I want to know the history of world machinery development, and I want to know in detail the development process of materials, structures and machining, and how threads were invented.

In BC 1300, China began to use copper plows.

China used grinding method to process bronze mirrors.

In BC 1200, a hand mill for grinding millet appeared in Syria.

In the process of building and loading materials, the civilizations in the two river basins have used simple tools such as levers, rope rollers and horizontal grooves.

Pulley technology spread to Assyria, and Assyrians used it as the release mechanism of arrows in castles.

Winches appeared in Egypt and were originally used to extract ore from mines and water from wells.

Fluid machinery such as water bell, siphon, blower box and piston pump first appeared in Egypt.

In BC 1000, iron-making technology was introduced from India to ethnic minorities near the Central Plains, and plows with iron plows appeared in western countries of China (South Vietnam and Chu).

BC 1000, China invented the blower for smelting and casting bronze.

In 770 BC, China began casting bronzes by lost wax method.

Malleable cast iron and cast steel appeared in central China.

The clepsydra is widely used in China.

The Gregorian calendar was born (Caesar in 48 BC, which was revised by Caesar and called Caesar calendar), and Roman civilization determined the solar calendar and the twenty-four solar terms.

In 770 BC, the ancient copper mine site in Tonglushan, Hubei Province, China kept the wooden pulley shaft.

China has workshops for manufacturing warships.

In 700 BC, pulleys appeared in China.

In 600 BC, ancient Greece and Rome entered the period of classical culture. During this period, some famous philosophers and scientists were born in ancient Greece, who made outstanding contributions to the development of ancient machinery. For example, scholar Hiro wrote a book explaining the theory that five simple machines (lever, wedge, pulley, axle and thread) push heavy objects, which is the earliest known mechanical theory book.

In 5 13 BC, China's Zuo Zhuan recorded the earliest cast iron in China-the Ding of the State of Jin.

Woodworking tools in Greece and Rome have been greatly improved. In addition to the commonly used complete sets of woodworking tools such as axe, bow saw, bow drill, shovel and chisel, spherical drill, claw hammer capable of pulling nails and double saw for logging have also been developed. At this time, long-axis lathes and bicycle beds have been widely used to make furniture and wheel spokes. Bicycle beds were used until the Middle Ages, which laid the foundation for the development of modern lathes.

In 500 BC, the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province, China preserved the most complicated and exquisite bronzes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period-Ceng Houyi Zunpan and Zeng Houyi chimed bells, totaling 65 pieces in 8 groups, which were cast by clay casting.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi compiled a handicraft monograph "Kao".

The world's first coin made by stamping method was born in Rome, which is a great achievement of metal processing and the bud of modern mass production technology.

In 476 BC, a compass made of natural magnets appeared in China-Sina.

China began to cast bronze knife coins by stacking casting.

The steel sword preserved in Yanxiadu Site in Yixian County, Hebei Province, China has quenching texture, and the spear collar has normalizing texture.

The decarburized and annealed white casting pin was retained in Luoyang, Henan, China, and its surface was decarburized into steel.

Gold-plated amalgam objects are preserved in Xinyang, Henan, China.

In 476 BC, a bronze ratchet (25 mm in diameter and 40 teeth) was preserved in Berry Cliff, Yongji County, Shanxi Province, China.

China, the ruins of Wuji Ancient City in Wu 'an, Hebei Province retain iron ratchet wheels.

In 400 BC, the bus company in China invented the stone mill.

In 220 BC, Archimedes of Greece invented the spiral water lifting tool.

Archimedes of Greece put forward the theory of floating objects-Archimedes principle.

The ancient Greeks made wheel mills on the basis of hand mills.

The bronze Jian Qin unearthed from the Xi Terracotta Warriors and Horses in China was born around this period.

In 206 BC, a transparent mirror made of bronze appeared in the Western Han Dynasty in China.

