The life of Sodergeland

Edith Irene? Delgelan was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on April 4, 1992. Her parents' names are Matts s&; OumlDergran) and Helena Sodergran (Helena S&; OumlDergran, maiden name Helmo Ruth, Swedish: Holmroos). They were all born in Finland, belonging to Swedish-speaking minorities, and later moved to Russia to live. Edith S?dergran is the only child in the family. Her mother was pregnant with a Russian soldier before, and later gave birth to a son, but the baby boy died only two days later. Her father was married once, but his wife and two children died. In grief, the two met and got married, but both of them later thought that their marriage was unwise according to their past life experience and economic situation at that time. Edith S?dergran's mother comes from a wealthy family that respects women's status. She and her daughter have a good relationship, but the economic situation at home is not very stable. At present, there is no information that can enable us to verify the relationship between Edith S?dergran and his father.

Edith S?dergran is ambivalent about cultural identity: although she uses Swedish at home, she is not Swedish; She doesn't consider herself Finnish either, because Finland became Russian territory as early as 1809. Although she lived in Russia and later studied Russian, she didn't consider herself Russian. Swedish is only the language used by the Sodergeland family at home, so her knowledge of Swedish literature was once very limited. So when she first wrote poetry, she simply adopted a foreign language-German.

When Edith Sodergelan was a few months old, the whole family came to Revola (Finnish, Swedish: Raivola, now Rosino, Russian: рощино, a city not far from St. Petersburg) in southwest Finland, and lived with her rich grandfather (Gabriel Helmo Rus). Soon, her father took over a logging farm. Three years later, his career almost went bankrupt. A few months later, my father-in-law died, and the Sodergrande family's mother paid off all the debts with her inheritance. The economic situation improved greatly, but the rest of the money was quickly spent by her father's unsuccessful business. Later, Edith's mother asked her mother to help the Sodergeland family with her inheritance, so that the Sodergeland family could pay off their debts again and again and become rich again (although their lives were not greatly affected when they were in debt).

Petrishule Girls' School She goes to the Petrishule (петришуле) girls' school in St. Petersburg. Petrishule Girls' School was quite famous at that time, which created a good learning atmosphere for her (German was a compulsory course there). The school is not far from the Winter Palace, so she can easily detect political changes. She experienced a bloody Sunday in June of 1905. She studied German, French and Russian when she was a student. At the age of fourteen, she began to write poetry for the first time. She wrote in German at that time.

1904, her father suspected that he was infected with tuberculosis. 1906 was diagnosed in New District of Finland in May (Finnish: Uusimaa, Swedish: Nyland). After a while, he was seriously ill and came home from Nummela sanatorium, where 1907+00 died. In the same year, his mother, Edith S?dergran's grandmother, was also killed. She is thought to have died of tuberculosis from her son. Edith S?dergran eventually died of this disease, and it was probably infected by her father.

Edith S?dergran's mother has done a lot for this family. She is more like a pillar of this family than her husband. After her husband died, she had to take care of everything at home. She has a far-reaching influence on Edith S?dergran's feminist thought, and can be said to be an enlightener. But her first real contact with feminism was during her recovery in Switzerland.

Edith S?dergran is a photographer. She took many photos of her mother, but only a few for her father. Her mother is a smart woman who loves to laugh, but although she looks strong, she is often anxious, afraid and lacks rest. She has a good relationship with her daughter and supports her dream of becoming a poet. Daughters spend much more time with their mothers than with their fathers. After the daughter went to school, the mother and daughter moved back to the center of St. Petersburg, but the father didn't go there often, only occasionally lived there.

