What is the theoretical basis of tourism planning?

Tourism landscape planning and design is a comprehensive applied discipline, and it is also a bridge connecting tourism, landscape, ecology, geology, geography, society, economy and management. Tourism landscape planning and design is not only an effective way to bring "overall planning of tourism area" and "detailed planning of tourism area" into the overall planning and control of tourism system, but also an inevitable choice to realize the perfection and maturity of tourism planning system. Tourism landscape planning and design has become an important branch of modern tourism planning research. However, at present, facing the application of "Tourism Landscape Planning and Design Company" or "Tourism Landscape Planning and Design Center" in China, the theoretical research of tourism landscape planning and design lags far behind the practice, and even the phenomenon of disjointed tourism planning at all levels has become one of the main obstacles affecting the efficient utilization and sustainable development of tourism landscape, which restricts the sustainable development of tourist areas. Therefore, the study of tourism landscape planning and design is of great practical value for solving various problems and challenges in the process of tourism area planning and development in China and promoting the further development of tourism area planning. I. Connotation of Tourism Landscape Planning and Design Tourism landscape design, in short, refers to a comprehensive planning method that uses the principle of tourism landscape to plan and design all kinds of landscape elements in the tourist area as a whole, so that the spatial distribution pattern and form of tourism landscape elements are coordinated and harmonious with various ecological processes and human landscapes in the natural environment. Tourism landscape planning and design emphasizes the control and influence of landscape spatial pattern on the process, trying to maintain the health and safety of landscape functional flow through the change of pattern. Tourism landscape planning and design is an important practical field of tourism landscape science and an important means of tourism landscape management, which embodies the application value of tourism landscape science. Based on the overall coordination and optimal utilization, the planning and design of tourism landscape can better achieve the dual purposes of tourism development and environmental protection by determining the landscape units and their combination methods, highlighting the macro overall pattern, meso-functional zoning and micro-unit design. Tourism landscape planning and design revolves around the development principle of human and landscape, and tourism landscape development activities cannot violate the ecological characteristics of landscape. Mutual benefit, harmony and unity are the ultimate goals of tourism landscape planning and design. Therefore, it is the basic goal of tourism landscape planning and design to optimize and integrate the three systems of natural ecological environment, tourism landscape design and tourism landscape management activities and coordinate their relationships. Through the planning and design of tourism landscape, landscape structure, landscape pattern, various ecological processes and tourism activities benefit from each other and coordinate with each other. Tourism landscape planning and design always considers some landscapes as a whole, coordinating the relationship between people and environment, social and economic development and resources and environment, living and non-living, living and living, ecosystem and ecosystem. Tourism landscape planning and design has a strong comprehensiveness. Take all the elements that make up the landscape as the goals and variables of tourism landscape planning and design, and keep the stability and sustainable development of tourism landscape under the interference of changes and uncertain factors. The consideration of spatial scale is an important issue in the concept and planning and design of tourism landscape. As far as tourism landscape planning and design is concerned, it is a production activity based on local scale and taking tourism landscape as the object, and its core content is the planning of spatial allocation of tourism landscape units within tourism landscape. However, a complete tourism landscape planning and design should not only study the entity units on a small scale, but also study and plan the rational allocation between different types of tourism landscape units based on regional scale. Second, the characteristics of tourism landscape planning and design. Tourism landscape planning and design are closely related to tourism planning and landscape planning. There are differences and similarities, but the emphasis is different. (1) Tourism Planning Tourism planning refers to the overall layout, project technical scheme implementation design and specific implementation of tourism resources based on the investigation and evaluation of tourism resources, the attributes and characteristics of tourism resources and the development law of tourism destinations, and the development trend of society, economy and culture. Among them, economy and technology are the premise of planning, and correctly handling the relationship between tourism development and environment and protecting tourism resources are the premise. From the planning of Hawaii in 1959, modern tourism planning has a history of nearly 50 years, and tourism planning theory has formed a relatively complete system. However, due to different analysis angles, different experts and scholars have different understandings of the theoretical system of tourism planning. For example, Mr. Wu, a famous expert in scenic tourism planning in China, believes that the theoretical system of tourism planning can be divided into three parts: economy, environment and humanities, and can also be considered from three levels: philosophy, science and technology. Another scholar pointed out that the theoretical basis guiding China's tourism planning mainly comes from four schools, namely, landscape architecture school, ecology school, geography school and historical economics school. The most influential school is the School of Landscape Architecture, which is good at physical planning, followed by the School of Geography, which is good at comprehensive planning, spanning natural science and social science. In a sense, these viewpoints well summarize the theoretical system of tourism planning, but at the same time there are some limitations. (2) Landscape planning Landscape planning refers to the process of coordinating the relationship between man and nature on a large scale based on the understanding of natural and human processes. Specifically, it is to arrange the most suitable places for certain use purposes and arrange the most suitable land use in specific places. Third, the principles of tourism landscape planning and design

