Please explain the historical background, humanities, art and customs of Huangshan Hongcun in detail.

Hongcun [1], formerly known as Hongcun, is located at the southern foot of Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province, which is 0/km away from Yixian County1/kloc-0. It is a strange cow-shaped ancient village in the ancient Peach Blossom Garden. Geographical coordinates: east longitude 1 17 38', north latitude 3011',village area19.10/hectare, Hongcun was founded in Shaoxing, Southern Song Dynasty (A.D./. According to the Wang genealogy, it was called Hongcun because it was "enlarged into Taiyi elephant", and it was even more Hongcun during the reign of Qing Qianlong.

The village covers an area of 30 hectares, with Nanhu and Ming Xiu facing Leigang as the landscape, enjoying the reputation of "Chinese Painting Village". The mountain is green with water, and the water has mountain life. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Guhong Village irrigated the fields artificially for fire prevention, created an artificial water system called "China's stunt", and wrote a water article around the shape of cattle. The meandering water pool is the ox intestines, the moon marsh excavated by the spring is the ox bellies, the South Lake is the ox bellies, and the houses on both sides of the ox intestines are the ox bodies. The harmonious coexistence of lakes, mountains and mountains, the natural landscape and humanistic connotation complement each other, which is the characteristic of Hongcun architectural layout different from other residential buildings and has become a great miracle of today's world historical and cultural heritage.

There are more than 40 well-preserved Ming and Qing dwellings in the village/kloc-0. Chengzhitang's "Three Carvings" are exquisite and gorgeous, and are known as the "Folk Forbidden City". Other famous scenic spots include: South Lake scenery, South Lake Academy, Moon Bay Xiao Chun, Niuchang Water Town, Shuangxi Screen Wall, Tingqian Tree, Leigang Zhao Xi, Shu Ren Hall and Ming Taizu Xule Hall. There are many famous landscapes around the village, such as Luoshan Woodcarving Building, Shu Qi Lake, Tachuan Autumn Colors, Mukeng Bamboo Sea and Wancun Ming Temple "Aijing Hall".

Hongcun has been recognized by the world through the efforts of the previous generation and the reasonable protection of future generations. We will continue to work hard to protect this precious heritage, rationally develop and utilize Hongcun's tourism resources, and let more people know the profound connotation of Hongcun and ancient Huizhou culture.

Backed by Yangzhanling and Leigang Mountain. , located in the remaining veins of Huangshan Mountain, with high terrain. It's often gloomy, sometimes it's like splashing ink, sometimes it's like freehand brushwork. It is like a long scroll of mountains and rivers, integrating natural landscape and human landscape, and is known as "the country in Chinese painting". In particular, the "cow" structure layout of the whole village is regarded as a great miracle of the historical and cultural heritage of the world today. The towering green Leigang is a cow's head, the towering old trees are horns, and the scattered residential groups from east to west are like the body of a spoiled cow. A stream in the northwest of the village is dug around the house to transfer ownership. The winding canal meets the natural spring water in the village to form a barrel-shaped pond, which looks like a cow intestine and a cow stomach. The canal finally pours into the lake in the south of the village, and the swim bladder is called tripe. Then, people set up four bridges on the river around the village stream as supports. A few years later, a cow totem appeared like mushrooms after rain. This ingenious and scientific design of village water system not only solves the problem of villagers' fire water, but also regulates the temperature, which provides convenience for residents' production and living water and creates a good environment of "clear water in front of every household".

Hongcun is the most representative of many Huizhou residential villages in southern Anhui. From the overall appearance, Hongcun is a peculiar cow-shaped ancient village in the Peach Blossom Garden of the ancient Miao nationality, which has both the interest of Shan Ye and the scenery of water town, and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Every household in the village is connected by waterways, and gurgling spring water flows from every household. The buildings are stacked with lakes and mountains, and the scenery is everywhere, step by step. In the leisurely pace, the feeling of leisure is so strong that people are enchanted. [Edit this paragraph] Architectural features Hongcun's buildings are mainly residential buildings and private gardens, as well as public facilities such as academies and ancestral halls. The buildings are relatively complete. All kinds of buildings pay attention to carving, such as wood carving, brick carving, stone carving, etc., which are exquisite and of high artistic value. Most of the streets and lanes in the village are built by water, and residential buildings are also arranged around the moon marsh. Most of the houses are in the yard, and some people introduce Shenzhen water into the house to form a water courtyard and open up fish ponds. Typical buildings include Nanhu Academy, Xule Hall, Chengzhi Hall, Deyi Hall, Songhe Hall and Biyuan.