Edith S?dergran has many friends, but her mother is still worried that she will feel lonely. Some biographers, such as gunnar Tidstrom (Gunnar Tidstrom &; Oumlm), her mother specially adopted a girl of her own age named singa, who lived at Sodergeland's home when she was at school and at her biological father's and mother's home when she was on vacation. Once, Xin Jia wanted to go back to her biological father's mother's house as soon as possible, took a shortcut and walked on the edge of the railroad track, and was killed by a train. Later, her foster mother found her stump. There is also a saying that singa died of tuberculosis, and after her adoptive father's mother died, her tuberculosis was probably infected by her adoptive father. However, there is a third argument that the Sodergelands have never adopted any children. Petrishule (петришуле) girls' school is a German school, so German is one of the compulsory courses. She stayed there until 1909. At that time, Russia's political turmoil and serious social problems had an impact on her world outlook, such as Vaxduksh &；; There are poems about political issues in aumlftet. In Petrishule Girls' School, there are many students of different nationalities, including Germany, Russia, Finland, Norway and Sweden. She mainly studied German, French, English and Russian in the language class at school, but didn't study Swedish. German is the language she speaks most among her friends and school.

Edith S?dergran is a top student. One of her classmates described her as the most talented student in the class. Later, she became more and more interested in French, which was mainly attributed to her French teacher Henry Cortyl. She is in the poetry collection Vaxduksh &; Auml paid tribute to him in many poems.

1908, she suddenly gave up writing poems in German and turned to writing poems in Swedish. Swedish and Finland are two things she is not familiar with. Obviously, she switched to another language for a reason. There are two theories-probably because Hugo Bogroth (1866- 1937), a relative of Edith S?dergran, is also a person who specializes in searching for information about Swedish minority writers from Finland. A few years ago, she published a poem "Hoppet" in the Swedish Liberal People's Party publication in Helsinki, and began to get in touch with Swedish minority writers from Finland, especially poets. Inspired by her, Edith S?dergran changed to Swedish. But there is another saying that Edith S?dergran did it in memory of her father, Mace Sodergeland, who died a year ago because he spoke Swedish more often than other languages. One day in June 1908 1 1, Edith S?dergran came home from school and said that he was not feeling well, thinking that he might not have a good rest. A doctor was called at home, and the doctor said there was something wrong with her lungs. Her mother made her understand what "something is wrong" means, that is, she may have tuberculosis. Sure enough, in June 1909 65438+ 10/,she was diagnosed and admitted to a nursing home about a month later, which was the last hospital her father stayed in before returning to China-Nummela nursing home. At the beginning of the 20th century, the mortality rate was as high as 70%~80% within ten years after being infected with tuberculosis, so it is not surprising that Edith S?dergran died of this disease.

Edith S?dergran doesn't like Nummela sanatorium. It often reminds her of her father, which makes her uncomfortable. She lost weight and was depressed there. She was described as a "strange patient" in the nursing home, and even suspected by doctors to be misdiagnosed. She felt that Nummela sanatorium was more like a prison, and she was not happy there at all. She always dreamed of going to other places there, and she told others these thoughts, which made her more unique among patients. 19 10, her illness is getting worse, and her family is going to send her abroad for recuperation. Finally, I chose Switzerland, because Switzerland was a lung disease resort in Europe at that time.

19110 In June, she and her mother came to Arosa. Three completely different doctors gave three completely different treatment suggestions, but her condition still hasn't improved. A few months later, she was sent to Dr. Ludwig von Miao La in Davos-Dover sanatorium. The doctor is a married man, but Edith S?dergran fell in love with him at first sight, and his health improved a lot. Dr. Von Miao La suggested that she operate on his left pneumothorax-cut open the lung and inject nitrogen into it. Tuberculosis will not be cured, but it will be "relieved". After May of 19 12, the number of mycobacterium tuberculosis in her body stopped increasing. But as the doctor said, it didn't heal. To this end, she must pay attention to her diet and rest for several hours every day.

Life in Switzerland is an important part of her overseas life. In Switzerland, she opened her eyes and met many European celebrities. She thinks living in Switzerland is more interesting than living in Russia. Dr von Miao La is her lover. 19 17 years, Dr. von Miao La died, and his love (extramarital love) with her also ended. She wrote two poems, summarizing her sad memories when she was in Switzerland. AumlDet i skogen) and Fragment Aven St & amp； Good morning, auml. As mentioned above, her feminist thoughts were also initially formed in Switzerland: once, she was asked a series of questions about feminism, which was deeply inspired, and later gradually formed her own feminist thoughts. As mentioned earlier, Edith S?dergran's poetry creation began in 1906, initially in German, and 1908 was changed to Swedish.