In 206 BC, gears appeared in Europe, and the earliest application was to install them on the odometer used by chariots to record mileage.

China, Sichuan, chengdu railway station and Dongxiang keep pulleys.

Rome invented compound pulley on the basis of single roller skating. Its earliest application was to lift heavy objects on buildings.

In 65438 BC+065438 BC+03 BC, a carburized sword was preserved in the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing in Mancheng, Hebei, China.

Around 65438 BC+065438 BC+00 BC, the use range of Roman orange peel water lifting tools and bucket waterwheels was expanded, and new fluid machinery such as rollers and Northwater Mill appeared. The former is mainly used for water supply in Roman cities by rotating screws to lift water from low places to high places. The latter is used to grind grain, and the square impeller is driven by water flow, and the power is less than half horsepower.

In BC 100, a powerful Vite Lu Biya water mill appeared in Rome. The water wheel is driven by downward water flow. By properly selecting the number of teeth of large and small gears, the speed of water mill can be adjusted. Its power was about three horsepower, and later it was increased to fifty horsepower, becoming the most powerful prime Mover at that time.

From the first year of AD to 1700.

In A.D. 1 century, Ciro of Alexandria wrote Aerodynamics, in which the gas rotating ball (the prototype of reactive steam turbine) was recorded. At the same time, the steam spinning ball (also called Fengshen wheel) invented by Ciro appeared. As the first device to convert steam pressure into mechanical power, steam spinning ball is also the first device to apply the principle of jet reaction.

In 9 AD, China made a new kind of calipers.

From 25 to 22 1 year, Bilan of China invented the dumper (keel waterwheel).

China Dushifaming Smelting and Casting Blasting Drainage.

Hydraulic turbines (the embryonic form of hydraulic turbines) appeared in China.

In 78- 139 AD, Zhang Heng of China invented the armillary sphere (water elephant), which was driven by water leakage and could indicate the time when the stars appeared.

In the 2nd century, China made treasure knives and swords out of patterned steel-similar to the Damascus Gang.

105 China Cai tuo supervised the production of good paper.

From 220 to 230, drum cars appeared in China.

In 235, China's Ma Jun invented the gear-driven south guide car.

In 265-420, Du Yu of China invented the continuous mill driven by water wheel and the continuous mill for water.

In the 4th century, Mediterranean countries used bolts and nuts on wine presses.

Due to the repression of classical culture in ancient Greece and Rome, the development of western mechanical technology has been stagnant for a long time. The spread of plagues such as the Black Death plunged the western world into darkness for 400 years.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, China invented the mill.

From 420 to 589, vehicles and ships appeared in China.

In 550-580, China's mother Huai Wen invented steel pouring technology.

From 6 18 to 907, the silver was preserved in Anshapo Village, Xi 'an, China with a peculiar structure.

In 700, Persia began to use windmills.

In 953, China cast a large iron casting-Cangzhou Iron Lion (weighing more than 5,000 kilograms).

104 1 ~ 1048, China Bi Sheng invented movable type printing.

1088, Su Song and Han Gonglian of China made water vehicles with escapers.

1097, China cast four iron men in Jinci, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province-the iron man of the Song Dynasty.

1 127 ~ 1279, China invented the spinning wheel.

1131~1162, China recorded lanterns (gas turbine prototype).

1263, China Xue completed the monograph "The Legacy of Zi Ren" about wood-working machines and tools.

1330, China Chen Chun recorded the cupola (mixer) in Oberto.

1332, China made a cannon out of copper.

Since the Renaissance, Italy, France, Britain and other countries have successively established universities, developed natural sciences and humanities, trained talents, and western mechanical technology began to recover and develop.

/kloc-in 0/350, Italian Danti made a mechanical clock, which was driven by a gear by the fall of a heavy hammer.

1395, a bar lathe appeared in Germany.

1439, Johannes Gutenberg invented the metal letterpress.