Nanhu Academy, located on the north bank of Nanhu Lake, was originally six private schools built in the late Ming Dynasty, and was called "the Sixth Courtyard of Yihu". In the 19th year of Jiaqing (18 14), it was merged and rebuilt as a "literary home", also known as "Nanhu Academy". The rebuilt academy consists of six parts: Zhitong, Wenchang Pavilion, Wudao Pavilion, Huiwen Pavilion, Wanghulou and Tanyuan Garden, with white walls and tiles, clear water and blue sky, and a very elegant environment. Lexutang is the ancestral temple of the Wangs, located in the middle of the north bank of Moon Bay. It is the only existing Ming dynasty building in the village, and the wood carving is very beautiful.

Chengzhitang was built in the fifth year of Xianfeng in the late Qing Dynasty (1855), and it is the residence of Wang Dinggui, a big salt merchant. It is the largest building complex in the village, covering an area of about 265,438+000 square meters. There are more than 60 houses in it, arranged around nine patios. The main hall and the back hall are three cloister buildings, with a family school hall and a fish pond hall on both sides and a garden in the backyard. There are opium smokers who swallow Yun Xuan, and mahjong players who play mahjong in the yard. There are 136 wooden columns in the whole house, and there are carvings between the wooden columns and the eaves, which are rich in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship. The themes are Fishing and Hunting, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Birthday of a Hundred Immortals, Birthday of Guo Ziyi and Tang Suzong Banquet.

Hongcun is surrounded by green mountains and green waters, with a beautiful and pleasant environment. The film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was filmed here.

Xidi and Hongcun are backed by beautiful green hills, and the villages are surrounded by clear streams. Hundreds of Ming and Qing residential buildings stand quietly. The tall and majestic horse head wall has an arrogant expression and a falling charm; The gray house walls are mottled by time, which has a dignified and quiet effect; There are also clan ancestral halls, academies, memorial archways and genealogy. Into the houses, beautiful brick carvings, stone carvings and wood carvings can be seen everywhere. Door covers, patios, gardens, leaky windows, beams, screens and furniture are all silently displaying elaborate design and exquisite craftsmanship.

Xidi and Hongcun ancient dwellings are typical representatives of Huizhou architecture. There are more than 440 complete Ming and Qing dwellings, and their exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration and exquisite architecture are rare in the world. [Edit this paragraph] Historical Hongcun was built in the Northern Song Dynasty, with a history of nearly a thousand years. It is the place where the kings live together. There are hundreds of ancient houses in the village, among which Chengzhitang is the most complete preserved ancient house in Yixian. The wood carvings on the beams, arches, flower gates and window sills in the main hall are exquisite in craftsmanship, complex in levels, numerous in figures, different in shapes and gods, and can be called fine wood carvings in the "four carvings" art of Huizhou school.

Wang Jiu Hongcun is a descendant of Hua Wang, the King of Yue in the early Tang Dynasty. Hundreds of ancient residential buildings with white walls and blue tiles, especially Chengzhitang, Jingxiutang, Dongxiantang and Sanlitang, which are known as the "Folk Forbidden City", are beautifully carved, golden in color, magnificent and spacious. Coupled with the mirror-smooth moon marsh and the rippling South Lake, the alleys are deep, the shops next to Qingshi Street are quaint, and the towering ancient trees on Leigang and the walls of residential courtyards have been excavated. The heavily guarded ancestral halls, such as Tang and Shangyuantang, and the Nanhu Academy, where 93-year-old Hanlin lectured on Liang's inscription "Scholar", constitute a perfect artistic whole. It can be said that one scene at a time can be painted everywhere, and it also reflects the profound cultural heritage left by a long history. By the Qing Dynasty, Hongcun was already a "metropolis full of fireworks and buildings" and is still the seat of Hongcun Town People's Government. On June 30, 2000, Hongcun was listed on the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO.

