2018 Senior High School Biology Summer Assignments and Answers

一

I. Multiple choice questions

1. Among the two most abundant compounds in cell components, all the elements are ()

A.C, H, OB.C, HC.H, OD.C, H, O, N

2. Among the following elements that make up corn, all are trace elements One group is ()

A.C, H, N, P, MnB.Cl, Fe, S, N, Mg

C.B, Cu, Zn, Mn, MoD.N, P, K, Cu, Fe, I

3. Which of the following processes must be heated ()

A. When Fehling’s reagent is used to identify reducing sugars

B . When identifying proteins with biuret reagent

C. When using Sudan III stain to identify fat in peanut cotyledons

4. Among the following descriptions of experimental procedures, the correct one is ( )

A. Fehling’s reagent solution A and solution B used to identify reducing sugars should be mixed and used sparingly for reuse next time

B. Needed for identification of fats Only a microscope can be used to see the stained fat droplets

C. The concentrations of biuret reagent A and B used to identify proteins and Fehling's reagent A and B can be the same

D. In the experiment of identifying fat, Sudan IV dyes fat orange*, and Sudan III dyes fat red

5. The R group of glutamic acid is -C3H5O2, in a glutamic acid In the molecule, the number of atoms containing carbon and oxygen are ()

A.4, 4B.5, 4C.4, 5D.5, 5

6. Composed of proteins The structural formula of the peptide bond between amino acids is ()

A.NH—COB.—NH—CO—

C.—NH2—COOH—D.NH2—COOH

7. A peptide chain of human hemoglobin has 145 peptide bonds. The number of amino acid molecules in this peptide chain and the number of water molecules generated during their condensation are ()

A. 145 and 144B.145 and 145C.145 and 146D.146 and 145

8. The group that can correctly represent the structural hierarchy of protein molecules from simple to complex is ()

① Amino acids ②C, H, O, N and other chemical elements ③Amino acid molecules combine with each other

　④Polypeptides ⑤peptide chains ⑥form protein molecules with a certain spatial structure

　A.①②③④⑤⑥B.②①④③⑥⑤C .②①④③⑤⑥D.②①③④⑤⑥

9. The molecular formula of substance A is C12H22O11, and the molecular formula of substance B is C57H110O6; if these two substances are energy substances for organisms, under the same conditions, the same mass of A and B When two substances are completely oxidized and decomposed, substance A consumes more oxygen and produces more energy than substance B ()

A. consumes less oxygen and produces less energy

C. Consume more oxygen and produce less energy D. Consume less oxygen and produce more energy

10. Germinated seeds have strong intracellular metabolic activities; dry seeds have slow intracellular metabolic activities. This shows that ()

A. Water is a product of cell metabolic activity B. Free water is a necessary condition for cell metabolic activity

C. Water is the main component of cells D. The above All three items are correct

2. Short answer questions

11. Answer the questions based on the chemical structural formula below.

(1) In this formula, A represents ________, B represents ________, and C represents ________.

(2) This formula represents a ________ compound containing ________ peptide bonds.

(3) This compound is formed by losing ________ molecules of water from ________ amino acid molecules. This reaction is called ________.

(4) The different types of amino acids in this formula are determined by ________.

(5) If the average relative molecular weight of amino acids is 90, then the relative molecular mass of the compound is approximately ________.

12. The following figure is a schematic diagram of the eukaryotic cell structure and intracellular material transport. Please answer the following questions:

(1) There are double-layered membrane-coated organelles in the picture (fill in the serial number).

(2) If the cell is a human plasma cell, the intracellular antibody protein is synthesized in (fill in the serial number). After synthesis, it is transported to (fill in the serial number) for further processing.

(3)) The mRNA produced by transcription undergoes a series of processing and is transported to the cytoplasm through the nucleus. This structure has properties for the transported substances.

(4) If the synthesized protein is propionic acid dehydrogenase, it is speculated that the enzyme will be transported to (fill in the serial number) to play its role.

13. In experiments to identify reducing sugars, fats and proteins in biological tissues:

(1) The materials suitable for protein identification experiments are ()

< p>　A. Apple B. Soybean milk C. Egg protein D. Peanut seeds

(2) The experiment of ________ does not require preparation of tissue sample fluid, but it is necessary to soak ________ for a period of time and then use _ Temporary mounts are made by _______ slicing method.

(3) The reagent used for the identification of sugars is ________, in which sugar mainly refers to glucose with ________ properties, etc., and the reagent forms a ________-colored precipitate under ________ conditions.

