What is an astronaut's job?

Abstract: An astronaut, or astronaut, is called an astronaut. Astronauts are pioneers in exploring space. As astronauts, they need to have lofty dedication, profound knowledge, extraordinary working ability, excellent environmental tolerance, good psychological quality and healthy physical conditions. So what is the life of astronauts in space like? What is an astronaut's job? Let's meet a seat together. What is an astronaut's job?

1 to ensure the normal operation of the space shuttle.

The first task of astronauts in space is to ensure the normal operation of the space shuttle so that they can perform other tasks. For example, it is necessary to carry out the routine operation of spacecraft control, maintain the instrument system of the living cabin or working cabin of the space shuttle, and regularly inform the ground of the running state of the spacecraft and its own physical condition;

2. Release and recovery of satellites.

Astronauts can release satellites in space, or use robotic arms on spacecraft to "catch" faulty satellites for maintenance. Perhaps the most famous satellite launched by the space shuttle is the Hubble Space Telescope. The space shuttle then returned to space three times to replace parts for Hubble. Before replacing the parts, the astronauts must grasp it with the manipulator on the space shuttle and transport it to the payload cabin. Astronauts enter the payload module, climb the Hubble Space Telescope and install new components. When the ground controller is sure that the Hubble telescope is in good working condition, the mechanical arm will release it back into space.

3. Conduct scientific experiments

Astronauts can use the special environment of space to carry out many scientific experiments in space, including the following three parts:

(1) Space life science experiment-observe the physiological and biochemical changes of astronauts in weightlessness environment, explore its mechanism and verify the effectiveness of protective measures; Study the growth, development and variation of animals and plants in space environment.

(2) Space science research-Astronauts can operate all kinds of observation and measurement equipment on the spacecraft to conduct in-depth observation and research on the earth's environment, the sun, the surface of the moon, the earth's magnetic field, the ionosphere and the atmosphere, and further reveal the true face of celestial bodies through the astronomical telescope on the manned spacecraft.

(3) Observing the Earth-Astronauts can take advantage of being far away from the Earth to conduct comprehensive observation, photography and spectral measurement of the Earth's surface. Through these works, information about natural resources, geology and geomorphology, atmospheric state, seasonal change of cultivated land, world ocean change, aquatic life state, desert vegetation crop coverage, forest coverage and reserves was collected.

4. Space production

We can use the unique weightless environment in space to research, process and produce new materials and products with excellent performance that cannot be produced on earth. Astronauts operate "alloy" and "crystallization" electric heating furnaces in the sky to produce very pure semiconductor materials indium arsenide and gallium arsenide. Their economic value is very high, and it is estimated that the value per kilogram can reach 6.5438+0 million dollars. Space pharmaceuticals and biological products can greatly improve the purity and yield of drugs. It is speculated that there are as many as thirty or forty kinds of drugs that can be produced in the sky at present. One month's drug production in the sky can be equivalent to 20 years' production of the same equipment on earth.

5. Assemble the space station

The International Space Station is the largest and most advanced "artificial heavenly palace" in history. The total mass of the International Space Station can reach more than 400 tons, which is roughly equivalent to the size of two football fields. It is impossible for this behemoth to be assembled on the ground and launched into space. It adopts a truss suspension cabin structure, that is, the truss is the basic structure, and compression chamber and other service facilities are attached to the truss to form a truss suspension cabin space station. The task of assembling the International Space Station fell to the American Space Shuttle and the Russian Soyuz astronauts. They must send the assembled parts into space and carry out extravehicular activities to assemble them.

What is the life of astronauts in space?

1, sleep

Astronauts can't find the feeling of "lying down" in the weightless environment of space. In the weightless environment, people lose the reference coordinates of "up" and "down", their feet can't reach the ground, and the sky is all around them, so they can't tell up and down at all. Therefore, there is no such thing as lying flat when sleeping. Because you can fall asleep standing, lying or lying on your stomach, astronauts can sleep in the space capsule, hang it on the wall, tie it to the bed, hang it on the beam and lean on the table.

Step 2: Eat

The space dining table is specially made. It is magnetic and can absorb knives, forks, spoons, bowls, plates and other tableware. The table is equipped with a water cooler and a heater. When eating, astronauts must first fix their feet on the floor and their bodies on the seats to avoid fluttering. Facing the food placed on the table, we must pay attention to the coordination of a series of actions such as serving bowls, meals, mouth opening and chewing. End the bowl gently, too hard. Rice will float out of the bowl. Rice and vegetables should be clamped firmly, accurately and tightly. It's best not to pull into the bowl, lest the food drift away. Forks are the best.

After the food is caught, open your mouth and shut up quickly, because even the food put in your mouth will fly away if you don't shut up; When chewing, the rhythm should be slowed down. Chewing slowly is beneficial to digestion, and it can also reduce the generation and excretion of waste gas in the body and avoid the pollution of astronauts' living environment.

Step 3 Wash your face and brush your teeth

At first, Americans chewed with a special kind of chewing gum instead of brushing their teeth, while Soviet astronauts massaged with their hands and scrubbed their mouths with towels instead of brushing their teeth. These two methods are simple, but the bacteria in the oral cavity are not easy to remove. Later, the sealed water absorption method was invented. Astronauts can clean their teeth and mouths more thoroughly in space.

Astronauts use a sealed razor, which can be connected with a vacuum cleaner through a sealed tube, and the vacuum cleaner can suck stubble into the waste disposal box.

