What dynasty was China a thousand years ago? What is its achievement at this time?

A thousand years ago, China was in the period of 960- 1 127, when China was in the Northern Song Dynasty.

1, handicrafts

During the Northern Song Dynasty, handicraft production developed greatly, especially embroidery and Song embroidery. At that time, the scale of various handicraft workshops and the fine degree of internal division of labor exceeded the previous generation. Production technology has made remarkable progress, and the variety, quantity and quality of products have been greatly increased and improved. The most prominent is all kinds of porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty, both in output and production technology, has been greatly improved compared with the previous generation. At that time, the kilns burned porcelain all over the country (19), and the porcelain made had their own characteristics.

Official kilns, Jun kilns, Ru kilns, Ding kilns and Ge kilns are the five famous kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty. The products of the official kiln are fine, thin and green, with fine powder and different shades; Jun kiln has fine soil grain, five colors of glaze and rabbit silk grain; Ru kiln has both rouge and cinnabar, and the glaze is bright; Ding kiln is famous for white porcelain, which can make red porcelain, and the products are very beautiful; Ge kiln is rich in celadon, and its products are known as "thousands of peaks and cuicai". During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Jingdezhen, an official kiln was set up in Xinping, Jiangxi Province, and the words "Jingdezhen Year System" were written on the bottom of the tribute porcelain, which later became famous at home and abroad. Carving and painting patterns on porcelain is a new creation in the Northern Song Dynasty. The pattern is carved with a knife, embroidered with needles, printed on the board, the tapered flowers are chiseled into patterns with the tips of cones, piled into convex shapes with pens dipped in powder, and then white glaze is applied. Song porcelain is not only a commodity, but also a fine handicraft. A large number of porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty were sold abroad, and in recent years, a large number of porcelain were unearthed in various parts of Asia and Africa, which proved that porcelain was an important export at that time.

Today, Song porcelain has become a famous work of art in ancient China, enjoying a high reputation at home and abroad.

2. Shipbuilding industry

Government-run workshops mainly build oil tankers, as well as ships, warships and troop carriers, while private workshops build boats and cruise ships. Take an oil tanker as an example. During the Zhenzong period, the annual output reached more than 2,900. Ships in the Northern Song Dynasty were quite large in size and load. The ship built by Hui Zong to go to North Korea is called "Shenzhou". It is estimated that it can carry more than 20,000 stones with a carrying capacity of about 1 100 tons. Seagoing ships are all sharp-bottomed ships with a flat top and a blade bottom, which have the advantages of deep water and strong wind and wave resistance. The main mast on the seagoing ship is ten feet high, the headmast is eight feet high, and the sail 1 10. The whole ship is divided into three cabins, and the middle cabin is divided into four halls. This bulkhead waterproof equipment is the first of its kind in China Shipyard.

What's more, the compass was used for navigation at that time, which was a great contribution of ancient China to world civilization. In the Northern Song Dynasty, during navigation, sailors watched the stars at night, the sun during the day and the compass on cloudy days.

3. banknotes

The Northern Song Dynasty also produced the earliest paper money in China and even the world-"Jiaozi". After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Sichuan used iron money for a long time. At the end of A.D. 10, the so-called "Jiaozi Shop" appeared in Chengdu market, issuing paper money "Jiaozi" instead of iron money. In the winter of the first year of Renzong Tiansheng (1023), the government saw that it was profitable to issue Jiaozi, that is, under the pretext of constant disputes among businessmen, it officially set up Jiaozi service office, changed Jiaozi into an official office, and issued it regularly, with a reserve of 360,000 iron coins, and the circulation area was still limited to Sichuan. During the reign of Hui Zong, it was changed to "Yin Qian" to expand its circulation area. However, money is not prepared for capital, and printing in large quantities has become a great scourge to the people.

4. Literature and art

There were many famous writers and artists in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty allowed the literati to develop freely. Among them, Wang Anshi, Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang, Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu and others are well-known literati. The Ci poems of the Song Dynasty have also reached a high level, and together with the Tang poems, they have become the treasures of China's classical literature and art. In the art of calligraphy and painting, Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is the first one. By depicting the scenery of Kaifeng, Tokyo, this long scroll made nearly 600 people jump to the page and became an immortal masterpiece in the history of China painting. Ouyang Xiu wrote a historical masterpiece "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty" in Luoyang, Xijing. Sima Guang lived in Luoyang, Xijing for fifteen years and wrote the first chronological history book Zi Tongzhi Jian. The Cheng brothers also founded Luo Xue and later Neo-Confucianism in Luoyang, Xijing. The Northern Song Dynasty can be said to be one of the strongest and largest feudal dynasties in the history of China.

5, gunpowder technology

During the Northern Song Dynasty, because most parts of the country were unified and some areas were relatively peaceful, productivity and scientific and technological progress were obvious. Among the four great inventions in China, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder were all produced and developed during this period. Due to the need of war, gunpowder was first used in the military in the Song Dynasty. Modern weapons of war in western countries were developed on the basis of gunpowder manufacturing technology spread through western Asian countries in the Northern Song Dynasty.

6. Printing and papermaking

Engraving printing developed rapidly in the Northern Song Dynasty and was widely used to engrave books.

Imperial academy carved a book, which was later called Jian Ben. Books printed by private bookstores are called imitations. Kaifeng, the capital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Jianyang, Fujian and Meishan, Sichuan are all printing centers.

There are many kinds of paper in the Northern Song Dynasty. Bamboo, rattan, bamboo and hemp are all raw materials for papermaking. Sichuan's cloth stationery, Zhangzhou's cold gold stationery, Ningshuangzhenxin, Xuanzhou's chestnut paper, Zhejiang's rattan paper and Wenzhou's paper are all famous varieties. There is a kind of long paper made in Zhangzhou, which is very delicate. One piece is 50 feet long, but it can be turned to the bottom, flat and thin.