Write a 450-word travel note about places of interest (focusing on lamenting historical figures and events).

First, the biography of Han Xilou

In the early years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, and after he came back, he gave a detailed report to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty about the countries in the Western Regions. He reported that in summer (now northern Afghanistan), he saw bamboo sticks produced in Qiongshan (now Sichuan Province) and fine cloth produced in Shudi (now Chengdu City, Sichuan Province). The locals said that these things were sold by businessmen who were poisoned (now India). He thinks that since poison can buy things from Sichuan, it must be not far from Sichuan in summer, so he suggests opening a passage from Sichuan to the western regions.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian as an emissary and set out from Sichuan with gifts to make friends with ptomaine. Zhang Qian divided the troops into four teams and went to Tianzhu separately. Four groups of people walked two thousand miles each, but they couldn't find it. A group of southbound people arrived near Erhai Lake in Dali today and were stopped by local Kunming people. Because most soldiers in the Western Han Dynasty were not used to water and could not conquer Kunming people who were good at water warfare around Erhai Lake, the conquest ended in failure. After the Han army returned to Chang 'an, according to the shape of Erhai Lake, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty dug "Kunming Lake" in Chang 'an to train the water army in order to defeat the Kunming nationality and conquer the Erhai Lake area. This is the historical allusion of the famous biography of Han Xilou in Yunnan history.

Later, in BC 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty arrived in Yunnan, and the whole country surrendered. Yizhou County was established in the ancient land of Yunnan in the Han Dynasty. This laid the foundation for Yunnan to become an inseparable part of the motherland, and also laid the foundation for the formation and consolidation of the southwest frontier of the motherland. At the same time, the establishment of the county system has changed the situation that various departments in Yunnan are numerous but not unified, and pushed the historical development of Yunnan to a new stage.

Second, Tang Biao Iron Column

In 680 AD, after the Tubo captured Rong 'an (now southwest of Wenchuan, Sichuan), it controlled the road leading to the southwest barbarians in the Tang Dynasty. Subsequently, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty fought in Erhai area, and their struggle was related to the life and death of the Tang Dynasty regime. Because of the eastward expansion of Tubo, not only the northwest border is restless, but even the central dynasty is threatened; Tubo invaded western Sichuan and Xi 'er Lake, which made the security of southwest frontier of Tang Dynasty in crisis. In order to avoid passive beatings, Tang had to fight Tubo from Erhai Lake and cooperate with the northwest to form a siege of Tubo. Therefore, consolidating the Yaozhou Governor's Office became an important measure to defend the overall strategy of the Tang Dynasty. To consolidate Yaozhou Governor's House, we must rely on Erhai barbarians. The opposition of Erhai barbarians is related to the fate of Yaozhou Governor's Office. Therefore, the first task of Yaozhou Governor's Office is to cut off the ties between Tubo and Erhai barbarians and appease them.

In order to defend Yaozhou and fight against Tubo, in 707 AD, the Tang Dynasty sent Tang Jiuzheng, a supervisor, to attack Yao Yong Road and crusade against Tubo in Erhai area. At that time, Tubo built an iron bridge between the overflow and the backwater, connected the Er River, and built castles on both sides of the Er River. Tang Jiuzheng first destroyed the castle guarding the bridge, and then burned two iron chain bridges, cutting off the passage of Tubo into Xi 'er Lake area. After the battle, Lu Qiu, the minister of the Tang Dynasty, was ordered to build a monument at Xerox in Jianchuan and set up an iron pillar in the north of Erhai Lake to commemorate the great victory of the battle. This iron pillar is a symbol of Tang's effective rule over Erhai Lake area.

However, the victory of this war did not completely change the situation of barbarians rebelling against the Tang Dynasty in Erhai area, because Rong 'an City and Kunming City were still controlled by Tubo. Therefore, retaking these two cities has become a top priority for the Tang Dynasty to compete for Erhai Lake area. Later, after four wars, An Rongcheng finally returned to the hands of the Tang Dynasty. Tubo sent troops to fight back many times and failed. The recovery of the two cities not only consolidated Tang's rule in the southwest, but also created conditions for the rise of Nanzhao.

Third, Song waved yu fu.

The story of "Song brandished a jade axe" goes like this: After Sichuan was pacified, the northern part rowed along the Dadu River with (study plaything) on the map and said, "Besides, it's not mine." It means that in the Song Dynasty, we didn't want anywhere except the Dadu River. This is not because the Song Dynasty did not want the land of Dali, but because the Northern Song Dynasty was not as powerful and vast as the Han and Tang Dynasties. At that time, the national strength of the Northern Song Dynasty was weak and it was unable to attack Yunnan again. In addition, Song Taizu wrongly summed up the lesson that the Tang Dynasty supported Nanzhao and Nanzhao rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, so Yunnan was excluded from the territory.