1608, Lipski of the Netherlands invented the telescope.

1629, Blanca, Italy, designed a runner (prototype of impulse steam turbine) that rotates by steam impact.

1637, China published Song's scientific and technological work "Tiangong Wu Kai", which recorded in detail the production instruments and technologies in ancient China.

1643, the Italian Torricelli measured the standard atmospheric pressure as 760 mm Hg, which laid the foundation for hydrostatics and liquid column pressure measuring instruments.

1660, Pascal of France put forward the basic law of pressure transmission in still liquid, which laid the foundation of hydrostatics and hydraulic transmission.

From 1650 to 1654, gleeck invented the vacuum pump. 1664, he demonstrated the famous hemispheric experiment in Fort Madre, which showed the power of atmospheric pressure for the first time.

From 1656 to 1657, huygens of the Netherlands invented the simple pendulum mechanical clock.

1665, Levin Hooke of the Netherlands and Hooke of Britain invented the microscope.

1698, savery, England made the first practical mine pumping steam engine-"Friends of Miners". It was the first to use steam to do work.

A.D. 1700 ~ 1800

170 1 year, Newton of England put forward Newton's cooling law of convective heat transfer.

1705, newcomen of England invented the atmospheric piston steam engine, which replaced the steam engine of savery. The power can reach six horsepower.

From 1709 to 17 14, Huatuo Heite of Germany successively invented the alcohol thermometer and the mercury thermometer, and established the Fahrenheit temperature scale with the freezing point of water of 32 degrees, the boiling point of 2 12 degrees and the middle part of 180 degrees.

From 17 13 to 1735, Darby in Britain invented the method of making iron with coke. 1735 Darby's son applied coke ironmaking technology to production.

1733, Camille of France put forward the basic law of gear meshing.

1738, Daniel I Bernoulli of Switzerland established the energy equation of inviscid fluid-Bernoulli equation.

From 1742 to 1745 degrees Celsius, Sweden has established a temperature scale with the freezing point of 100 degrees and the boiling point of 0 degrees. 1745, Linnaeus, Sweden reversed two fixed points and became a centigrade scale.

/kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, Frenchman lavoisier and Russian lomonosov put forward the theory that combustion is the oxidation of matter.

1755, Euler of Switzerland established the motion equation of viscous fluid-Euler equation.

1764, Hargreaves of Britain invented the vertical, multi-axis and manual Jenny spinning machine.

1769, Watt of England obtained the patent of independent practical condenser, thus completing the invention of steam engine. This steam engine was put into operation in 1776, and the thermal efficiency reached 2 ~ 4%.

Cournot in France made a three-wheeled steam car, which was the first car that could really run.

1772 ~ 1794, the ball bearing was invented by Wallow and Vaughan in England.

1774, Wilkinson of England invented a more precise cylindrical boring machine, which was the first real machine tool-processing machine. It was successfully used to process cylinder block and Watt steam engine was put into operation.

1785, Coulomb of France explained dry friction with the concept of mechanical engagement, and put forward the friction theory for the first time.

Cartwright in Britain invented the power loom, which completed the transition from handicraft industry to machine industry.

1786, Britain invented the ear cutter.

1787, the first iron ship was built in Wilkinson, England.

1789, France first put forward the concept of metric system. 1799 made a kind of imitation rice (file rice)

1790, St. Thomas of England invented the chain single needle hand sewing machine for sewing boots and shoes, which is the first sewing machine in the world.

From 65438 to 1990s, Bentham invented planer, single-axis woodworking milling machine, planing machine and woodworking drilling machine.

1792, Maudslay of Britain invented the tap and die for processing threads.

1794, a cupola was built in Wilkinson, England.

1795, Brammer of England invented the hydraulic press.

1797, Maudslay of Britain invented a lathe with lead screw, polished rod, feed tool holder and guide rail, which can turn threads with different pitches.

