The representative of neoclassicism

Question 1: The oath of David Horace, a representative figure of neoclassicism, the coronation of Napoleon and death of marat.

Angel fountain, maid-in-waiting, etc.

Question 2: Who is the contemporary representative of neoclassical design? Neoclassicism (English: neoclassicism * * *),/kloc-an art movement that rose in Rome in the 8th century and expanded rapidly in Europe and America. Neoclassicism, on the one hand, stems from the reaction to baroque and rococo art, on the other hand, it hopes to revive the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical artists deliberately imitate ancient art in style and theme, and know what they are imitating.

Neoclassicism is represented by bas-relief in sculpture art, so it is completely different from baroque deep carving. The representative artists of neoclassicism are Barry, Konova, Flaxman, Hamilton, Mons, piranesi, Thorvaldsen, Vien and West.

In architecture, the most famous is the University of Virginia campus designed by Jefferson. Besides the University of Virginia, Jefferson even designed his own home.

Classical art under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman art appeared in France as early as17th century. Before the French Revolution and its political and social reform, there was a pure artistic revolution, which was the neoclassical art movement. French art in this period is neither the reappearance of ancient Greek and Roman art nor the repetition of French classicism in17th century. Adapting to the needs of bourgeois revolution is a trend of art. The so-called neoclassicism is relative to the classicism of17th century. At the same time, because this neoclassical art movement is closely related to the French Revolution, some people call it revolutionary classicism.

The characteristics of neoclassical art are as follows: choosing severe major themes (major events in ancient history and reality) and emphasizing rational rather than perceptual expression in artistic form; Emphasize the integrity of composition; In modeling, attention is paid to sketch and outline, to sculpture figures, but not to color. French neoclassical art, from Vian, David to Angel, achieved the best and reached its peak.

Vian is the earliest neoclassical painter in France. He tried to oppose pornographic and excessively elegant art and restore the simplicity and solemnity of ancient Greek art. Due to the limitations of talent and personality, he failed to achieve fundamental changes in art. David, a student of Wei 'an, returned from studying in Rome on the eve of the Great Revolution. He successfully exhibited his painting "Beggar Beresesh". Later, his Oath of the Horace Brothers was exhibited in the salon of 1785. This painting clearly shows the solemn and majestic influence of Greek and Roman art, praises the civic morality, keeps pace with the French Revolution, and arouses the strong bourgeoisie. 1789, he founded Buzentis, apparently challenging the Louis XVI dynasty. It was these works that established his important position as an artist during the Great Revolution. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, under the unquestionable leadership of David, neoclassicism won in France. David has many followers around him, including more than 400 students. Most of them have become active figures in French painting, among which Gé rard, Giraud and Gro are the most famous, and they have gained a unique position to some extent.

The art of Prudden, who was contemporary with David, showed the other side of the artistic ideal in the revolutionary era. As an artist, some people think that he is not inferior to David, but he is still superior to David in some strict images and dynamic handling of his works.

David's student Angel soon became the most original artist at that time and was regarded as the leader of the classical painting school. Neoclassicism is a turning point, from David to angel, from depicting events related to the times to myth and pure art divorced from reality, from strict classical style to classicism with gorgeous oriental color in form. Angel's artistic activities were extremely active all his life, and his female body and portrait were the highest achievements.

French neoclassical painting has also had an impact on some European countries, the first of which is the British painting of the same period. At that time, a large number of outstanding painters were active in the painting world, including landscape painters Wilson, Sandeby and animal painter stubbs. Fuselli is an English Swiss painter with a unique style. Obviously influenced by neoclassicism ... >>

Question 3: Who is the representative of French neoclassicism? Descartes and beauregard.

Question 4:/kloc-who are the representatives of European neoclassicism in the mid-8th century? The background and representative of neoclassical art.

Jacques? Louis? David (Jacques-Louis David 65438+August 30th 0748-65438+February 9th 0825)

1, background of the times1From the 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century, French society was in violent turmoil. The bourgeoisie's pursuit of the heroic spirit of ancient Greece and Rome produced neoclassical art.

