The picture below is a schematic diagram of some physiological activities of the human body. Please answer the following questions according to the pictures. (1) alveoli exchange gas with the outside

The picture below is a schematic diagram of some physiological activities of the human body. Please answer the following questions according to the pictures. (1) alveoli exchange gas with the outside world through &: n. .. (1) Breathing exercise? Diffusion (2) 3 4 6 7 (3) 2 times? (4) complicated? cerebrum

Examination analysis: (1) The four links of breathing are lung ventilation, gas exchange in alveoli, gas transport in blood and gas exchange in tissues. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the gas exchange between alveoli and the outside world, which is realized through respiratory movement, that is, pulmonary ventilation is the result of respiratory movement; Gas exchange in alveoli refers to the gas exchange between alveoli and blood, and its principle is realized by gas diffusion.

(2) The heart is the dynamic organ of blood circulation, located in the chest, slightly to the left, and mainly composed of myocardium. The four chambers of the heart are left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle, in which arterial blood flows in the left atrium and left ventricle; The blood vessel connected with the left atrium is pulmonary vein, which flows arterial blood, the left ventricle is connected with aorta, which flows arterial blood, the right atrium is connected with superior and inferior vena cava, which flows venous blood, and the right ventricle is connected with pulmonary artery, which flows venous blood; There are atrioventricular valves between atria and ventricles, and arterial valves between ventricles and arteries to prevent blood from flowing backwards and ensure blood to flow in a certain direction. There are two ways of blood circulation, starting from the heart and converging in the heart, and the heart is the power organ of blood circulation. The pathway of systemic circulation is: left ventricle → aorta → arteries at all levels → systemic capillaries → veins at all levels → superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium, resulting in arterial blood becoming venous blood; The path of pulmonary circulation is: right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary capillary → pulmonary vein → left atrium. As a result, venous blood becomes arterial blood. According to the above analysis, ① right atrium, ② right ventricle, ③ left atrium, ④ left ventricle, ⑤ pulmonary artery, ⑧ pulmonary vein, ⑧ aorta, and ⑧ superior and inferior vena cava in the figure, therefore, among the blood vessels and cardiac chambers marked in the figure, ③ left atrium, ④ left ventricle, ⑦ pulmonary vein and ⑦ aorta; Fangfang suffered from acute pneumonia because of a cold and a high fever. The doctor gave her intravenous medication, which had to pass through the heart twice to reach the focus. Its path is superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries at all levels → systemic capillaries (lesion site).

(4) The basic way of nerve regulation is reflection, which is a regular response to external stimuli through the nervous system. The structural basis is reflex arc, which consists of receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve and effector. Congenital reflex is called unconditioned reflex, and the nerve center is below the cerebral cortex, which has a small adaptation range and will not fade; The reflex gradually established in the process of acquired life is conditioned reflex, and the nerve center is in the brain, which adapts to the complex and changeable environment, is based on unconditional reflex and is easy to fade away. When the doctor gave Fangfang an injection, although she felt pain, she didn't retract her hand. From the way of neural regulation, this kind of reflex belongs to conditioned reflex. Its regulation process is that acupuncture stimulates receptors to produce nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the nerve center through afferent nerves, and then to the pain center of the brain through the white matter of the spinal cord, thus feeling pain. Therefore, its nerve center is the brain.