1799, the book Descriptive Geometry was published in gaspard monge, France, which made Descriptive Geometry the projection theoretical basis of mechanical drawing.

A.D. 1800 ~ 1900

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Young of Britain put forward the concept of elastic modulus, revealing the relationship between strain and stress.

1803, Jintang, England made a fourdrinier paper machine.

Trevisi of England restrained the construction of the first steam locomotive using railway tracks.

1804, Biot of France put forward the law of heat conduction, which was first applied by Fourier of France, so it was called Fourier law.

1807, brunell of England invented the woodworking circular saw.

1807, Fulton, England built the first steam engine ship "clermont".

1809, Dickinson, England made the rotary screen paper machine.

18 12, Koenig of Germany invented the circular embossing printing machine.

18 14 years, Stephenson of Britain made the "boots" for railway steam locomotives. 1829, Stephenson's "rocket" steam locomotive won the prize in the locomotive competition, with a speed of 58km/h, a load of 3 137 tons and safe operation112.6km. ..

18 16 years, Stirling of Scotland invented the heat engine.

18 17 years, Roberts of Britain invented the planer.

18 18, Whitney of America created the horizontal milling machine.

German Driss invented a wooden two-wheeled bicycle with handlebars and riding on two pedals.

/kloc-around 0/820, White of England made the first machine tool that can process both cylindrical gears and bevel gears.

1822, Nipps made a photographic plate-making experiment and made the world's first photo. 1826, he took another photo with a black box.

From 1827 to 1845, the Navier-Stokes equation of motion of viscous incompressible fluid was established by Navier-Stokes of France.

1830, the fire tube boiler appeared in France.

From 1833 to 1836, Otis Company of America designed and manufactured single bucket excavators.

1834, the tenon and mortise machine was invented by Page and Fay in the United States respectively.

From 1834 to 1844, Perkins and Gori in the United States made refrigerators with ether and air respectively.

1835, whitworth of England invented the gear hobbing machine.

1836, McCormick of America invented the Cumbain.

1837, Russian Jacobi invented electroforming.

1838, jacoby of Russia used batteries to power DC motors to drive speedboats, which was the first time that electric power was used to drive speedboats.

Bruce in America first made movable type by pressure casting.

1839, Daguerre made the first practical silver camera, which can take clear photos.

Pandon, a Scotsman, expounded the modern photographic plate-making method in his report.

Smith of England built the propeller-propelled steam engine ship Archimedes.

Babbitt of America invented the tin-based bearing alloy (Babbitt).

From 1840 to 1850, Joule in Britain discovered the electrothermal equivalent, and measured the mechanical equivalent of heat by various methods. His experimental results made the scientific community give up the "heat theory" and accept the first law of thermodynamics.

184 1 year, whitworth, England designed the British standard thread system.

France Timoni-e designed and manufactured practical double-thread chain stitch sewing machine.

1842, Nasmi of England invented the steam hammer.

1848, Ding wrote "Illustration of Gun Performance", among which "Illustration of Western Steamboat and Steamboat" was the first exposition on steam engines, trains and ships in China.

1845, Fitch of the United States invented the turret lathe (hexagonal lathe).

Thomson of Britain obtained a patent for pneumatic tires. 1888 was used in bicycle and automobile tires by Deng Lupu, England and Missilan, France respectively.

Cobb, the earliest foreign machinery factory in China, founded Cobb Shipyard in Huangpu, Guangzhou.

1846 ~ 185 1 year, American Howe obtained the patent of curve sewing machine; This kind of sewing machine is designed and manufactured by American Shengjia Company. Since then, sewing machines have been mass produced.

1847, the earliest academic group of mechanical engineering in the world-the British Institution of Engineers was founded.

Borden in France made a Bourdon tube pressure gauge.

Hoyfarming Rotary Printing Machine in America.

1848, Kelvin (that is, Thomson) in England founded the thermodynamic temperature scale.