Classical art under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman art appeared in France as early as17th century. Before the French Revolution and its political and social reform, there was a pure artistic revolution, which was the neoclassical art movement. French art in this period is neither the reappearance of ancient Greek and Roman art nor the repetition of French classicism in17th century. Meeting the needs of bourgeois revolution is a trend of art. The so-called neoclassicism is relative to the classicism of17th century. At the same time, because this neoclassical art movement is closely related to the French Revolution, some people call it revolutionary classicism.

2. Features: (1) The painting chooses serious and important themes (major events in ancient history and reality), (2) In artistic form, it emphasizes rational rather than perceptual expression; (3) emphasizing the integrity of composition; (4) Pay attention to sketch and outline in modeling, and pay attention to sculptural figures, but not enough attention to color.

French neoclassical art, from Vian, David to Angel, achieved the best and reached its peak.

Masterpieces: death of marat by French David, Coronation by Napoleon, Four Seasons by proudhon and Fountain by Angel.

Vian is the earliest neoclassical painter in France. He tried to oppose pornographic and overly elegant art and restore the simplicity and solemnity of ancient Greek art. Due to the limitations of his talent and personality, he failed to achieve fundamental changes in art.

David's contemporary Prudden art shows the other side of the artistic ideal in the revolutionary era. As an artist, some people think that he is not inferior to David, but he is still superior to David in some strict images and dynamic handling of his works.

David, a student of Wei 'an, returned from studying in Rome on the eve of the Great Revolution. He successfully exhibited his painting "Beggar Beresesh". Later, his Oath of the Horace Brothers was exhibited in the salon of 1785. This painting clearly shows the solemn and majestic influence of Greek and Roman art, praises the civic morality, keeps pace with the French Revolution, and arouses the strong bourgeoisie. 1789, he founded Buzentis, apparently challenging the Louis XVI dynasty. It was these works that established his important position as an artist during the Great Revolution. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, under the unquestionable leadership of David, neoclassicism won in France. David has many followers around him, including more than 400 students. Most of them have become active figures in French painting, among which Gé rard, Giraud and Gro are the most famous, and they have gained a unique position to some extent.

David's works fully embody the aesthetic characteristics of neoclassicism, take nature as the prototype, reproduce nature according to pure rational beauty, make the object obey the existing elegant and classical aesthetic model, and idealize and perfect the object. David worships Pu Sang very much and is obviously influenced by Pu Sang in his artistic concept. He advocates using reason to guide art and bringing art into the norm and order. Many of David's works are based on the heroic deeds of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing strong structural relations and pursuing simplicity, simplicity and solemnity. David's neoclassicism is sometimes called eclecticism and eclecticism, because he exaggerates the role of reason and puts emotion and personality in a subordinate position, which continues the classicism since the Renaissance.

Among David's students, Angel made the most outstanding achievement and became the most important neoclassical painter after David. The development of neoclassicism here shows an obvious turning point: ignoring political and social functions and attaching importance to the purity and appreciation of art; Gorgeous and beautiful style with oriental color. Angel soon became the most original artist at that time and was respected as the leader of the classical painting school. Neoclassicism is a turning point, from David to angel, from depicting events related to the times to myth and pure art divorced from reality, from strict classical style to classicism with gorgeous oriental color in form. Angel >>

Question 5: The representative figure of neoclassical art: David [Jacques-Louis David, 1684 ~ 172 1] is a distant relative of Bu Xue. 1775 went to Rome to study painting, and didn't return to France until 178 1. In order to maintain neoclassicism, he resolutely abandoned Boucher's Rococo style and adopted Caravaggio's strong contrast between light and shade, so neoclassicism art represented by him rose. The Great Revolution took place in France from 65438 to 0789. On the eve of the revolution, David created Horatii's oath. Although the form is classical and the theme is historical, this painting has new significance of the times and inspires people to fight for freedom. In the revolutionary era, David was more energetic. He doesn't need to look for heroic images from history as a painting theme as before, because there are many living heroes in real life. Under such circumstances, he painted this painting "[death of marat]". David's art blends different styles. Color and light can be seen in his works, from the serious neoclassicism in his youth to the Venetian school adopted in Napoleon's time. However, from his classical works at that time and later, we can see that he attached importance to sketch and rigid antique research, which was completely different from the Venetian style he adopted. His portrait composition is not only rigorous, but also very realistic. Later, in his classical themes, he showed more and more sweet painting style. Canova [antonio Canova, 1757 ~ 1822],1in the late 8th century, rococo style was quite popular, but with the evolution of painting, neoclassical style quickly became the mainstream of sculpture, and Greek and Roman sculpture was the foundation of development, among which Canova was the most famous sculptor. Canova from Venice is the representative of the heyday of neoclassical sculpture. At that time, due to people's nostalgia for classical cultural relics and their special love for marble carving, he gave full play to his talents and carved many marble works. Poerxiusi with Medusa's head is one of Canova's representative works. In Greek mythology, anyone who sees Medusa, the gorgon, will turn to stone at a glance. However, Poerxiusi held Medusa's head high as a winner. Canova added a cloak to Poerxiusi, dragged him to the ground, and gave him brisk vitality. Because of its dignity and nobility, and the vigorous renewal of lyric poetry, this statue has undoubtedly become the benchmark of carving art in Canova era.