In the village, with the main street as the center, the buildings are stacked, the streets are winding, and the road surface is paved with monochrome bluestone. Most of the houses on both sides are binary units, with courtyards in front, fish ponds and gardens, and railings beside the pond. "Cattle intestines" moisten fish with water and smell of flowers and trees. Horsehead walls fall in layers, and the woodcarvings on foreheads, sparrows and arches have different postures and vivid images. Nanhu Academy, located on the South Lake, has a spectacular building. It is said that the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, Jiang Daxie (Hongcun), studied here in his childhood. Now it is the school site of Nanhu Central Primary School.

From 65438 to 0999, an expert jury composed of the Ministry of Construction, the Cultural Relics Bureau and other relevant units made a field trip to Hongcun, and adopted the protection and development plan of Hongcun in an all-round way. Hongcun was officially designated as a world cultural heritage in the 24th World Heritage Committee on October 30th, 20001,and was also designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit and a patriotic education base in Anhui Province on October 30th, 20001. He joined the China Association of Scenic Spots on February 30th, 2002, and joined the World Cultural Heritage Committee of the China Association of Scenic Spots in March, 2003. In July, 2003, he was officially named as a national 4A scenic spot, and in February, 2003, he was named as the first batch of famous Chinese historical and cultural villages (one of the first batch of 12 famous historical and cultural villages in China). Hongcun Scenic Area has successfully received many important reception activities of the Party and the country, and successfully received the former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee River on May 20, 2006.

As a world cultural heritage, Hongcun has also welcomed friends from all over the world, especially those from the film and television art circles. In addition to classic costume action films such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Su, a large number of other excellent film and television works have also been filmed here. Duan, a famous student painter, and Dardard, a famous photographer, also came here in 2008 to sketch and collect ideas, and returned home with a full load. Although Luo Wei, a famous future director and honorary chairman of E Animation, was unable to reach Hongcun for some reason, he told the media that he would definitely visit it when he had time. A misty rain enveloped Jiangnan and there was nothing to do. Hongcun, with his wish, will surely welcome more friends with its outstanding charm.

Hongcun has been recognized by the world through the efforts of the previous generation and the reasonable protection of future generations. We will continue to work hard to protect this precious heritage, rationally develop and utilize Hongcun's tourism resources, and let more people know the profound connotation of Hongcun and ancient Huizhou culture. [Edit this paragraph] Hongcun Feng Shui first used a natural spring in the village to expand into a half-moon moon pool as the "stomach of cattle"; Then, a stone dam was built across the Jiyang River in the west of the village, and a puddle with a width of more than 60 cm and a length of more than 400 m was built with stones, which led the water flowing into the village from the west to the south and east, surrounded the ancient buildings and ran through the "bovine stomach". This is the "beef intestines". There are stepping stones to wash clothes and water flowers all the way. The houses on both sides of the "cattle farm" are mostly courtyards with flowers and fruit trees, low walls carved with masonry, winding waterside promenades, and small and exquisite bonsai rockeries. The winding "ox intestines" pass through the hospital, and the running water will not rot for years.

Then set up four wooden bridges at Yushanxi in the west of the village as "cow feet". In this way, an ox-shaped village is formed, in which "the mountain is the bull's head, the tree is the horn, the house is the cow's body and the bridge is the foot".

Later, Mr. Feng Shui thought that from the perspective of Feng Shui, Yuetang, as an "inner yang water", needs to be combined with an "outer yang water" to truly develop the village. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, a hundred acres of fertile land in the south of the village was dug into the South Lake, which was another "cow stomach". The design and construction of Hongcun "Niuxing Village" lasted 130 years.