Palmer of France invented the outside micrometer.

Germany invented universal rolling mill.

Francis of America invented Francis turbine in 1849.

1850 ~ 185 1 year, clausius of germany and kelvin of england put forward the second law of thermodynamics respectively.

From 1850 to 1880, Britain invented various gas-shielded non-oxidation heating methods.

1856, the german engineers association was established.

British Bessemer invented converter steelmaking.

1856 to 1864, Siemens in Britain and Martin in France invented open hearth steelmaking.

1857, British Bessemer invented the continuous casting method.

1858, Blake of America invented the jaw crusher.

1860, lenoir made the first practical gas engine (also the first internal combustion engine).

Kirchhoff of Germany established Kirchhoff's law by simulating absolute blackbody in artificial space.

186 1 year, China Zeng Guofan founded Anqing ordnance institute, which was the first machinery factory run by China people.

1862 and 1865, the first steam engine and the first wooden steam engine ship "yellowbird" in China were built.

1862, Girard of Germany invented the hydrostatic bearing.

In 1863, Soapy of Britain observed the metallographic structure of steel with a microscope, and exhibited the metallographic micrograph of steel in 1864.

1864, Jossel of France first studied the influence of tool geometric parameters on cutting force.

1865, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang of China founded Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, which was the beginning of modern machinery industry in China (1953 was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard).

1867, Waller, Germany exhibited the results of axle fatigue test at Paris Expo, and put forward the concept of fatigue limit, which laid the foundation for fatigue strength design.

1868, Gilles invented the typewriter.

Muscher in Britain is specially made of alloy tool steel containing tungsten.

From 1868 to 1887, belt conveyors and screw conveyors appeared in Britain and America.

1870, Ji Mei of Russia first explained the formation process of the chip.

From 1872 to 1874, Bell and Linde in Germany made ammonia vapor compression refrigerators respectively.

1873, Spencer of the United States made a single-axis automatic lathe, and soon made a multi-axis automatic lathe.

1874, moire fringe phenomenon was discovered in Rayleigh, England.

British Lawson is a modern bicycle with chain drive and rear wheel drive.

1875, Leroy of Germany established the concepts of mechanism components, kinematic pairs, kinematic chains and kinematic diagrams, which laid the foundation of mechanism science.

1876, Otto of Germany invented the reciprocating piston, single cylinder and four-stroke internal combustion engine.

The universal cylindrical grinder made in America has the basic characteristics of modern grinder for the first time.

1877, French Kaitai and Swiss pickett took the lead in obtaining atomized liquid oxygen. 1892, Dewar bottles in Britain were made into liquefied gas containers.

From 1878 to 1884, Steffen and Boltzmann of Austria established Steffen-Boltzmann radiation heat transfer law.

1879, the electric locomotive made by Siemens in Germany was successfully tested.

The world's first steel ship came out.

Laval of Sweden invented the centrifugal separator.

1880, American Institute of Engineers was founded.

188 1 year, battery electric vehicles appeared in France.

China Xugezhuang Garage produced the first steam locomotive "China Rocket" in China.

1882, the first single-stage impulse steam turbine was manufactured in Laval, Sweden.

1883, Daimler company of Germany manufactured the first vertical gasoline engine, and 1885 was patented.

Reynolds, an Englishman, discovered two flow states of fluid-laminar flow and turbulent flow, and established the basic equation of turbulent flow-Reynolds equation.

1884, Parsons, England manufactured a multi-stage reactive steam turbine.

1885, German Ben Ci invented a three-wheeled gasoline engine car, 1886, and he obtained the world's first automobile patent.

Daimler in Germany invented the motorcycle with gasoline engine.

From 1885 to 1887, Bernardo of Russia and Thompson of the United States invented arc welding and resistance welding respectively.

1886, Daimler of Germany invented a four-wheel gasoline engine car.

Herschel of the United States made a device for measuring water flow with venturi tube, which was the earliest flow measuring instrument.