(1) The principle of nature comes first in the planning and design of tourism landscape. After billions of years of evolution, the natural ecosystem is the most stable and has stronger anti-risk ability and superiority than the artificial ecosystem. Tourism landscape planning and design should put nature first, which contains three meanings:

The first is to show nature. In order to give full play to the aesthetic value of landscape ecosystem, tourism landscape planning and design should be based on natural landscape, reproduce complex and diverse natural ecological processes, make hidden ecological systems and processes appear and be understood by people, and also make people fully understand the relationship between man and nature and pay attention to the traces left by human beings on the landscape. This strengthening of natural consciousness will undoubtedly sublimate human understanding. Water and fire in natural landscape are no longer regarded as disasters, but as ecological processes necessary to maintain landscape and biodiversity.

The second is to conform to nature. Tourism landscape planning and design should be aimed at specific areas and specific objects. The landscape structure, pattern and ecological process in different regions are different, and the goals and requirements of tourism landscape planning and design should be adapted to them. In other words, the planning and design of tourism landscape must be based on the local natural ecological process. In addition, tourism landscape planning and design should respect local cultural traditions and learn local knowledge, because for most places, local people's long-term life practice shows that some aspects of the landscape that raised them always conform to ecological laws.

The third is to simulate nature. The construction of artificial tourism landscape should rely on the management mode of pure natural landscape, and protect, maintain and restore natural landscape resources (forests, lakes, grasslands, swamps, etc.). ) Keeping the process and function of natural landscape as much as possible is the premise of protecting biodiversity and rationally developing landscape resources. Simulating the natural state and constructing an artificial ecosystem similar to the natural ecosystem are most suitable for human survival and meet the requirements of species adapting to the surrounding environment to the greatest extent. At the same time, the planning and design of tourism landscape based on natural ecosystem and ecological process can reduce investment, form an optimized tourism landscape, and realize the harmony and unity of biology and environment. (B) the overall optimization principle of tourism landscape planning and design

Tourism landscape is a whole composed of interacting ecosystems. The focus of tourism landscape planning and design should be the overall landscape, that is, planning the combination, balance and coordination of all ecosystems, improving the landscape structure and function, optimizing the layout and configuration of various elements, realizing the coordination between man and environment, biology and environment, biology and biology, ecosystem and ecosystem, socio-economic development and resource environment, landscape utilization and landscape development, ensuring the maintenance and development of the overall ecological function, and achieving the purposes of reducing disasters, enhancing viability and improving productivity. Then, a functional and stable ecological environment is constructed to realize the overall optimization of landscape ecosystem and ensure the sustainable development of local economy and society. (C) the principle of diversity of tourism landscape planning and design

The diversity principle of tourism landscape planning and design requires tourism landscape planning and design to create diversified tourism space, which includes three meanings: first, the diversity of landscape elements, that is, the diversity of corridors and patches, the combination of large and small patches, and the combination of wide and narrow corridors; Second, the diversity of biological species, the habitat, shape, size, edge conditions and many other factors of patches are the basic conditions to protect the diversity of biological species. Therefore, the planning and design of tourism landscape must keep the natural patch shape as much as possible, such as wetlands, oxbow lakes, highlands, small forests and so on, and these natural landscapes left in the tourism landscape should be protected. Thirdly, the diversity of habitats and the combination of different habitats are conducive to the stability of the overall landscape and have the ability to resist external interference. For example, a single "corn sea", "endless paddy fields" and "10,000 mu orchard" and other agricultural tourism landscape planning and design are not desirable because they are extremely fragile in resisting the spread and spread of pests and diseases. (D) Heterogeneity principle of tourism landscape planning and design