Answer

1-5CCABB6-10BDDBB

11. (1) Amino peptide bond carboxyl group (2) Tripeptide 2 (3) 32 dehydration condensation (4 )R group (5)234

12. (1)④⑤(2)①②vesicle③(3) Nuclear pore selection (4)④

13. (1) BC (2) Identification of fat in peanut seeds with bare hands (3) Fehling's reagent reduction and heating of brick red

　II

I. Multiple choice questions

1. The following about starch Regarding the description of the four biomolecules, fat, protein and nucleic acid, the correct statement is ()

A. They can all be hydrolyzed by the corresponding enzymes B. They are all water-soluble substances

C. They all contain the four elements C, H, O, and N. They are all energy substances in human cells

2. Compared with Spirogyra, cyanobacterial cells ()

A .Contains only one kind of nucleic acid, namely DNA or RNA

B.mRNA can be combined with ribosomes before completion of synthesis

C.Photosynthetic pigments are distributed on the chloroplast thylakoid membrane

p>

D. It has no cell wall and is a single-cell organism

3. Lactic acid bacteria can decompose lactose and other sugars in milk into lactic acid and turn milk into yogurt. When making yogurt, it must not be T4 Bacteriophage contamination, otherwise it will greatly affect the quality and taste of yogurt. The following statement is correct ()

A. T4 phage can multiply in yogurt fermentation broth because the fermentation broth is rich in sugar

B. Cows, lactic acid bacteria and T4 phage The genetic material contains 8 kinds of nucleotides

C. Cow muscle cells are rich in monosaccharide glucose, disaccharide lactose and polysaccharide glycogen

D.T4 bacteriophage does not The chemical composition of the cell structure is basically the same as that of chromosomes

4. Regarding the description of elements in plant cells, the wrong statement is ()

A. The amount of Si element absorbed by the roots of tomatoes and rice Equal

B. The four most abundant elements in cells are C, O, H and N

C. Plant roots require ATP to absorb inorganic ions through active transport

< p> D. Rhizobium bacteria that grow with leguminous plants can provide N elements for the growth of leguminous plants

5. The figure shows the relative content of seed quality and organic matter in rapeseed seeds during the maturation process< /p>

Change trend, the following relevant statements are incorrect ()

A. A large amount of sugar is input and involved in metabolism, resulting in a continuous increase in seed quality

B. Cells Metabolism utilizes a large amount of sugars, resulting in a decrease in starch content

C. Sugars are continuously converted into lipids, resulting in a continuous increase in lipid content

D. Sugars are not converted into proteins, resulting in The content of nitrogen-containing substances remains unchanged

6. The molecular formula of a certain polypeptide is C42H65N11O9. After complete hydrolysis, only the following three amino acids are obtained. Then the number of lysines contained in this polypeptide is ()

A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 8

7. In living organisms, the elemental composition and functional relationship of some important compounds are as shown in the figure. Among them, X and Y represent elements, and A, B, and C represent biological macromolecules. According to the diagram analysis, the correct answer is ()

①In the human body, there are 4 types of monomer a②The elements represented by X are N and P, and the elements represented by Y must be N③A and C in the picture are The main component of the chromosome ④ If C is formed by the dehydration and condensation of n monomers c, then there are at least 6n base pairs in the corresponding * segment ⑤ The fundamental reason for the stability difference in the cells that make up a certain biological individual is due to Selective expression of genes in the A molecule in its nucleus

A.①②③B.①②③⑤C.②④⑤D.①③④

8. A classmate used the inner epidermis of fresh onion scale leaves as material. Stained with different treatments and stains, observed with a high-power microscope. The following description is correct ()

A. After pyrrol red*green staining, red cell nuclei can be observed

B. After pyrrol red*green staining, it can be observed Green cytoplasm

C. After Jianner green staining, blue-green granular mitochondria can be observed

D. After Sudan III staining, orange * granular proteins can be observed

9. The A and B peptide chains of insulin are encoded by one gene.

Which of the following statements about insulin is correct ()

A. The two DNA single strands of the insulin gene encode two peptide chains, A and B respectively.

B. After heating in a boiling water bath , the peptide chain constituting insulin is fully stretched and broken

C. The function of insulin depends on the sequence of amino acids and has nothing to do with the spatial structure

D. The polypeptide chain synthesized by ribosomes needs to be processed by protease The function of forming insulin

10. The picture below shows four types of cells from the same human body. The following statement is correct ()

A. Because they come from the same human body, each cell The DNA content in each cell is the same

B. Because each cell carries different genes, its shape and function are different

C. Although each cell has a different size, the compound that is most abundant in the cell Same

D. Although the physiological functions of each cell are different, the way of absorbing glucose is the same

2. Short answer questions

11. Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis , the "culprit" of diseases such as gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. The picture shows the structural model of Helicobacter pylori. Please answer:

(1) Comparing Helicobacter pylori with yeast, the most common structure of the two is ________ (fill in the serial number); the main difference between the two is that Helicobacter pylori ________. The virus is distinguished from Helicobacter pylori by ________. Viruses ______ (fill in "belongs to" or "does not belong to") living things, ________ (fill in "yes" or "no") life phenomena.