The scientific water system design of "Niuxing Village" has solved the fire-fighting water for Hongcun, adjusted the temperature, provided convenience for residents to use water for production and life, and created a good environment of "gathering around the river without hindering the passage of streams and roads, and there are clear springs in front of every house". [Edit this paragraph] The Taohuayuan 1958 of Hongcun River System was completed, and Chen Fuli, a Hong Kong photographer, came to Yixian with his camera. He recorded this scene with his own lens and published it in Traveler magazine when he came back. [Edit this paragraph] Nanhu Lake is located in the south of Hongcun Village and was built in the third year of the Ming Dynasty (1607). From Yongle to Wanli, Hongcun built a building in Gai Lou, with a scattered population. It is not enough to store water only by the moon pool. In the last year of Wanli period, the village dug hundreds of acres of fertile land in the south, and the surrounding banks were made of stones, imitating the West Lake and Pinghu in autumn. The lake is in a big bow shape, and the dike is divided into two levels. The upper floor is 4 meters wide. The old trees are towering and green, the trunk is wrapped with green vines, the birds are singing, and the weeping willows are graceful, like a girl in a toilet mirror, sprinkling her hair on the lake. The green lotus on the lake is swaying, ducks are splashing in the water, and there is another scenery. The reflection of the whole lake is floating, water and sky are the same color, far from the peak and near the house, falling into the lake. In addition, the interaction between the shade and the sun, the harmony between light and shade, and the appropriate movement make it look deep, quiet, fresh and bright. Nanhu Lake was overhauled three times in history, and 1986 rebuilt the middle dike. "Drawing a Bridge" can be used for boating from east to west, which is full of fun.

Wu Xilin, a famous person in Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, visited the South Lake in Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty and wrote: "The South Lake in Hongcun is as prosperous as the West Lake in Zhejiang", so the South Lake is also known as the "Little West Lake at the foot of Huangshan Mountain".

Many poets and painters in ancient and modern times have made many poems and drawings after visiting South Lake.

"The drizzle is wet with spring mud, and birds are heard when it is foggy;" The willow with a peach in its mouth smiled and recited a poem about the West Bridge. With the praise of poetry, it adds the flavor of South Lake. [Edit this paragraph] Moon Bay Moon Bay, commonly known as Moon Pool, is the so-called "small belly of cattle". Moon Bay was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1403- 1424). At that time, Wang Siqi came out from Hongcun. He found a natural spring in the village, which kept flowing in winter and summer. Wang Siqi hired Mr. He Keda, a geomancer from Haiyang County (now Xiuning) for three times, and he is a senior artist in the clan. "Read all the mountains and rivers." Later generations, Sheng Wang equals contributed more than 10,000 yuan. Continue to dig holes, dig into the moon pool for one and a half months, and complete the unfinished "moon pool", which is the moon pool. The moon pool is evergreen all the year round, the pool surface is like a mirror, bluestones are laid around the pool, the white walls and tiles are placed around in order, the blue sky and white clouds fall into the water, the old people are chatting, the women are washing gauze and the urchins are playing.

In fact, the Moon Pool has become a shared space for people, an open-air stage for "customs and feelings" and a spontaneous gathering of villagers.

Geese dance in the pool, ducks play in the clear waves, the air is foggy and the emblem is soft and gentle. Isn't this a beautiful painting by people in southern Anhui? So some people call it "the country in Chinese painting". [Edit this paragraph] Chengzhitang Chengzhitang is located in the middle section of Sheung Shui Town, Hongcun Village. Built in the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (AD 1855), it was the residence of Wang Dinggui, a big salt merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole building is made of wood, and the interior is richly decorated with bricks, stones and wood carvings. The total floor area is about 265,438+000 square meters, and the building area is more than 3,000 square meters. It is a well-preserved large-scale residential building. The whole house has 9 patios, 60 rooms, 136 wooden columns and 60 doors and windows. The whole house is divided into inner courtyard, outer courtyard, front hall, back hall, east room, west room, study, fish pond hall, kitchen, stable and so on. There are mahjong tiles "Paishan Pavilion" and opium smokers "Swallow Yun Xuan". There are also bodyguard rooms, men's toilets and women's toilets. There is a pond in the house. Wells and water can't leave the house.

The front hall is the most important part of the whole house. Behind the front door stands a magnificent middle door. It is said that after Wang Dinggui made a fortune in business, he donated the title of "five products know each other". With this honor, Wang Dinggui felt that he had jumped out of the original class, so he added an official middle gate (also called Yimen, originally designed for the official department), which was generally only on major festive days or when dignitaries were present. Above the two side doors of Yimen, an "up" glyph pattern (like an inverted ingot, which means that financial resources are rolling) is skillfully carved. Although Wang Dinggui made a fortune in business and donated an official, in ancient times, business was still the inheritance of nine streams, which made the master feel resentful, so he came up with this plan, which means that people who came in and out from the side door, no matter what occupation you were engaged in, went. But above the middle gate, the master did not dare to make any idea, but hung a word "Fu" high, because in his view, being an official is higher than doing business, which is why many Huizhou merchants still spend a lot of money to donate officials after making a fortune.