In fact, since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Dali has maintained close ties with the Song Dynasty. In 965, the Song Dynasty unified Shu, and Dali immediately sent officials from Jianchang (now Xichang, Sichuan) to send their families to the Song Dynasty to congratulate them. In 968, Dali sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to ask for communication. In 976, White King requested attachment, and Emperor Taizong conferred the title of "Princess of the Eight Kingdoms in Yunnan". 1 1 15 years, the vassal relationship between Dali and Song Dynasty was formally established, and this relationship continued until the demise of Dali. Another aspect that reflects the close relationship between Dali Kingdom and Song Dynasty is the economic and cultural exchange with Chengma as the link. The war horses in the Song Dynasty mainly came from the north and were called "Shaanxi horses". After the Song Dynasty crossed to the south, the source of horses in Shaanxi was cut off, so we had to rely mainly on Dali's war horses. The prosperity of the horse market, on the other hand, reflects the interdependent, intimate and friendly relationship between Dali Kingdom and Song Dynasty.

Fourth, the purse opposite Yuan.

1253, Mongolian Khan Mongo sent his brother Kublai Khan to attack Yunnan, and planned to destroy Dali first, forming a siege situation of the Southern Song Dynasty, eventually eliminating the Southern Song Dynasty and unifying the whole country. Kublai Khan led a hundred thousand troops to the Jinsha River, but in the face of the turbulent Jinsha River, the Mongolian army could not cross the river. In difficulties, local ethnic minorities offered suggestions and crossed the river with leather bags as rafts. Leather is sheepskin (also made of cowhide). A single leather bag can be tied to the body as a floating device for crossing the river, or multiple leather bags can be connected to form a raft. So Kublai Khan's army crossed the Jinsha River with skins and rafts, destroyed Dali and returned Yunnan to Yuan's rule.

In the second year, Kublai Khan moved his troops back to the DPRK, leaving the general Uriyangqatai to guard Yunnan and continue to pacify the ministries in Dali. After more than two years of conquest, Wang Duan of Dali joined Mongolia on 1256. Later, Uriyangqatai suggested to the court to set up counties in Yunnan and set up officials to take care of people's feelings. The court approved and supported his proposal, made him a grand marshal, and gave a silver seal to guard Yunnan.

After Yuan unified the whole country, in 1273, Kublai Khan sent people who came back from his cronies to take Dian Lake Justine as the Pingzhang official of Yunnan Province and went to Yunnan to prepare for the establishment of Yunnan Province. He also became the first governor of Yunnan Province. 1276, the designated roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties in Yunnan Province were reported to the court, and the political center of Yunnan was transferred from Dali to Kunming. During his tenure, on the one hand, he rectified the official administration, strengthened unity and stabilized society. On the other hand, it encouraged agriculture, developed economy, cultivated land on a large scale throughout the province, and led the people to build Songhuaba Reservoir, which has been used for the benefit of the people. The construction of the reservoir lowered the water level of Dianchi Lake, which not only benefited the farmland and its water system around Dianchi Lake, but also formed ten thousand mu of fertile land around Dianchi Lake.

Five or three characteristics of Lu Chuan

The basic principle of Zhu Yuanzhang's governance of all ethnic groups in Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty was: Don't control them easily, let them rebel. In order to seek the long-term stability of Yunnan, the Ming Dynasty took many important measures, and indeed achieved great achievements over the previous generation. However, since the unification of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, the local ethnic unrest has occurred one after another, which is endless in history.

The biggest turmoil was Shi Si's rebellion in Luchuan (now Dehong Ruili, Yunnan) in the Ming Dynasty. In the early years of Zheng Zheng, Si Kefa rose in Mengmao, and its power gradually expanded, so he set up Pingmian Xuanwei Department.

Sikfa was appointed as the condolence ambassador. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Si Kefa took advantage of the dispute in the Central Plains and merged the departments of Jinya to take the lead.

1382, Xilunfa succeeded to the throne, 1385, Xilunfa mobilized 65,438+10,000 troops to capture JD.COM. 1388, Xilunfa launched the "Battle of Fixed Border", with 50,000 troops and more than 0/00 elephants. Mu ying rate

15000 Ride hard day and night, go straight to Dingbian, break the elephant array, and annihilate our family's effective strength. Silun was defeated by Lu Chuan. 1389, please pay tribute to Silunfa. In order to stabilize the situation, the Ming court was

At the beginning of Yongle, there were four propaganda departments: Luchuan, Mubang, Mengyang and Myanmar. From then until the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, although there were some minor disputes between the ministries, they were generally stable. 14 13 years, Si Renfa succeeded Lu Chuan Xuanwei. He tried his best to restore the lost land lost by his father, Sirinfa, and had many disputes with the surrounding chiefs. 1438, Mu Sheng, who was guarding Qian Ning, the king of southern Yunnan, began to transfer troops to conquer the law, but the military progress was not smooth. The main commander Zheng Fang died in battle, and Mu Sheng was afraid of being blamed by the court and died suddenly. It is useless for Muang to send his troops again. Si Renfa wanted to send an envoy to the imperial court to show that it was fixed, but the imperial court wanted to completely solve the dispute between Lu and Chuan, so he sent Ji Wang to conquer Lu and Chuan three times in 144 1, 1443 and 1448. "After several years of fighting, the deceased was seventeen or eighteen years old, and the army was rewarded." The army conquered Lu Chuan three times, which not only failed to solve the problem, but also encouraged Si Renfa to compete with the other three propaganda and appeasement departments.

