African human geography

Africa is located in the southwest of the old hemisphere, spanning the north and south of the equator.

The area and population are second only to Asia, ranking second in the world.

Most ethnic groups in Africa belong to blacks. Africa is a plateau.

Land, the terrain is relatively flat, and the obvious mountains are limited to the north and south.

End. Africa's desert area accounts for about 1/3 of the whole continent, and it is sand.

The continent with the largest desert area. The Sahara desert is the largest desert in the world.

Desert. Africa has the longest Nile in the world. Africa

Known as the "tropical continent", its climate is characterized by high temperature and low temperature.

Rain and dryness. There are many kinds of proven mineral resources in Africa.

The quantity is huge, and the fishery resources are also very rich.

Asia is located in the northeast of the old hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea in the west. The mainland stretches from Cape Yezhnev in the east (west longitude 169 degrees 40 minutes, north latitude 60 degrees 5 minutes), to Cape Pai in the south (east longitude 103 degrees 30 minutes, north latitude 17 minutes), to Cape Baba in the west (26 degrees 3 minutes east longitude, 39 degrees 27 minutes north latitude) and to Qie in the north. It spans the widest latitude of all continents, covering almost all climatic zones and natural zones from the equator to the North Pole. The longitude it spans is also the widest, and the time difference between east and west reaches 1 1 hour. The northwest borders Europe with Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Great Caucasus, Bosporus Strait and Da Daniil Strait; The Suez Canal is separated from the southwest, and the Red Sea is adjacent to Africa. Southeast and Oceania across the sea; The Bering Strait, which is only 86 kilometers wide in the northeast, is opposite to North America. Asia covers an area of 44 million square kilometers (including islands), accounting for 29.4% of the world's total land area, and is the largest continent in the world. The Asian continent is adjacent to the European continent, forming the world's largest land mass-Eurasia, with a total area of about 507 1000 square kilometers, of which the Asian continent accounts for about 4/5.

Located in the northwest of the old hemisphere and western Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Africa across the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Urals Mountains, ural river, the Great Caucasus Mountains, the Bosporus Strait and the Da Daniil Strait in the east, and North America across the Greenland Sea and the Danish Strait in the northwest.

Scope: the Ural Mountains (6610 ′ e, 67 46 ′ n) in the east of the mainland, Maro Singularity (5 36 ′ w, 36 00 ′ n) in the south, and Rocca Point (9 31′ w, 38 48 ′ n) in the west.

Area: 65,438+0,065,438+0.6 million square kilometers, accounting for about 6.8% of the world's total land area, only bigger than Oceania, making it the sixth continent in the world. Geographical area: There are 44 countries and regions in Europe. Geographically, it is customarily divided into five regions: southern Europe, western Europe, central Europe, northern Europe and eastern Europe. Southern Europe refers to the Balkan Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula and the nearby islands south of the Alps, including Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Italy, Vatican, San Marino, Malta, Spain, Portugal and Andorra. In a narrow sense, Western Europe refers to the islands near the Atlantic Ocean and Western Europe, including Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Monaco. Central Europe refers to central Europe, south of the Baltic Sea and north of the Alps. Include Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Northern Europe refers to jutland and Scandinavia in Northern Europe. Include Iceland, Faroe Islands (Denmark), Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Eastern Europe refers to eastern Europe, and geographically refers to Estonia.

Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and western Russia. With a population of 728 million, accounting for 12.5% of the world's total population, it is the continent with the highest population density. The population distribution is relatively uniform. The population density of most countries is 50 people per square kilometer, only Northern Europe is sparse.

Ethnic Composition: Most residents in Europe are white (Europa), and the ethnic composition of all continents is relatively simple. There are about 70 ethnic groups in the whole continent, most of which have reached a certain number, and small ethnic groups and tribes are relatively rare. The ethnic composition of most countries is also relatively simple. Countries with complex ethnic composition include Russia and Switzerland.

Language: There are many languages in Europe. The main languages are English, Russian, French, German, Italian and Spanish.

Religion: Most residents believe in Catholicism and Christianity.

natural environment

With a coastline of 379 million kilometers, the mainland is the most tortuous continent in the world. Many peninsulas, islands and ports. The total area of peninsulas and islands accounts for about 1/3 of the whole continent (including peninsulas with an area of about 2.4 million square kilometers, accounting for about 24% of the whole continent; The island covers an area of about 750,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 7% of the total area of the whole continent). In addition, there are many inland seas and bays that go deep into the mainland.