Reno in England established the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication.

1888, Osmond put forward the metallographic transformation theory of steel, iron and pig iron, and then Austin, England made the iron-carbon phase diagram.

1889, the first international metrology conference officially defined "meter" as "the distance between the two middle scribes of the platinum-iridium meter scale preserved by the International Bureau of Metrology at zero degree" for the first time.

Pelton of the United States invented the bucket wheel machine.

1890 Ames of America made a dial indicator and a dial indicator.

189 1 year, Acheson of the United States made the earliest artificial abrasive-silicon carbide.

1892, American Frosch Ritchie invented the agricultural tractor.

1895, roentgen in Germany discovered X-rays.

1896, Johansen of Sweden invented a whole set, and the number was very fast.

1897, Germany invented the diesel engine.

Feros of the United States invented the gear shaper.

Parsons, England built the first steam turbine ship "Turbo Nia".

Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers was founded.

1898, Lapointe of America created the horizontal internal broaching machine.

Taylor and White of America invented high-speed steel.

1899, Elou of France invented the electric arc furnace steelmaking method.

A.D. 1900 to present

At the beginning of the 20th century, Curtis of America invented the speed class steam turbine.

Experimental stress analysis of wheels, gears and bearings. It was first completed by Cork in England and Mesner in France.

190 1 year, France invented gas welding.

1903, American Wright brothers built the world's first real plane and successfully tested it.

Ford of the United States established Ford Motor Company and began mass production of automobiles. 1908, Model T developed by Ford was put into the market.

The first diesel ship "Vandal" was launched.

1904, Planter of Germany established the boundary layer theory.

Leibel of America invented the offset press.

1906, lemerre and arman Gao manufactured the first gas turbine capable of outputting power (but the efficiency is only 3-4%, which is not practical).

1906 ~ 19 14 years, Bisch, Switzerland trial-produced the compound engine.

1906, Nernst in Germany discovered the "thermal theorem", and Planck and Simon in Germany revised it into the third law of thermodynamics in 19 12.

1907, Taylor of America studied the influence of cutting speed on tool life and put forward the famous Taylor formula.

1908, China Guangzhou Junhean Machinery Factory manufactured the first domestic internal combustion engine (single cylinder horizontal 8 horsepower diesel engine).

19 1 1 year, Taylor of the United States published the book Principles of Scientific Management, and put forward the concept of "scientific management" for the first time.

Carmen, an American Hungarian, explained Carmen Vortex Street from an aerodynamic point of view.

Green companies in America have created modular machine tools.

Synthetic rubber in Duisburg, Germany.

19 12 years, Brearley of Britain and Strauss of Germany made chrome stainless steel and chrome nickel stainless steel respectively.

Zhan Tianyou of China initiated the establishment of the China Engineering Society and later became the China Institution of Engineers.

19 13, Sweden manufactured the first electric diesel locomotive.

Ford Motor Company of the United States built the earliest automobile assembly line.

19 15, Bao Zhong watch factory, the first watch factory in China, was established in Yantai.

The first machine tool (4-foot bicycle bed) in China was made by Shanghai Rongchangtai Machine Factory.

19 19, Xiechang and Runchang sewing machines, the earliest sewing machine factories in China, were established in Shanghai.

1920, the first practical gas turbine (working according to constant volume heating cycle) was specially developed in Holzwart.

Kaplan of Austria invented the axial flow turbine.

Capec of Czechoslovakia first used the word "robot" in his sci-fi drama Russell Universal Robot.

Griffith of the United Kingdom made a fracture mechanics analysis.

1923, Germany Schroeder invented cemented carbide.

From 1923 to 1927, the bias interferometer was designed and manufactured by Koster in Germany.

1926, the first automatic production line (processing automobile chassis) was built in the United States.