(2) When Warren and Marshall used high-power microscopes to observe living specimens of chronic gastritis, they accidentally discovered a certain kind of bacteria, and this bacteria always appeared in chronic gastritis specimens, but in normal gastric This bacterium is absent from the sinus mucosa. Based on this phenomenon, they put forward a hypothesis about the cause of chronic gastritis. The hypothesis is most likely ____________________________________________.

(3) In order to further explore the factors that drive the growth and reproduction of Helicobacter pylori, a research study group discovered that around a certain type of bacteria (referred to as W bacteria), Helicobacter pylori The growth and reproduction are inhibited. They inoculated W bacteria on a special medium and cultured them. After a period of time, the W bacteria were removed and Helicobacter pylori was cultured on this medium. The result was that Helicobacter pylori still could not grow and reproduce normally. ①According to material analysis, the most likely hypothesis of the students in the research team as to the reason why Helicobacter pylori cannot grow and reproduce around W bacteria is ____________________________.

② Try to verify the hypothesis in ① by referring to the above material design experiment.

A. Method steps:

a. Prepare culture medium: Take two petri dishes and prepare two culture media, A and B, with the same nutritional components.

b. Set up the control: ____________________________________________.

c. Inoculation with Helicobacter pylori: _______________________________________________.

d. Cultivate observation: __________________________________________________.

B. Experimental results: _______________________________________________________.

12. In June 2009, the State Food and Drug Administration announced that the "Dongfang Brand" series of milk powder was unqualified. After investigation, it was found that this series of milk powder was made of 80% maltodextrin and 20% It is simply blended with milk powder. Because it contains a lot of sugar and low protein content, babies like to eat it but don't get enough protein nutrition.

Please answer the following questions based on the above information.

(1) Inferior milk powder contains a large amount of reducing sugar. If Fehling's reagent is used for identification, the reagent and the sample liquid to be tested must be mixed evenly in the test tube and must be processed by ________. It is expected that the test tube The color change of the mixture is ____________________.

(2) If you want to identify whether inferior milk powder contains protein, the reagent you should use is ________.

(3) The main criterion for evaluating the nutritional value of milk powder is the type and content of essential amino acids. Lysine is an essential amino acid for the human body. Its deficiency will affect protein synthesis in the body and lead to malnutrition. Is lysine also an essential amino acid for rats? A biological interest group used the following materials and equipment to explore this issue. Please supplement and improve their experimental principles and experimental plans.

Materials and utensils: 20 normal young rats with the same growth and development status, 20 kinds of amino acids packed in different reagent bottles, food without protein and amino acids, scales, balances, etc.

Experimental principle:.

Experimental plan:

① Food preparation: ____________________________________________________________,

Prepare food A (control group); , prepare food B.

②Group: Divide 20 rats equally into two groups, A and B, and weigh their weights respectively.

③Feeding: Group A was fed an appropriate amount of food A; every day.

④Observation:.

Experimental results prediction and conclusion:

Experimental results (nutritional status and weight) Experimental conclusion

13. All life activities are inseparable from protein, graphic illustration Some cell structures and various proteins, please answer the following related questions.

(1) Protein A is involved in the mutual adhesion between cells, so ________ is commonly used in animal cell engineering to process tissue fragments to disperse the cells.

(2) B protein is related to the transport of substances across membranes. If the transport process requires ATP for energy, the transport method is called ________. If the transport process does not consume ATP, the transport method is called ________.

(3) Protein C can only bind to specific molecules. After binding, the _________ of the protein changes. Like a "molecular switch", it causes a series of changes in the cell, which completes the _________ of the cell membrane. Molecular basis of function.

(4) E protein has a catalytic function. Because it can only bind to ________, the function of E protein is specific.

(5) The function of F protein is to bind to a certain part of the DNA molecule and use one strand of the DNA molecule as a template to synthesize RNA molecules. The name of the F protein is ________.

