How to distinguish traces of ancient jade?

Even fewer people are destined to be national treasures (all have fixed and rich friends), which means that it is not easy for ordinary people to see them. But opportunities are always reserved for people with vision. This kind of story will happen before, now and in the future. However, in the face of the market full of imitations of ancient jade, our ordinary ancient jade lovers are often fooled by the lack of common sense of identification. Some high-quality imitations of ancient jade will also be mistakenly collected by experienced ancient jade collectors. Because they are cheap, the goods and prices are quite suitable. The reason for accusing the seller of cheating is not very sufficient, and it can only be to pay "tuition fees". So how to distinguish the authenticity of ancient jade? Some experts say that "bronzes play with rust". Today, I said that "the ancient jade played with the skin (shell)", which is the trace left by the years of playing. There are traces left by years on the leather shell. I think it is the leather shell of ancient jade (utensils) and ancient jade for thousands of years. After 1500 ~ 5000 years of soil erosion, tempering by geothermal quenching, and oxidation of wet air, the skin is no longer flat, but what traces of time will it show? The author thinks it is goose bumps, shape deformation, glass luster, Qin color and so on. And these are all waiting for us to sum up and tell the next generation after reconnaissance and exploration. Then this paper starts with shell shape, secondary crystallization and Qin color species. (See Qin species in the continuation): First, the shell shape: 1, goose bumps also mean orange peel, just like being bitten by mosquitoes, ancient jade (before summer) and high ancient jade (Shang, Zhou, Han and Jin). The ancient jade before Wei and Jin Dynasties is obvious, and the jade after Song and Yuan Dynasties can be seen clearly with a magnifying glass (the sand pit in the north is not obvious). The imitation leather shell is often cut out with sparse pits or smooth skin without pimples, which is easy to distinguish. If you want to imitate goose bumps, the labor cost far exceeds the selling price, and the imitation is almost unsuccessful (other imitation processes must be successful, otherwise all previous efforts will be in vain). So imitators usually give up this extremely difficult imitation process. (See Figure 1 ~ 2) Figure 1 Note: After the antique jade in the big picture on the right was downloaded from the Internet, the author zoomed in and saw that the ground with grain patterns was mechanical and very smooth. The second picture on the left shows the original goose bumps under the corrosion and weathering of nature. Note: The ancient jade with inscriptions is Song and Yuan Dynasties, the loess shell is Warring States and Han Dynasties, and the jade is Qijia culture. They all have the normal skin shell of ancient jade, which is the corrosion and weathering goose bumps. At present, goose bumps can't be imitated, and even the success rate of imitation is almost zero. (Ancient jade also has the normal phenomenon of local oval and rectangular hills. 2, glass luster Glass luster is the luster of most ancient jade. The jades of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties all have exquisite glazed lights. Generally speaking, glass light is easy to form in a humid environment, and glass patina (oxide layer) is formed from the inside out and is blue. The formation time is about 1000 year. (Of course, this is not absolute. Some ancient jade have no obvious luster because of air isolation. Glass patina is also difficult to imitate. (See Figure 3) Note: The unique light of ancient jade glass luster is different from the reflection and polishing feeling of glass. See the three reflections in Figure 3. The upper left picture shows the glass luster of Manas Jasper in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the lower picture shows the glass luster of Hetian jade in Shang Dynasty, and the upper right picture shows the glass luster of Hetian jade in Wei and Jin Dynasties. These lights cannot be expressed in words. Experienced people call it "thief light" when they see the light of fake ancient jade. This kind of thief light can't be expressed in words. 3. After the ancient jade in the deformed tomb collapses, the flat space will be squeezed by bricks, mud and stones. After thousands of years of geothermal quenching, jade will crack or deform, which will seriously affect the appearance of ancient jade. But from another perspective, the existence of this situation proves the authenticity of ancient jade. Antique makers can only use the principle of cold and heat to make some cracks and make some dark colors, but natural deformation imitation is impossible because of the cost. (See Figure 4) Note: These three pictures are the same ancient jade, and the patina at the defect of ichthyosaur fin on the right side of the above picture is consistent with the whole instrument. The jade in the picture below has shrunk seriously due to its heavy weight, and it is 8 mm uneven in the big picture, which shows that it suffered in extremely unfavorable environment. Almost no one will buy disabled ancient jade, so copying disabled ancient jade will be a loss, and antique shop owners will not accept this imitation, so this imitation project is not worth doing. 4. Ancient jade (before the summer) and high ancient jade (Shang, Zhou, Han, Jin) unearthed in the collapsed tombs contain a variety of acidic substances, which will cause different degrees of damage to jade articles. What's more, some jade has been corroded (it is reported that a large number of jade has been washed away by water at the archaeological site. I've washed my new collection, and I've encountered this situation, which makes people feel that a few more seconds of sticky feeling will leave you with some jade and never get it back. Makes you feel lost and depressed, and you will feel pain. (See Figure 5 and Figure 6) Figure 5 Note: In the process of mixing jade with substances with various characteristics in the soil, the upper left picture shows the situation that jade was bitten by the soil, and the right picture shows the serious situation that the dancer was bitten (eroded) by the soil. Its qualitative change has made it assimilated with soil, and the surface layer has no hardness. Getting out of this environment in