1927, Wood and loomis of the United States conducted ultrasonic machining experiments. 195 1 year, Cohen in America made the first ultrasonic processing machine.

1934, Knohl and ruska in Germany made a transmission electron microscope.

1934, Hangzhou Central Aircraft Factory, a Sino-US joint venture, was established. Made an all-metal bomber.

From 1935 to 1936, Liu Xianzhou, China initiated the establishment of China Mechanical Engineering Society.

1938, the electrostatic copying technology pioneered by Carlson, USA.

German company Degussa invented ceramic tools.

From 1938 to 1940, ernst and Merchant in the United States photographed the chip formation process with high-speed cameras and explained the chip formation mechanism.

1939, Switzerland manufactured a gas turbine for power generation (working according to a constant pressure heating cycle).

194 1 year, Switzerland made the first gas turbine locomotive.

1942, Fermi and others in the United States built the first controllable chain nuclear fission atomic reactor.

1943, the Lazarenko couple in the Soviet Union invented the electric spark.

In the 1940s, the Soviet Union invented anode mechanical cutting.

1947, the first gas turbine ship "Gatelick" came out.

Morrow and Williams in England made ductile iron.

In the 1940s, Taylor-Sen of Britain designed a polyhedron.

1950, Steigerwaldt of the Federal Republic of Germany invented electron beam processing.

1952, Parsons made the first CNC machine tool.

Electronic watch produced by Lip company in the United States.

1954, the United States built the first nuclear-powered ship, the nuclear submarine nautilus.

1955, the United States successfully studied the plasma arc machining (cutting) method.

1956, China No.1 Automobile Factory (Changchun) was completed and put into operation.

China established Machine Tool Research Institute.

China established the Institute of Tool Science, and 1957 was reorganized into the Institute of Tool Science.

1957, Wankel of the Federal Republic of Germany developed a rotary piston engine.

1958, Carney-Tektronix developed the first machining center.

America has developed into an industrial robot.

Shuloye of America invented full mold casting.

World Federation of Engineering Organizations was founded.

Thomas and Sholow in the United States published papers on laser formation. 1960, Mayman in the United States developed a ruby laser.

Luoyang Bearing Factory, the largest bearing factory in China, was completed and put into operation.

Shanghai Watch Factory, the largest watch factory in China, was completed and put into operation.

1959, China No.1 tractor factory (Luoyang) was completed and put into operation.

Mather Company of the United States obtained the patent of harmonic drive.

In 1950s, the United States invented electrolytic grinding.

The Soviet Union and the United States applied electrochemical machining methods in production.

Liquid jet processing method began to be applied to production.

The United States uses finite element method for stress analysis.

1960, the 1 1 International Metrology Conference defined "meter" for the second time: when Kr atom transits between 2P 10 and 5d5 energy levels, the wavelength of its radiation light in vacuum is 1650763.73 times ".

The first heavy machinery factory (Qiqihar), the largest heavy machinery factory in China, was completed and put into operation.

1962, Bendiks company of America first realized the optimal adaptive control (ACO) on the CNC milling machine.

1964, Grover of America invented the heat pipe.

1967, Fox of the United States first put forward the concept of system optimization.

British Moleyns Company developed "System 24" according to the basic concept of flexible manufacturing system proposed by Williamson.

1969, China No.2 Automobile Factory (Hubei) started large-scale construction. 1975 to build a production base of 2.5 tons off-road vehicles.

1972, American general electric company produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic nitride Peng blades.

1976, Fanuc, Japan exhibited a flexible manufacturing unit consisting of four machining centers and 1 industrial robots for the first time.

Xu Nanpu of the United States pointed out in 1979 that the friction coefficient is equal to the sum of mechanical meshing friction coefficient, adhesive friction coefficient and ploughing friction coefficient.

1983, 17 The International Metrology Conference defined "meter" as "the length of the distance that light travels in a vacuum within a time interval of 1/299792458 seconds" for the third time. (End)