Answers

1. Multiple-choice questions

1-5ABDAD6-10BBCDC

2. Non-choice questions

11. (1) 1, 2, 3, and 5 are cell-free structures with nuclei that are not bounded by the nuclear membrane. (2) Chronic gastritis may be related to this bacterium. (3) ① W bacteria produce bacteria that are not conducive to the survival of Helicobacter pylori. Substance ②A.b. Inoculate W bacteria on medium A, and do not inoculate W bacteria on medium B. After culturing for a period of time under the same conditions, remove the W bacteria on medium A. c. Inoculate bacteria A and B respectively. Inoculate the same Helicobacter pylori d. Cultivate Helicobacter pylori on two media A and B under the same suitable conditions. B. The growth and reproduction of Helicobacter pylori on culture medium A are restricted and cannot reproduce normally, while culture culture B The growth and reproduction of Helicobacter pylori on the substrate are not restricted and can reproduce normally

12. (1) The water bath is heated from blue to brick red (2) Biuret reagent (3) Experimental principle: required Amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the animal body and can only be obtained from food. When animals lack essential amino acids, protein synthesis in the body will be affected, resulting in malnutrition and slow weight gain

Experimental plan:

①Take a certain amount of protein- and amino-acid-free food Food, add 20 kinds of amino acids with appropriate content and proportion. Take another equal amount of food without protein and amino acids, add 19 kinds of amino acids except lysine, the content and proportion are the same as in food A. ③ Group B is fed every day The same amount of food B as food A.

The other feeding conditions of the two groups of rats were the same. ④ The weights of rats in groups A and B were measured respectively, and the weight gain was calculated.

The prediction and conclusion of the experimental results are shown in the table.

Experimental results ( Nutritional status and weight) Experimental conclusion

The nutritional status and weight of the two groups of rats are basically the same. Lysine is not an essential amino acid in rats

Rats in group B showed malnutrition and weight gain. Symptoms such as slowness, normal lysine in group A rats is an essential amino acid for rats

13. (1) Trypsin (2) Active transport to assist diffusion

(3) Space Structural information exchange (cell communication, cell recognition)

(4) One or a type of substrate (5) RNA polymerase

Three

1. Multiple choice questions

1. Which of the following statements about the molecular composition of cells is correct ()

A. There are 8 basic units of genetic material in pea cells

< p> B. The product of complete hydrolysis of biological macromolecules is its basic unit

C. A protein molecule has only one amino group and one carboxyl group

D. Phospholipids are the components of all cells Essential lipids

2. The organic compounds that make up cells and their constituent elements are as shown in the table:

The constituent elements of organic compounds

A C, H, O

B C, H, O, N, P

C C, H, O, N, many types also contain S

D C, H , O, many types also contain N and P

Please judge based on the table, which of the following statements is correct ()

A. The cell nucleus contains Class A compounds B. The cell wall contains C-type compounds

C. There are no B-type compounds in the cytoplasm D. There are no D-type compounds in the cell membrane

3. On February 12, 2014, an earthquake occurred in Yutian County, Xinjiang. In order to prevent and treat diarrhea and other diseases, all parties urgently allocated large quantities of disinfectants, diarrhea medicines and other items to the disaster areas. The main pathogenic microorganism causing diarrhea is Shigella dysenteriae. Which of the following statements about Shigella dysenteriae is correct ()

A .There are no complex organelles such as ribosomes in the cell

B. There is a nucleoid in the cell, and there is chromatin in the nucleus

C. The materials that make up the cell wall are different from the components of the plant cell wall. Does not contain cellulose

D. The DNA of Shigella dysenteriae is linear

4. The figure shows compounds composed of different chemical elements. Which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A. If ① in the picture is a monomer of a certain polymer, then ① is most likely an amino acid

B. If ② exists under the skin and around internal organs, then ② It may be fat

C. If ③ is a polymer and can store genetic information of organisms, then ③ is a chromosome

D. If ④ is mainly synthesized in the human liver and muscles , then ④ is most likely to be glycogen

5. The experimental materials, reagents and reaction phenomena selected when detecting the following substances are all correct ()

Option testing material experimental materials Reagent reaction phenomenon

A Reducing sugar carrot Fehling reagent brick red precipitation

B Protein soy milk biuret reagent blue

C Fat peanut cotyledon Sudan III staining Liquid Orange*

DDNA Human Oral Epithelial Cells Pyro Red Red

6. The figure shows a protein molecule composed of 153 amino acids in an organism. Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. The molecule contains 152 peptide bonds

B. During the formation of the molecule, 153 water molecules were produced

< p> C. One amino acid side chain group in this molecule contains sulfur

D. Complete hydrolysis of this molecule will produce 153 amino acids

7. The following compounds that make up cells The correct description is ()

A. Carbon is the basic element that constitutes living organisms and can form a chain or ring structure. In a 23-peptide compound, it contains up to 22 peptide bonds.