It is not easy to get a haircut in space, so both male and female astronauts have to cut their hair shorter and shorter before going to heaven. But after a long flight, my hair will get longer. What should I do? Astronauts should carry forward the spirit of solidarity and mutual assistance, one with a haircut and the other with a vacuum cleaner.

Step 4 take a bath

Both the American Sky Laboratory and the Soviet/Russian space station "Peace" have "bathrooms". The early bathroom was actually a cylindrical shower cover, made of waterproof nylon cloth, connected to the ceiling and floor, with a water tank, a nozzle and a heater at the top. Before taking a bath, astronauts should put on breathing apparatus, earplugs and goggles and enter the hood. When the breathing apparatus is sealed and connected to the outside world, they can turn on the tap to take a bath. Because there is no gravity, water will not automatically flow down from the nozzle. It is necessary to pressurize the water in the water tank to make the water flow out through the nozzle. The water after bathing should be collected into the wastewater pool through purification and adsorption device, and then purified and reused.

Later, American scientists improved the space bathroom. Turn the bathroom into a shower cover with 0.8 atmospheric pressure, and install an exhaust fan at the lower part of the shower cover. When astronauts take a bath, they turn on the shower faucet and exhaust fan, sprinkle water on it and pump water from below, thus having the same bathing effect as on earth. Although water can be purified and recycled, the storage capacity of the space capsule is limited after all, so American astronauts usually just wipe their bodies with a sponge of bath water.

5. Bathroom

Bathrooms in space are also vacuum. To go to the toilet, you must sit on the designed toilet. First put your foot into the fixed foot cover, fasten your waist with a seat belt, and hold the handle with both hands.

If it is shit, don't flush it with water. Use a special air pump to suck the shit into the plastic box. Every time it is solved, a box will be replaced, and these plastic boxes containing feces will be bounced into space. If you urinate, you also use an air pump to suck it into a cup with a special shape and pour it into the sewage pool under the floor through a rubber tube.

How to choose astronauts?

Aerospace activity is a special professional activity, which has the characteristics of special working environment, highly complex professional skills and arduous flight tasks. Such a career requires astronauts not only to have a healthy body and good psychological quality, but also to have a high degree of tolerance and resistance to the space environment, as well as profound knowledge and superb skills. Therefore, all the aerospace departments in the world carefully select astronauts.

The specific content of astronaut selection is determined according to the equipment of spacecraft and space mission, which is generally divided into four aspects.

1, basic conditions

It is the same as pilot selection, but it requires higher academic level and working ability.

2. Medical choice

In addition to following the medical selection conditions of pilots, we should also pay attention to whether there is hidden neuroendocrine system dysfunction in the past medical history. Physical examination should comprehensively and carefully check the cardiovascular system, vestibular function and visual system.

3. Psychological choice

Psychological quality selection is an important aspect of astronaut selection. It is necessary to find out personality, emotional stability, mental state, adaptability and coordination ability with people.

4. Durability selection of special space environment.

In the early days of manned spaceflight, people attached great importance to the selection of special environmental endurance. However, with the continuous development of space technology and the gradual improvement of the internal environment of manned spacecraft, the testing of some special environmental factors, such as noise, vibration and temperature, is no longer the main content of choice. The selection of endurance in special environment mainly includes the tests of weightlessness adaptability and return adaptability, such as vestibular function test, overweight endurance test, low pressure hypoxia endurance test and so on.

After inspecting these items, the medical staff will evaluate the inspection results of individual and comprehensive items and make an overall evaluation.

The diseases that astronauts are prone to get.

1, psychological disorder

The discomfort of astronauts in space and the influence on the central nervous system make them have psychological changes. Such as anxiety, boredom, depression, missing, memory loss, loss of interest in work and so on.

2. cardiovascular diseases

Due to weightlessness, human blood fills the head and chest, the arterial pressure in the head increases, the head and face swell, and the nose is not breathing well, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases.

3. Space motion sickness

Similar to motion sickness and seasickness. The main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, dizziness and drowsiness.

4. Muscle atrophy

Due to the weightlessness of space flight, muscles no longer have the function of defying gravity, and the work done by muscles is greatly reduced, thus the disuse of muscles changes and the working ability decreases.

5. Osteoporosis

Because of weightlessness, bones don't have to bear the weight of human body, and the amount of exercise is reduced, which reduces the stimulation to bones. Therefore, the excretion of minerals in bones increases, leading to osteoporosis.

China's previous Shenzhou astronauts

15 10/5 15, Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft carrying Yang Liwei was called the first man in China to go into space.

On June 6th, 2005, the Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft carrying Fei and Nie Haisheng went into space for the first time.

3. On September 25th, 2008, Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft was launched into space with Zhai Zhigang, Jing Haipeng and Liu Boming. In this space mission, the spacewalk was realized for the first time, making China one of the countries that can walk in space.

On April 2065438+June 16, the Shenzhou-9 manned spacecraft carrying Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and Liu Yang was launched, and Liu Yang became the first female astronaut in China.

5, 2065438+June 2003 1 1 day, the Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft, carrying Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping (female astronauts), rose into space.

On June 201610 June 19, the Shenzhou 11 manned spacecraft and Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory automatically rendezvous and docked successfully. Astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong entered Tiangong-2. It is the longest manned mission in China, with a total flight time of 33 days, preparing for the construction of China's manned space station.

On July 20021June 17, the Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft was launched. The spacecraft flight crew consists of astronauts Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, with Nie Haisheng as the commander.