Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of geography for seventh graders published by the People's Education Press

As the final exam approaches, young people will have a bright future as long as they work hard to learn seventh grade geography knowledge. I have compiled a summary of the knowledge points in the second volume of geography for seventh graders published by the People's Education Press. I hope it will be helpful to everyone! Summary of the knowledge points in the second volume of geography for seventh graders published by the People's Education Press (1)

India

1. India is the largest country in South Asia, with the second largest population in the world after China. There is a famous building here: Taj Mahal

● Location: ① Most of them are located between 10oN and 30oN mainly in the tropics.

② Sea and land location: Southern Eurasia, north of the Indian Ocean, east of the Bay of Bengal, and west of the Arabian Sea.

2. India’s terrain features: the Himalayas in the north, the Ganges Plain in the center, and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

(Find the Himalayas, Ganges Plain, and Deccan Plateau in Figure 7.34 on page 35 of the book, and remember the locations and names)

3. River: Ganges? The mother river of India. The Ganges River originates from the Himalayas and flows from northwest to southeast into the Bay of Bengal.

4. Neighboring countries: (Find these neighboring countries in Figure 7.34 on page 35 of the book)

Neighboring countries on land: Pakistan in the northwest, Myanmar in the east, and Bangladesh. Northeast? China, Nepal, Bhutan

Maritime neighbors: Sri Lanka

5. Climate: It is located in the tropics and subtropics, with a tropical monsoon climate. Changes in precipitation are mainly affected by the monsoon. Impact

● Climate characteristics: high temperatures throughout the year, with rainy and dry seasons. The northeasterly wind prevails in the dry season, and the southwesterly wind prevails in the rainy season (every year from June to September, the southwest monsoon prevails with more precipitation, which is the rainy season. From October to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails, with drought and little rain, which is the dry season).

● India suffers from frequent floods and droughts, mainly caused by the instability of the southwest monsoon (generally, the southwest monsoon is weak and comes late and retreats early, resulting in drought; otherwise, flooding occurs).

6. In the 1960s, India implemented the "Green Revolution", which improved the food supply situation. Rice and wheat are India's main food crops, and the output of both ranks among the top in the world.

●Distribution of rice and wheat (see page 39 of the book): Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges Plain with sufficient rainfall and flat terrain and in the coastal areas of the Indian Peninsula.

Wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the Ganges River and the northwest of the Deccan Plateau, where there is less precipitation and sufficient sunshine.

7. In 1999, India ranked first in the world in jute production and second in cotton production. Kolkata is India's largest linen textile center and is also developing the steel industry; Mumbai is India's largest cotton textile center and the largest port in India, and New Delhi is the capital of India. (Remember Figure 7.43 on page 40 of the book: the positions of New Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, and Bangalore on the map)

8. India’s industry, during the British rule, mainly developed the textile industry and mining industry. This is due to In order to meet the needs of its own economic development, the United Kingdom strictly controlled Indian industry. India's scientific and technological level was quite backward at that time. After independence, India actively introduced foreign investment and advanced technology, attached great importance to cultivating scientific and technological talents, and strived to develop its own industries, mainly including: steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and cotton and linen textile industry, and has also made certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace, and computer software. Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of Geography for Grade 7 of the People's Education Press (2)

Western Europe

1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, accounting for the area of ??Europe More than half of the world is densely populated and has many countries, most of which are developed countries. The region forms a regional international organization, the European Union (EU). The EU's imports and exports rank first in the world and it is the largest trade region in the world. Currently, it has 27 member states, most of which are developed countries. The EU plays an important role in the world economy and the international political stage. People use a single currency called the euro.

2. Western Europe has a high proportion of people engaged in manufacturing. There are many industrial centers, densely distributed in a cross-shaped distribution. From the United Kingdom eastward to Poland, and from the south of Scandinavia to Italy, a world-famous industrial intensive zone has been formed.

3. (Attachment: Temperate maritime climate characteristics? Mild and rainy all year round; plain-dominated terrain? There are Western European Plains and Pod Plain in the central part.)

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It forms succulent pasture; the terrain is low and flat, mainly plains, resulting in widespread pasture. People in western Europe call pasture "green gold". Therefore, the livestock industry in western Europe is developed. Such as Britain, France and Germany. Countries such as the Netherlands and Denmark are the world's major dairy livestock countries.

Socioeconomic reasons: Animal husbandry production is highly mechanized; the level of economic development is high, and the market demand for dairy livestock products is large.

