Brief introduction of Shanxi jujube

Jujube is cultivated on both sides of the Yellow River basin, and its scientific name is Muzao, which is one of the four famous dates in Shanxi. Since ancient times, it has been listed as one of the "five fruits" (peach, plum, plum, apricot and jujube) with a long history. The most prominent feature of jujube is its high vitamin content. A clinical study abroad shows that patients who eat jujube continuously recover more than three times faster than those who simply take vitamins. Therefore, red dates have the reputation of "natural vitamin pills". Jujube is a temperate crop with strong adaptability. Jujube is known as "hardcore crop", which has the characteristics of drought and waterlogging tolerance and is the first choice for developing water-saving forest and fruit industry. Domain: Eukarya.

Field: the plant kingdom in the plant kingdom

Door: angiosperm magnolia door

Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia

Objective: Rhamnoidea.

Family: Rhamnaceae.

Genus: jujube

Type: Zizyphus jujuba. Deciduous trees with zigzag branches. There are long branches (jujube heads) and short branches (jujube stocks), and the long branches are zigzag. The leaves are oval, with a slightly sharp or blunt top and an inclined bottom. Flowers are small, yellow-green, and 8-9 flowers are clustered in the axils of deciduous branches (jujube hanging) to form cymes. Drupe oval, dark red. The flowering period is May-June, and the fruiting period is 9-65438+1October. Leaves alternate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with 3 veins at the base; Stipules become thorns, long thorns extend straight, and short thorns hook. Axillary cymes; Flowers are small and yellow-green; Sepals 5, large; Petals 5, strip; 5 stamens, petals

Opposite; Carpels 2, connate, ovary superior, 2-loculed, ovule per locule 1. Drupe is oblong and pointed at both ends, and usually only 1 seed develops. The flowering period is May-June, and the fruiting period is September. China specialty, mainly producing alluvial plains in the Yellow River Basin, is cultivated all over the country. It is the main fruit tree and woody grain tree species in China. Positive tree species in warm temperate zone. I like sunshine, and the climate is so dry. Cold-tolerance, heat-tolerance and drought-resistance are not strict with the soil. Plain, sandy land, valleys and mountains can grow except marshland and heavy alkaline soil, and the pH adaptation range is between 5.5 and 8.5, with fertile slightly alkaline or neutral sandy loam growing best. Developed root system and strong tillering ability. Smoke resistance. Not resistant to water mist.

Jujube has been recorded in China characters for more than 3,000 years. The oldest writing about dates probably appeared in the Book of Songs, in which it was said that "dates are peeled in August and rice is harvested in October."

In Feng Wei, there is a saying that "the garden has thorns, but it is actually food." In Xiaoya, there is a proverb, "camp, stop at the spine." There is a saying in Qin Feng that "crossing a yellow bird stops at a thorn". Spines refer to jujube trees. Confucian classics describe jujube in more detail. In Zhou Li Tianguan Ren Qian, it is said that "the food is jujube, halogen, peach and hazelnut." According to the book Book of Rites Bride Gifts, dates and chestnuts were presented to the officials in charge of pilgrimage when the ancient princes went on the road to greet them. They are put together with two covered bamboo poles, one with dates in it and the other with chestnuts. The book "Evening Ceremony" says that on the last night before burial, the varieties of sacrifice should be jujube and candied chestnuts. According to Yili's special sacrificial feeding ceremony and Yili Tourism Department, on the first day of each month, the local governor and the following officials-scholars will go to the temple to offer sacrifices. In addition to the prescribed livestock, there are also dates and chestnuts, and whoever puts dates and chestnuts is particular. Later, The Warring States Policy Yance I recorded that when Su Qin lobbied the six countries, he said to Yan, "There are benefits from Jieshi and Yanmen in the south and dates and chestnuts in the north. Although the people are not cultivated by the fields, jujube chestnuts are enough to consolidate the people. This is called Tianfu. " This shows that jujube was the economic lifeline of Beiyan at that time, and it was one of the bases for emperors to consider the national policy of governing the country and safeguarding the country. For the planting and cultivation of jujube trees, it is recorded in Guangwu Zhi Bo: "In Zhou Wenwang, jujube trees with weak branches are very beautiful, and it is forbidden to take them away and put them in the tree garden." The record in Qi Yaomin's Book is more detailed: "Choose the jujube with good taste, keep the seeds and wait for the jujube leaves to move." "Jujube is strong and does not prey on seedlings." Er Ya Shi Mu is the first book in China to record and explain jujube varieties. Jujube varieties recorded in the Zhou Dynasty include Hu jujube, Yao jujube, Bai jujube, Zizyphus jujuba, Qi jujube, Yang jujube, Zizyphus jujuba, stuffed jujube, bitter jujube and blunt jujube. By the Yuan Dynasty, there were as many as 72 kinds of jujube varieties recorded in Jujube Shop. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, there were 87 jujube varieties recorded in the Textual Research of Plant Names.