Her first collection of poems was published in the autumn of 19 16. The name of this collection of poems is Dickert. This collection of poems contains 63 poems, mainly short poems inspired by folk songs, but at the same time it has French symbolism, novel sense of language and a wide range of themes: mainly nature, inner monologues and fantasies. But few people pay attention to this collection of poems. Some critics condemned the book of poems for giving up rhythm, and one even asked her publisher if she planned to laugh at Finnish speakers who spoke Swedish. Several poems in this collection of poems clearly reveal her feminist thoughts, such as Dagen Svallner ... and Modern Vierge. This feminist poem was the first one she wrote in Swedish poetry at that time.

1917165438+10. On October 7th, the October Revolution broke out, and the original Russian empire became the later Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic. A large number of Ukrainian securities held by her family became waste paper because of the Russian civil war (her family mainly made money by investing in securities after her father died). Because her family lived in Petrograd (St. Petersburg was renamed in 19 14), the Bolshevik regime pursued a policy of terror. She heard that several of her classmates had fled Petrograd, so her family returned to Rebora. On February 6, 65438, Finland declared its independence and soon established the Kingdom of Finland. 1918 65438+10, a civil war broke out in Finland and spread to Rebola. Trains full of soldiers and refugees often pass through Rebora (Rebora is on a railway line connecting Petrograd), and hunger follows. Once, she heard gunshots by the kitchen window. In May, the civil war ended, the Republic of Finland was founded, and life finally returned to calm. During the civil war, she read friedrich nietzsche's works and was influenced by his philosophy and aesthetics, so it is not difficult to find that she almost deliberately mentioned Zarathustra in a poem called In the Dark. No wonder people think that she was influenced by German expressionism, because Nietzsche is one of the masters of expressionism.

19 17 The newly published poetry collection Septemberlyran has not attracted much attention from readers and critics. She wrote to the newspaper of Dagens Publishing House in Helsinki, hoping to publish an article in this newspaper to explain the symbolic words in the harp in September that readers may not understand. Her request was turned down. But she got another chance to publish an article about her theory of modernist Swedish poetry. On the evening of19171231,that is, on New Year's Eve, her article was published. This article is written by Birger SJ &；; OumlBerg), Peter Weiss and Eric Lindegren thought this was an article about her poetry theory, but at that time, this article did not attract any attention, and even fewer people understood her thoughts. Let's take a look at her life: almost no one cares about her life except her relatives. At this time, she was suffering from malnutrition and tuberculosis. If Bolshevik troops captured Rebola in the civil war, she might be executed or forced into exile (she is a "big capitalist").

Although the war ended, the securities purchased by the Sodergeland family before the Russian civil war were completely invalid, so her family quickly changed from a rich class to a poor class, and the family's wealth also declined. Her family sold the villa and moved to a remote village. Next, her poverty lasted her whole life.

Although her poems and other articles are not valued by most readers and critics, she found someone who found her own literary value-Finnish woman writer and critic Haig Olsen. Haig Olson later became Edith S?dergran's lifelong friend.

Haig Olsen In the 1920s, Haig Olsen marveled at the talent of Edith Sodergeland in a commentary. On the other hand, Edith S?dergran had to refuse Haig Olson's invitation to meet her in Helsinki, because "insomnia, tuberculosis, no money, we live by selling furniture and the goodwill of our relatives." However, she is extremely excited (wearing old-fashioned clothes every day; Because of the lack of paper, she even sold underwear or perfume bottles to buy manuscript paper. Soon, Haig Olson made a special trip to Edith S?dergran's residence and got a deep understanding of the living conditions in Edith S?dergran. After she left Edith S?dergran and returned to Helsinki, the two girlfriends kept in touch with each other for several weeks before Edith S?dergran died. Only before Edith S?dergran's death, Haig Olson went to France, so he couldn't get the news of his girlfriend's critical illness and death at the first time. Edith S?dergran wrote an untitled poem for Haig Olson, who came to visit her specially, and called the latter "my sister" in the poem. Haig Olson once recorded that Edith S?dergran once said in this meeting: "Let's go out and be free!" According to Haig Olson, this just means walking around the country house, or walking to the old Orthodox church, or passing through the gardens of towering old trees, perhaps leaving those scenery. Edith S?dergran thinks they will feel some freedom.