Question 6: Representative writers and their works of classical literature and neoclassical literature, (the difference between neoclassical literature and classical literature) Classical literature: classicism is the main literary trend of thought in Europe in the17th century. It formed and flourished in France, and then spread to other European countries. The trend of thought of classical literature is the product of political compromise between the emerging bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy, and it is also closely related to Louis XIV's hobbies and policies. Descartes rationalism is the philosophical basis of classicism. The ideological characteristics of classical literature are as follows: first, directly interfered by the royal power, politically and ideologically advocating national unity, opposing feudal separatism and praising wise kings, literature is closely combined with real politics. Second, it advocates rationality and demands restraint of personal lust. Thirdly, it sharply criticized the luxury, debauchery and depravity of the nobility, and at the same time criticized the stupidity, art and mentality of the bourgeoisie becoming an aristocrat. Fourthly, most of the classical tragedies are based on the secrets of emperors and generals, inheriting the tradition of ancient Greek tragedies and reflecting the life of the court and nobles. The artistic characteristics of classical literature: First, drawing artistic forms and themes from ancient Greek and Roman literature. Second, there is a set of strict artistic norms and standards. For example, drama creation should abide by the "three unifications", that is, the plot, time and place must be kept "one". Third, it advocates that the language is accurate, refined, gorgeous and elegant, showing more court interest. Fourthly, the typology of characterization. Classical literature achieved the greatest success in France, and its obvious limitations were exposed in its later period, which triggered a "dispute between ancient and modern" and challenged classicism.

Question 7: Classicism, the representative figure of classicism.

classic

/kloc-a literary trend of thought or school that was popular in Europe during the autocratic monarchy in the 0/7th century and the first half of the 0/8th century. Its representative figures regard the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome as a lofty model that must be imitated in creative practice and literary theory, draw lessons from the aspects of theme, plot, image and creative experience, and give it new historical content. The word classicism got its name from this.

France is the center of European classical literature and art. Since the17th century, French poet Mahleber and others have done a lot of work to oppose all dialects and slang and establish the norms of French classical literature language. In the tragedy "The Bay of Sophocles", the poet Mele realized for the first time the principle of three unifications put forward by Italian scholars, that is, a plot clue, a time of day and a place. This is the basic principle of classical playwrights' creation. The Art of Poetry written by boileau, a French literary theorist, is an important treatise with the nature of a declaration of classical literature. It summarizes the practice of French classical creation for decades, and requires literature and art to "imitate nature" (including the essence of human nature), "study palaces" and "know cities". Divide genres (epic, tragedy, comedy, etc.). ) divided into different levels with clear boundaries, and strictly regulated each genre; According to Descartes' rationalism, the aesthetic principle of rationality is put forward. The representatives of classicism in French literature are Gao Naiyi, Racine, boileau, Moliere and La Fontaine. Representative figures in painting include Pu Sang, LeBron and David. Representatives of architecture include Mansard and Lenotel. They supported the monarchy politically, and their works had a distinct political tendency. Advocating national unity and opposing national division; Advocating that individual interests are subordinate to the overall interests of the state; Shaped a typical figure who served the lofty social ideal; Their works basically serve the court and take a contemptuous attitude towards folk literature. Because classicism overemphasizes rationalism, universality and centralization, and the simplicity of plot, it often ignores individuality and highlights types, and many works tend to be formulaic and conceptual.

David's Oath of Horace Brothers is a masterpiece of classical painting.