B. In tobacco cells, there are 6 types of nucleotides composed of the four bases A, G, T, and U

C. Glycogen, Fat, protein and ribose are all high molecular compounds in living organisms

D. A large number of elements such as Fe, Na and K play important roles in cells, such as forming complex compounds

8. The following Among the four groups of organisms, the group that all belongs to prokaryotes is ()

A. HIV SARS virus B. Mucor nitrifying bacteria

C. Yeast acetic acid bacteria D. Escherichia coli cyanobacteria

9. Diabetic patients can use urine glucose test strips to test their urine glucose. Urine glucose test paper contains glucose oxidase, which can catalyze glucose to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can oxidize a colorless compound in the test paper into a colored compound. The change in the color of the test paper can show the level of glucose in the urine. The following is the expression of the above mechanism of action: glucose b+cc+de.

The following statements are incorrect ()

A. In the expression, the basic unit of a is amino acid

B. In the expression, b is gluconic acid

< p>　C. In the expression, c is the colorless compound described in the question

D. In the expression, e is the colored compound

10. In a certain hexapeptide There are 2 alanine (R group is -CH3). Now remove the alanine (the corresponding position is as shown in the figure) to obtain several different organic substances, in which the removed amino acids exist normally in the free state. Which of the following statements about the number of atoms, groups or peptide bonds in all organic matter produced by this process is incorrect ()

A. The number of peptide bonds is reduced by 4 B. The amino and carboxyl groups are increased by 4 respectively

p>

C. The number of hydrogen atoms increases by 8 D. The number of oxygen atoms increases by 2

2. Short answer questions

11. The figures below show the biological macromolecules in living organisms. Partial structural model diagram of a molecule. Please answer the questions based on the diagram.

(1) The three substances in Figure A are all connected by many monosaccharides, among which the energy storage substances in plant cells are. Of these three substances, it is functionally distinct from the other two.

(2) The basic unit of the compound shown in Figure B is the structure shown by the letters in the figure. The basic units are connected through (①, ② or ③).

(3) The polypeptide shown in Figure C is composed of three amino acids, and there is a carboxyl group in this compound. Polypeptides are formed from multiple amino acids through a process, and the chemical bonds formed during this process are (fill in the simplified chemical bond structure formula).

12. The composition of certain organic matter and elements in living organisms is as shown in the figure. It is known that A, B, and C are composed of a, b, and c. Please answer the following questions:

(1) What are x and y respectively.

(2)A is diverse, and the reason is analyzed from a.

(3) If B is the main energy substance of human and animal cells, then the name of b is.

(4) A molecule c is composed of one molecule, one molecule, and one molecule. Its structural diagram is.

(5)E is different from D in chemical composition.

13. Students in a school’s biology interest group want to conduct the following two experiments.

Experiment 1: Explore whether there is glucose in urine.

Experiment 2: Prove the presence of glucose in the blood.

We now provide: fresh urine samples, chicken blood with sodium citrate, water, test tubes, centrifuges, tripods, large beakers, matches, alcohol lamps, asbestos nets, etc.

Answer the following questions:

(1) During the experimental process, a reagent needs to be added in both experiments. The experimental principle is

.

(2)Write the experimental steps of Experiment 2.

①Put a certain amount into a test tube;

②Centrifuge with a centrifuge to obtain the supernatant;

③.

(3) The process of Experiment 2 is more complicated than Experiment 1. The reason is that

Answer

1—5DACCC6—10BBDCD

11 , (1) Starch cellulose (2) Nucleotide b② (3) 432 dehydration condensation—CO—NH—

12. (1) N, P (2) Different types of a constituting A , different numbers, different arrangements

(3) Glucose (4) Five-carbon sugar phosphate nitrogenous bases

(5) E contains ribose and uracil, but does not contain deoxyribose , thymine

13 (1) Fehling’s reagent Glucose is a soluble reducing sugar, which can form a brick-red precipitate when reacting with Fehling’s reagent under heating conditions

(2) ① Added ③ Take the supernatant of chicken blood with sodium citrate, add Fehling's reagent and heat it in a water bath to observe the experimental phenomenon

(3) The blood is red. If you directly use Fehling's reagent to detect glucose, the resulting The phenomenon is consistent with the color of blood and is difficult to observe. It must go through a centrifugal separation process.

The color of urine will not interfere with the color reaction