Topography: The general feature of Europe's topography is mainly plains, with widespread glacial landforms. Mountains meet in the south. Plateau, hills and mountains above 200 meters above sea level account for about 40% of the whole continent, including 500 meters above sea level. Only 15% is above sea level 1000 meters, and only about 2% is above sea level 2000 meters. The plains below 200 meters above sea level account for about 60% of the whole continent. The average elevation of the whole continent is 300 meters, the lowest. The European plain stretches for thousands of miles from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Urals in the east, forming a great plain across Europe. The Alps across the south are the largest mountains in Europe. Mount Elbrus, the main peak in the southeast of the Great Caucasus Mountains, is 5642 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Europe. Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe are relatively flat, with deep inland coasts and steep fjords on both sides. The lowlands along the northern coast of the Caspian Sea are 28 meters below sea level, which is the lowest point of the whole continent.

Climate: The climate in most parts of Europe is mild and humid. The north-south latitude of the mainland is 35 degrees, including the affiliated islands, only 47 degrees. Except for the northern coast and the islands in the Arctic Ocean, which belong to the cold zone, the coastal areas in southern Europe belong to the subtropical zone, and almost all of them are in the temperate zone. It is the continent with the widest distribution area of temperate maritime climate in the world. Western Europe is less than 700 kilometers away from the ocean, while the farthest place in the east can reach 1600 kilometers, so Europe has a transition from maritime climate to continental climate from west to east. Because of the vast plain, the humid westerly wind blowing from the vast Atlantic Ocean can penetrate inland unimpeded, and the humid air regulates the temperature, and the warm current of the North Atlantic makes the whole coastal areas of western Europe and northern Europe warmer. The vastest area of Leng Yue is in 0? 16℃; The average temperature in the hottest month is mostly 8? Between 4℃. Due to the distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the prevailing wind direction, rainfall and rainfall distribution are also different. The average annual precipitation on the windward slope near the Atlantic Ocean is over 65,438+0,000mm, and the average annual precipitation on the vast low mountains, hills, plateaus and plains is 500? 000 mm, the southern part of the three major peninsulas in southern Europe belongs to the subtropical Mediterranean winter precipitation area, and the winter precipitation accounts for about 30? 0%。 Water system: The river network in Europe is dense, short and rich, and many rivers are connected by canals. The outflow area accounts for about 80.5%, of which the river basin area flowing into the Atlantic Ocean (including the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea) accounts for about 68% of the whole continent; About 12.5% flows into the Arctic Ocean; The inflow area accounts for about 19.5%, and most of it flows into the Caspian Sea. The main rivers are Volga, Danube, ural river, Dnieper, Don, Rhine, Rhone and Thames. The largest waterfall in Europe is Olmery Waterfall in Norway, with a drop of 563 meters. There are many lakes in Europe, which is a continent with many small lakes, but the distribution is very uneven, mainly in the north and Alps. Most lakes in Europe are formed by glaciation. There are many large moraine lakes and tectonic lakes in the foothills of Alps, and most mountain rivers flow through them.

natural resource

Geological exploration in mineral Europe was carried out earlier, and exploration has been completed in most areas. At present, the proven oil reserves are about 654.38+024 million tons; The proven natural gas reserves are about 37 trillion cubic meters (mostly concentrated in the former Soviet Union, followed by the Netherlands, Britain and Germany); The proven reserves of hard coal are 4.7 trillion tons (Donbass in Ukraine, Silesia between Poland and Czech Republic, Ruhr and Saar in Germany, Lorraine and northern coalfields in France, central England in Britain, etc.). ); Potash reserves are about 64 billion tons (mostly concentrated in the former Soviet Union and Germany); Iron ore reserves are 340 billion tons (mainly concentrated in the former Soviet Union, France, Sweden, Britain and Germany); The metal reserve of copper mine is about 7 1 10,000 tons (more than 50% of which is concentrated in the former Soviet Union, followed by Poland); Chromium ore reserves are about 350 million tons. Brown coal, lead, zinc, mercury and sulfur are also abundant. Albania is rich in asphalt and is world-famous.

Forests and grasslands: The forest area in Europe is 874 million hectares, accounting for about 23% of the total forest area in the world, of which the forest area in the former Soviet Union is the largest. Grassland area accounts for about 15% of the total grassland area in the world.

Water conservancy: It is estimated that the annual output of exploitable hydropower resources is180 billion kWh, accounting for about 18% of the world's exploitable hydropower resources.

Marine fishery: The coastal fishery area in Europe accounts for about 32% of the total coastal fishery area in the world. Mackerel, anchovies, cod, salmon, eels, sardines and tuna are abundant here. Famous fishing grounds include Norwegian Sea, North Sea, Barents Sea, Baltic Sea and Bay of Biscay. Europe accounts for about 30% of the world's fishing. The countries that catch the most fish are Russia and Norway, followed by Spain, Denmark, Britain and Iceland.