time is conducive to maintaining the original appearance of ancient jade. Fig. 6 Note: If the harsh environment remains unchanged, erosion will cause local rot, which will affect the texture and appearance. When the antique shop owner bought it, this commodity was not carried by money, and it was extremely low when it was sold. As a research, it is best to sell these broken goods and conduct sample research. Second, secondary crystallization: secondary crystallization is the most important qualitative change in secondary changes, which occurs in the body surface and meat of jade. It should belong to the category of shell morphology, but the author lists it separately because it has special importance in identification. Relatively speaking, it is the only natural phenomenon that human beings can't intervene, and this evolution process can't be imitated by the equipment in the current antique jade base camp. Jade will produce new substances in the process of blending with earth and stone. Different jades and minerals have different proportions, so the secondary crystals produced are inevitably different. The secondary crystals of Hetian jade, sapphire and jasper are also different, and Manas jasper and Hetian jade are also very different. Serpentine and local jade have great differences in crystallinity due to their different mineral structures (which will be discussed later). In the process of processing tremolite, we occasionally find wings like flies, only as big as sesame seeds. However, flying wings are generally not allowed after finished products. Although this is a traditional habit for thousands of years, it will still be missed. Therefore, a small number of scattered small fly wings were found on the surface of the jade body, which could not be used as evidence of ancient jade. Only when there is a constantly changing crystal evolution form can it be recognized as an ironclad proof of the identity of ancient jade. The success rate of the author is very low because of reflecting the factors such as the dead body and photography technology. This article can only introduce the Hetian jade crystal at hand. (The author has a cylindrical crystal more than ten centimeters long on the jade wall, but unfortunately it has never been imaged. The following are the different crystallization states of Hetian jade (sometimes there are various crystallization phenomena on an ancient jade), which can be basically summarized as: cylindrical, fan-shaped, chaotic firewood-shaped, snowflake-shaped, raindrop-shaped and so on. 1, columnar crystallization (see Figure 7) Note: columnar crystallization is often formed under the surface of a jade body, and the formation mechanism should be similar to that of crystals. The author observed it for countless times, and it showed a broken shape, which was similar to other * * * crystals we have seen, and the formation mechanism should be the same. The generation time should be more than 2500 years. (excluding the ancient jade unearthed in the sandy dry pit in the north) 2. Fan-shaped crystallization (see Figure 8) Note: Fan-shaped crystallization is also a secondary phenomenon under the surface of jade, and they are also broken. Produced more than 2000 years ago, it certainly refers to the law of acid-wet pits, excluding dry pits in the north. 3. Miscellaneous firewood crystallization (see Figure 9) Note: Miscellaneous firewood crystallization occurs between jade surface and jade surface. The upper and lower pictures on the left can clearly see that there is crystallization between the jade surface and the jade surface, while the upper and lower pictures on the right can see that the surface is covered with dust and frost, but they can be vaguely seen. Their generation time should be about the same as that of fan-shaped crystals, and it will take 2000 years. 4, snowflake crystallization (see figure 10) Figure 10 Note: Snowflake crystallization is what people call fly wings. Snow crystals are attached to the surface of the jade body and can be seen with the help of a magnifying glass. The jade under them often has many changes. This internal and external qualitative change takes about 1500 years, excluding the dry pits in the north. 5. Raindrop crystallization (see figure 1 1) Figure 1 1 Note: Raindrop crystallization is a common burial feature of Gaogu Hetian jade. The upper left picture shows the raindrop crystallization of the face of the Tang Dynasty, which should be more than 800 years ago. The quality of jade under the surface has changed, but it is not obvious. At the bottom left, the crystal of raindrops in sapphire honing is obvious, and you can see that the uniform crystals under the jade surface with raindrops have changed. The picture on the right clearly shows the crystal changes on the jade surface and the jade under the jade surface. It takes more than 800 years for raindrop crystals to form on the jade surface. For example, jadeite also needs the crystallization change of 1200 ~ 1500 years or more. Examples of dating based on factors such as secondary crystallization: (see Figure 12) Figure 12 Note: In 20 12, this set of six-carriage horse figurines was owned by a collector surnamed Wang in Shanghai. The author identified it as Hetian Mountain material (or mountain water) according to jade quality and pressing touch, and dated it according to its decorative features such as gluttonous patterns. Therefore, it was finally judged to be a burial object unearthed from a sandy dry pit in northern China, about 1800 years ago. 1945 was born in Shanghai, 1965 graduated from Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts, and 1983 began to collect China ancient jade. He has studied and explored ancient jade culture for more than 20 years and is currently the vice president of Shanghai Ancient Jade Association. Mainly collecting high-end ancient jade, a senior connoisseur of ancient jade in Shanghai. Now he is employed by Shanghai Yachang Antique Art Center as an appraiser of ancient jade. Shanghai Yachang International Art Investment Management Co., Ltd. is a comprehensive company with a registered capital of100000, which is jointly funded by top domestic financial enterprises and major art collection institutions, and its business scope is appraisal, publicity, trading, auction and exhibition planning. Yachang auction is mainly based on high-end art auctions in ancient and modern China. 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