On the top of the word "Fu" in the middle gate, there is a woodcarving painting of "Hundred philosophers making Lantern Festival", which depicts the scene of 100 little boys celebrating the Lantern Festival. There are boatmen, dragon lanterns and festive atmosphere in various forms, which is a vivid portrayal of the ancient traditional concept of "more children and more happiness" There is a "North-South" god of wealth carved above the bucket arch, and there is a garret guard above the "North-South" god of wealth. Here, Wang Dinggui designed four wooden pillars of "fishing, firewood, ploughing and reading", representing four ancient occupations respectively. [Edit this paragraph] Honghong Village, a cultural heritage value, was founded in Shao Xi period of Southern Song Dynasty (A.D.1190-1/94). It used to be the place where the king lived, which lasted for more than 800 years. Backed by Yangzhanling and Leigang Mountain. , the terrain is higher, and it is often foggy, sometimes like heavy ink, and sometimes like freehand brushwork. It is really like a long scroll of slowly unfolding mountains and rivers, so it is known as "the country in Chinese painting".

The bull-shaped village and artificial water system planned and built by Guhong Village people are today's "great miracles in architectural history": the towering Leigang is a bull's head, the towering ancient trees are horns, and the scattered residential groups from east to west are like the body of a pet cow. Qingquan, named Niuchang, flows into the Moon Pool named Niuwei through the village, and then flows to the South Lake named Niudu outside the village after being filtered. People also set up four bridges as supports on rivers and streams around the village. This ingenious and scientific design of village water system not only solves the problem of villagers' fire-fighting water, but also regulates the temperature, which provides convenience for residents' production and living water, and creates a good environment of "there are clear springs in front of every household, so it is not necessary to prevent streams from being far away". There are more than 40 well-preserved Ming and Qing ancient dwellings/kloc-0 in the village, which are simple and elegant and full of interest. "Chengzhitang" is magnificent and beautifully carved, which can be described as the oldest residential building in southern Anhui. The pavilions and pavilions of Nanhu Academy complement each other with lakes and mountains, and have the traditional Huizhou architectural style. Jingxiu Hall, Dongxian Hall, Sanli Hall and Xurentang are magnificent or simple and dignified. Coupled with the towering ancient trees in the village, the old ivy on the wall of the houses and the century-old peony in the courtyard, it can be said that it can be said that it can be painted everywhere step by step. At the same time, they also reflect the profound cultural heritage left by a long history. [Edit this paragraph] 80 yuan with high ticket prices (including tour guides) and 65 yuan with low ticket prices. If you live in a scenic spot, you can also get a discount. [Edit this paragraph] Traffic overview Take the bus to Hongcun, Yixian County, 2 yuan/person, 15 minutes.

The traffic from Tangkou to Hongcun is also a convenient bus route: there is a shuttle bus from the south gate of Huangshan Scenic Area to Hongcun, and there are four buses every day at 7: 20 9: 40 and 1: 20 3: 40 in the afternoon, of which 9: 40 and 3: 40 are for Yixian. After arriving in Yixian, you can transfer to 2 yuan Bus (Yixian-Hongcun) to reach Hongcun. The bus ticket from Tangkoukou to Yixian County 15 yuan/person, the driving time is about 1 hour and 20 minutes.

There is no direct bus to Hongcun at Tunxi Railway Station. You can take bus No.2, No.8, No.9 and 10 from the bus station, or you can take a taxi (more than one 7 yuan by meter) to the bus station, and then take the bus from Tunxi-Yixian-Hongcun to Hongcun. The whole journey is about 1 month and a half hours, excluding waiting for the bus.

Self-driving: start from the south gate of Huangshan Scenic Area, follow S 103 and go straight to Huangshan City. It takes about 15 minutes to reach a China petrochemical gas station. At this time, you will see a road sign, turn right at Hongcun, enter Hongru Highway, and arrive at the parking station of Hongcun Scenic Area in 20 minutes.