Haig Olsen is regarded as one of the most outstanding critics in Finland in the 20th century. When Edith S?dergran was still alive, she was regarded as the spokesperson of Edith S?dergran. She wrote about Edith S?dergran, even after his death. Without her tireless introduction and affirmation as a critic who has been in contact with Edith S?dergran for a long time, Edith S?dergran's literary status would probably not be as high as it is now. Haig Olson thinks he has some influence on Edith S?dergran. Their correspondence was published by Haig Olson long after Edith S?dergran's death, but her own correspondence was lost, so it was published by Edith S?dergran. Haig Olson later recalled Edith S?dergran's humor and neurotic temperament.

19 19 In June, Edith S?dergran published her third collection of poems, Rosetta, in which the poems are imaginative and realistic. Gunnar Tidstrom thinks that Fantasia and System are obviously influenced by Haig Olson, as Haig Olson himself said. In June+February of this year, 5438, she published an article called Brokiga iakttagelser, which is a collection of her aphorisms.

1920 is another book of poetry, Framtidens skugga, formerly known as K &；; OumlTtets mysterier, later before publication, she changed herself to this [1]). This collection of poems is the transformation work of Edith S?dergran who experienced the civil war in Finland, and it is also the last one published before her death. The remaining critics of her poems (not including Haig Olson) continue to hold a contemptuous attitude and think that she is "an interesting fool" at best. This collection of poems was deeply influenced by walt whitman, and later influenced jim morrison and others. These poems are more like prophecies, the most famous of which is Eros hemlighet.

During this period, Edith S?dergran accepted atheism, and everyone around him believed in Christianity. However, she often writes poems in the tone of a queen and a prophet. These poems are undoubtedly influenced by Nietzsche, trying to embody Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical thoughts, especially the theory of will to power and superman, such as Botg &; OumlRarne and F&; Ouml, these two poems are rst vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo. When she injects new ideas into her poems, her poems also appear more positive and optimistic. She has experienced more Nietzschean fun in her existence and more hope for the future.

From the summer of 1920 to August of 1922, she stopped writing Swedish poetry. 1922 autumn and winter, she wrote her last series of poems under the general title of Ultra, including the famous Tankar om naturen. At the same time, some young writers, such as Elmer Dicktonnews (1896- 196 1) and Haig Olson, published a book introducing modernist literary theory and literary creation. This is the first such book in Finland, which greatly praised Edith S?dergran. This book inspired Edith S?dergran to continue writing, and she immediately published several new poems (this is her last one). She no longer wants to lead the poetry world as she dreamed before (in fact, she was never known to readers before her death), but she does not doubt the literary value of her works, so some of her favorite poems are in her last published collection of poems.

stop

1923 On June 24th, that is, the midsummer festival, Edith S?dergran died of tuberculosis and malnutrition in Rebora at the age of 3 1 year. A poet friend who visited her shortly before her death wrote, "Her big gray eyes are like moonlight on the dark water. She is smiling. " She has never been married and has no descendants. She was buried in the cemetery of a local country church. Her mother, Helena Sodeglan, lived to 1939 and died in the winter war when the Soviet Union invaded Finland. According to the Moscow Peace Agreement signed by Finland and the Soviet Union in March 1940, karelian isthmus, including Rivola, was ceded to the Soviet Union, and the cemetery in Edith S?dergran was also handed over to the Soviet Union. Shortly after the end of the Winter War, Leibola changed her name to Rosino (рощино). 1960, the Rosino government erected a statue for her, but only one stone remained in her former residence. 199 1 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, her cemetery was moved to Russia, but the village where she lived has disappeared. No one can find her grave now. People built an identical house according to the photos of her former residence for tourists to visit.