The heterogeneity of tourism landscape planning and design is the most important feature of landscape and the basic condition for maintaining the stability and biodiversity of a regional landscape. For example, tourist landscape is highly artificial. If cement building patches and corridors are dominant, and green patches and corridors are few, there will be a serious imbalance, which will affect the ecological function of tourism landscape and cause many environmental problems such as air pollution and water quality decline. Therefore, expanding the horizontal spatial heterogeneity of tourism landscape is of great significance to maintain the ecological balance of tourism landscape. At the same time, tourism landscape design should be based on ecological principles, give consideration to aesthetic characteristics, strengthen vertical spatial heterogeneity, make full use of spatial resources, and form a self-stable and coordinated ecosystem, which can greatly improve the ability to resist the interference of unfavorable factors and create a good eco-tourism environment. (five) the principle of comprehensive benefits of tourism landscape planning and design.

The comprehensive benefit principle of tourism landscape planning and design requires that tourism landscape planning and design should highlight regional characteristics, superimpose humanities, traditions, customs and landscapes, and effectively integrate tourism service facilities and landscape production value into nature, so that the beauty of tourism landscape can not be weakened and the best economic benefits can be produced. Furthermore, today's human beings actively beautify and innovate the landscape with a scientific attitude, and make the tourist landscape beautiful, rich and diverse and complex in structure through planning, so as to increase its popularity and meet the aesthetic requirements of human beings, thus meeting the general psychological needs of tourists in pursuing "novelty, strangeness, beauty and joy". (6) The principle of protecting environmentally sensitive areas in tourism landscape planning and design.

Tourism landscape planning and design environment sensitive areas are areas with special value or potential natural disasters for human beings. Due to inappropriate human development activities, these areas are often vulnerable to negative environmental impacts. According to the different characteristics and functions of resources, environmentally sensitive areas can be divided into ecologically sensitive areas (river system, waterfront, peaks and beaches, special or rare plant communities, wildlife habitats, etc.). ), culturally sensitive areas (cultural relics, ancient human sites, ancient fossil producing areas, revolutionary sites, etc.). ), sensitive areas of resource production (urban water sources, fresh air supply areas, soil and water conservation areas, etc. ) and sensitive areas of natural disasters (possible floods) are mostly irreversible, and once they lose their stability, they will bring hidden dangers to the safety of tourist landscapes. Therefore, tourism landscape planning and design should pay special attention to environmentally sensitive areas. Fourthly, the content of tourism landscape planning and design is based on the goal of tourism landscape planning and design. The planned tourism landscape should have the characteristics of integration, diversity, evolution, naturalness, fluency, identification, harmony, economy and culture. In order to achieve the goal of tourism landscape planning and design, it is necessary to study the future development of tourism landscape planning and design, which usually includes six aspects: how to describe and evaluate tourism landscape planning and design, how to operate it, whether it works well, whether the landscape should be changed, how to change it, and what different consequences these changes will have. To answer these questions scientifically, that is, the content of tourism landscape planning and design is divided into four parts: first, the regional natural ecological environment system, the evaluation of the suitability of tourism landscape utilization on the basis of landscape environment investigation, and the analysis of tourism landscape pattern. The second is the regional tourism landscape design system, which mainly studies the ecological process of tourism landscape from the aspects of structure, function and dynamics, discusses the optimal utilization structure and pattern of landscape, and designs tourism landscape reasonably. The third is the regional tourism management activity system, which mainly studies the relationship between tourism activities, tourism facilities and ecological environment to meet the diversified needs of tourists and put forward a harmonious tourism management activity model between people and landscape. Fourthly, the regional tourism landscape protection system, through the monitoring of tourism environmental benefits and economic benefits, implements effective landscape management and landscape protection, in order to realize the diversity and stability of tourism landscape planning and design.