Since the 181920s, classicism has spread almost all over Europe. The representative of Britain is John, a poet of the Restoration Dynasty. Dryden and Pope, a poet deeply influenced by boileau. The representative of Germany is John? According to Horace, boileau and others' viewpoints, Gottschede wrote a monograph "Poetics in Criticism" for Germans. Russian classicism occupies a special position, with prominent irony and weakening tendency. Its literary representatives are Su marov, lomonosov and Kandemir, and its architectural representatives are Kazakov and Voronisin.

Question 8: The representatives of neoclassical music, as a system, have an influence on later generations, such as Italian composer F busoni and Russian composer I F Stravinsky. Busoni believes that music should maintain a strict objective spirit and a neutral attitude, and classical counterpoint techniques and classical forms such as Partita, Concerto, Tokata, Sakarya and Ricerca are the best ways to practice this theory. After Stravinsky published the declaration of "Returning to Bach" in the British magazine on 1927, a neoclassical upsurge was set off.

Question 9: Briefly describe the background and representative figures of the rise of French neoclassicism in19th century. Neoclassicism flourished in the middle of18th century and reached its peak in the first half of19th century.

On the one hand, neoclassicism emphasizes the revival of ancient tastes, especially the solemn, solemn, beautiful and elegant art forms in ancient Greece and Rome; On the other hand, it strongly opposes the baroque and rococo artistic styles advocated by aristocratic society.

Neo-classicism is different from Shanghai classicism prevailing in17th century, which rejects the abstract concept of absolute beauty divorced from reality and the poor artistic image lacking flesh and blood. It takes ancient beauty as a model, absorbs nutrition from real life, respects nature, pursues truth, has a preference for ancient scenery, and shows yearning and nostalgia for ancient civilization.

Neoclassicism is not only manifested in art, but also in literature and music. Its rise in France has its special background. /kloc-The second half of the 0/8th century was a period when the French feudal monarchy became increasingly corrupt and the bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful, and it was a revolutionary era when the two classes faced a decisive battle. 1789 On the eve of the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie held high the banner of anti-feudalism and anti-religious theocracy in the ideological field, striving for the victory of human ideals and calling on and organizing the masses to devote themselves to the bourgeois revolution. In order to achieve complete victory in this revolutionary struggle, we must first inject into people's minds the virtue and courage of dying for the revolution, that is, the heroism of fighting for * * * and the country. Heroes of ancient Greece and Rome became idols worshipped by the bourgeoisie, and bourgeois revolutionaries used these ancient heroes to call on the people to sacrifice themselves for the truth. As Marx pointed out, they invited the dead to help them with trepidation, borrowed their names, battle slogans and clothes, so as to wear this long-respected costume and use this borrowed language to perform new scenes in world history. It is in this historical environment that neoclassicism, which borrowed ancient art forms and ancient heroic themes, created bourgeois revolutionary public opinion.

The so-called "neo-classicism" first follows the rationalist view, which holds that art must proceed from rationality and exclude the subjective thoughts and feelings of artists, especially when facing the conflicts of interests between society and individuals, individuals should restrain their feelings, obey reason and law, and advocate the perfect morality of citizens is to sacrifice themselves and do their duty for the motherland. The creation of artistic image advocates the ideal beauty of ancient Greece; Pay attention to the integrity and sculptural modeling of classical art forms, pursue elegance, solemnity and harmony, and at the same time insist on rigorous sketch and clear outline, and try to weaken the color elements of painting. The "newness" of "neoclassicism" lies in borrowing the themes and manifestations of ancient heroism, directly depicting major events and heroes in the real struggle, closely cooperating with the real struggle, and directly serving the bourgeoisie to seize and consolidate political power, which has a distinct realistic tendency. Therefore, neoclassicism is also called revolutionary classicism, and its outstanding representative is David.

Question 10: what is the neoclassical school of painting? What are the representative figures and works of neoclassical painting school? The representative figure is the French painter David, who is very famous.

His early works are based on historical heroes, such as the oath of the Horace brothers and the execution of his son brutus.

1793 completed his masterpiece death of marat.

1794, jacobin regime was overthrown by counter-revolution. After five years of chaos, after Napoleon came to power, David became a court painter of Napoleon I. During this period, he created works such as Coronation and Raising the Flag to praise Napoleon.