4. The topographic characteristics of western Europe are: low and flat, mainly plains, mountainous in the north and south, and vast plains in the central part.

The plains are distributed in the central part, bounded by the Rhine River, the Western European Plain to the west, and the Pod Plain to the east. Mountainous areas are mainly distributed in the southern and northern peninsulas. There are the Scandinavian Mountains to the north and the Alps to the south. The Alps run east-west, which is conducive to the warm and moist Atlantic Ocean flowing deep into the interior. (Refer to Figure 8.23 ??on P64, remember: Scandinavia Mountains, Pyrenees Mountains, Apennines, Alps, Carpathians, Western European Plains, Pod Plain, Scandinavia Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula, Great Britain, Iceland, Lower Danube Plain, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, English Channel)

5. Prosperous tourism industry: Western Europe is extremely rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. The sunny Mediterranean seaside scenic spots and beach bathing beaches in southern Europe, the winding and deep fjords in northern Europe are fascinating; the towering Alps in the middle are a good place for mountaineering and skiing; unique customs, ancient castles, solemn churches, A large number of museums make western Europe a region with developed tourism in the world. France, Spain and Italy have become the three most famous tourist countries in Europe. The main tourist destinations are the country in which they are located: Tower Bridge in London (UK), windmills (Netherlands), Nordic fjord scenery (Norway), Alpine skiing (Switzerland), Eiffel Tower in Paris (France), Spanish bullfighting, Mediterranean coastal scenery (Italy) ), Parthenon, Athens (Greece).

6. The capital of the United Kingdom is London, the capital of France is Paris; the capital of Germany is Berlin, and the capital of Italy is Rome. Summary of knowledge points from the second volume of Geography for Grade 7 of People's Education Edition (3)

Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Location: Sub-Saharan Africa is located in the largest desert in the world - ---South of the Sahara Desert, bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, it is in a low latitude area. Terrain: high in the southeast and low in the northwest, mainly plateau. (P67 Figure 8.26: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ethiopian Plateau, East African Plateau, South African Plateau, Congo Basin, Gulf of Guinea, Sahara Desert, Nile River, Cape of Good Hope, Mount Kilimanjaro? The highest peak in Africa, called the Equatorial Snow Peak) The climate is dominated by savanna climate, which is characterized by high temperatures throughout the year and two seasons of dry and rainy seasons. Countries in savanna areas are often threatened by drought. The climate is symmetrically distributed from north to south, and the tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed in the Congo Basin.

More than 90% of this area is black, and it is the hometown of black people. Therefore, sub-Saharan Africa is also known as "Black Africa". The original settlements of black Africans are mainly distributed along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo Basin, that is, mainly in the west of this region.

2. An economy dominated by a single commodity?:

● An economy dominated by a single commodity: export items mainly include minerals, forests, livestock and other primary products: imported items are machinery , automobiles and other industrial products. Such economic characteristics have caused many African countries to lose their market initiative. (Master P70 Activity 2, P71 Figure 8.32)

①Concept: An economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products;

②Disadvantage: Selling low-priced primary products , buying expensive industrial manufactured products, being at a disadvantage in international trade, restricting the development of the country's economy

③Cause of formation: long-term rule and control by colonialists;

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④ Way out: strive to develop national industry; develop diversified agriculture; develop agricultural product processing industry, tourism, aquatic industry, etc. to change the situation of the country's economy relying on a single product.

3. Serious population, food and environmental problems:

① Excessive population growth

② Insufficient food supply

③ Deterioration of the ecological environment

●Africa’s natural population growth rate ranks among the world’s continents (2.2%, and sub-Saharan Africa is as high as 3.0%). It is too fast, exceeding the food and economic growth rate, and has constituted a serious problem. Increasingly serious population and food problems. Due to the long-term rule and control of colonialism, the region's science and technology are backward, the level of agricultural and animal husbandry production is very low, and food is never self-sufficient. The population is growing too fast and requires more food and meat, so people cut down forests and cultivate grasslands to expand the area of ??cultivated land, or overgraze, leading to a decrease in soil fertility and grassland degradation, exacerbating land desertification and gradually deteriorating the ecological environment. . Solutions: Control excessive population growth; vigorously develop food production; protect the ecological environment. ●The climate in this area is mainly tropical, so it is the hometown of many tropical cash crops, such as coffee and cocoa.