coast and became the first woman to land on the Antarctic continent. 1on February 4th, 936, Mrs Christensen discovered Prince Harald's coast during her aviation exploration. In this series of expeditions, Norway discovered 3600 kilometers of Antarctic coastline and surveyed 80,000 square kilometers of Antarctic continent by air. In addition to landing three times, they also dropped the Norwegian flag from the plane to several locations.

From 1933 to 1939, Ellsworth in the United States made four expeditions. 1935, he completed the flight across the Antarctic continent. He took off from Dundee Island at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula and arrived 26 kilometers southeast of Vortex Bay. * * * flew for 22 days, with a range of 3,700 kilometers and four landings. Ellsworth's exploration has confirmed that airplanes can carry out various projects in the Antarctic continent and can replace long-distance sledge travel. During his flight, he discovered the Centenade Ridge and the Hoorik-kenyon Plateau, and announced that 9.06 million square kilometers of land between 80 W and120 W were owned by the United States. From 1938 to 1939, he flew 438 kilometers in the 80 E area, claiming about 200 thousand square kilometers of land for the United States, and named this area the American highlands. During the period of 1938- 1939, the German expedition led by richter flew to Queen Maud's land, took aerial photographs of 350,000 square kilometers of land, and conducted aerial reconnaissance of 600,000 square kilometers of land by means of photography and observation. He flew 65,438+02,000 kilometers, lowered a German flag every 25 kilometers, and drew the newly discovered land between 265,438+0 E and 65,438+02 W, at1939-1941. They set up a western base in Whirlpool Bay and an eastern base in Stonenington Island. They made long-distance aerial surveys from two bases in the east and west, flew over the large ice floes in amundsen sea three times, and determined the positions of ellsworth Highland and Walgreens Coast. They flew south along the Weddell coast, exceeding Wilkins 1928 402 km at the southernmost tip of the Weddell coast. The sleigh team traveled 2027 kilometers in 84 days, reaching the depression of George VI in the southwest, the southwest coast of Weddell Sea and Ross Bay. At the same time, it explored the new coast of 804.6 kilometers of the mainland and confirmed that Alexandria is indeed an island. Both bases have carried out scientific investigations.