It can be said that jujube, as a fruit, occupies a very important position in politics, economy and life, from eating fruit in ancient times to planting it later, from eating products for kings in ancient times to greeting gifts from princes, and even to Confucian "three gifts" (funeral, burial and sacrifice) supplies, royal sacrifices in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and then to people's conscious large-scale planting with economic development in later generations.

In thousands of years of production and life practice, jujube trees have forged an indissoluble bond with the people of Zaoxiang. People plant, manage and use jujube, eat jujube in different ways, write jujube, recite jujube, sing jujube and draw jujube. Jujube has gradually entered and integrated into all fields of human social life, and gradually formed jujube culture. Jujube's thought and culture are in perfect harmony with the customs and habits of jujube township. Jujube culture has become rich and broad with the inheritance and accumulation of past dynasties in the long river of history, reflecting the world from different levels, different meanings and different degrees.

Jujube culture is mainly manifested in all aspects of literature and art, politics, economy, philosophy and social life. Jujube trees are inextricably linked with history, culture, folk customs, wars, policies, ancient and modern celebrities, agriculture, industry, tourism, names, place names and daily life, leaving traces of jujube culture everywhere. Literary works describing or related to jujube are the soul of jujube culture, mainly including legends, stories, novels, poems, essays, plays, idioms, riddles, two-part allegorical sayings, couplets, jokes, tongue twisters, fables, proverbs, paintings, photography, sculptures, songs, instrumental music and so on.

Jujube has been written into poems and songs by poets of past dynasties, and poems praising jujube trees abound. Through these poems, we have traveled through just visiting, and we can fully appreciate the scenery of the former jujube town, feel the vicissitudes of history, and recall the feelings of old friends, sages and contemporary people who love jujube. Li Qi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote: "In April, the south wind blows the yellow wheat fields, and the jujube flowers are shaded by tung trees"; Liu Changqing, another famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "Over the mountains and mountains, the house is red underground"; Zhang Lei, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote that "the jujube garden is cool after the rain, and the white shirt is dressed as a savage"; In the Qing Dynasty, Qingyun County ordered Guishan to chant that "it is the season when the weather is favorable, the buds of jujube trees begin to grow and the wheat begins to fertilize", and another poet also wrote. Su Shi, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote the lyrics "Huanxisha" when he was the magistrate of Xuzhou, expressing his joy at the sight of the new countryside after the rain. Cui Xu, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, once wrote: "In August in Lin Qiu on the riverside, red beads press branches; A healthy woman with a long waist is carrying a basket, and a jujube pole is twenty fists long. " Another poet wrote, "The spring breeze has passed, the autumnal equinox has passed, and the jujube beats every other day;" Three or two families have 100,000 trees, and the top of the field is red. " The scene of jujube harvest in autumn is still like hearing its sound and watching its scenery. In "Land Separation in Qing Dynasty", Zaolin Road is ambiguous, and people walk along the old Xixi River. HongLing's poem "Pear blossoms slowly, warm wind softens sand and sinks horseshoes" describes the beautiful scenery of jujube garden. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Commander Xiao Hua sang in his March on the Border Region of Shandong and Hebei: "We are not afraid that the enemy will raid 200 strongholds crazily and let them camp on the cross-road network three miles away from the enemy. We are not afraid of eating leaves and jujube chaff and always stick to our posts. The harder the environment, the more glorious it is; Comrades, we must go all out and win! " It expresses the strong will and proletarian revolutionary optimism of the soldiers in our military region to carry out the war to the end.