1449, due to the emptiness in the north, Wala invaded the civil fort, the Ming army was defeated, and Ming Yingzong was taken. It can be said that Wala was the chief culprit of the "civil rebellion" and Wang Xiachuan was the root cause of the "wood rebellion".

Sixth, improve the soil and return to mobility.

After the Ming Dynasty pacified Yunnan, according to the characteristics of Yunnan ethnic minorities, the Tusi system was implemented in the vast minority areas, and it was constantly improved. However, with the continuous development and progress of society, the disadvantages of the chieftain system are becoming more and more obvious, which is no longer suitable for the development of border minority areas and the rule of the central government. Although it has played a beneficial role in history, the system itself has many disadvantages.

Under the rule of the chief, the chief is the official of the world, and there is a man in the world. He has the power to kill and take away his man. "The distinction between master and servant will never change." Under the rule of Tusi, people's life was difficult, but it also seriously hindered the social and economic development. Tusi often fight among themselves and within them, robbing each other of villages and killing innocent people, which makes people suffer greatly and affects the stability of the frontier. Tusi have their own armed forces, suppressing the local people, disobeying the imperial court and rebelling endlessly. The long-term existence of chieftain system is not conducive to national unity. With the development of history, the backwardness and disadvantages of the toast system have become increasingly prominent. Abolishing the chieftain system has become the inevitable development of history. So at the end of the Ming Dynasty, in some mature places, chieftain was abolished first, and local officials were changed to local officials, and local officials were changed to local officials.

However, the purposeful and planned large-scale land reclamation mainly occurred in the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, and E Ertai, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, presided over the southwest land reclamation. E Ertai believes that the chieftain system is the biggest hidden danger in the southwest frontier and must be solved as soon as possible. Only by gradually arresting violent chiefs and gradually establishing roving officers in their ruling areas can the root cause be cured. Otherwise, it is impossible to solve the stability and tranquility of the southwest frontier.

In E Ertai, the main way to reform the country is to appeal to the government through political means, while in some areas, it is forced to reform the country by force. After the reform in Yongzheng period, there were not many chieftains left in Yunnan, and most of the rest continued into the 1950s.

After the political reform, the Qing government set up states, prefectures, departments and counties in the former chieftain territory, appointed non-hereditary officials to rule directly, and implemented the same system as that in the mainland, such as setting up Jiabao, compiling household registration, measuring land, setting rents and taxes, checking money and grain, setting up schools and popularizing Confucianism. This not only promoted the social and economic development and the progress of culture and education in southwest China, but also greatly strengthened the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan, unified Yunnan's frontier and inland areas politically, and further consolidated the unity of multi-ethnic countries.

Seven. Anti-Qing uprising

The Hui uprising led by Du Wenxiu.

/kloc-In the 20th century, disputes over land and mineral rights frequently occurred between landlords and businessmen in Yunnan, and the struggle for economic rights often led to the struggle for the power of the squire. Due to different religious beliefs and customs, these struggles have gradually evolved into conflicts between landlords and businessmen of the Han nationality and those of the Hui nationality, and these conflicts have become increasingly intensified. 1845, a fight broke out in Yongchang Prefecture, and officials killed Hui people in the city to defend the Han people. 1847, Du Wenxiu went to Beijing to accuse Yongchang satrap of killing Hui people. The Qing court changed its attitude and supported the Hui people. The Han people in Yongchang rose up against the government and attacked and killed the Hui people again. The attitude of the Qing government was inconsistent before and after, which was intended to expand contradictions and make Hui and Han kill each other. 1In May, 856, there was a conflict between Hui and Han in Kunming, and the governor of Yunnan ordered the Muslims who made trouble to be executed. Inside and outside Kunming, the Hui people were searched and killed for three days, killing about 3 thousand people. Then, in his life, the tragedy of burning and killing Hui people kept appearing. After the hope that the Hui people could not bear to retreat and turned to the government for justice was completely shattered, they angrily and bravely raised the banner of the uprising. The uprisings of the Hui people in various places were surging, and soon merged into two armies: one, headed by Ma Rulong and Ma Dexin, was active in southern and eastern Yunnan; One is Du Wenxiu, playing in western Yunnan.

1867, Du Wenxiu sent 200,000 troops to surround Kunming City, which could not be captured for a long time. 1869, the Qing army counterattacked, and the insurgents lost and returned to western Yunnan. 1872, the Qing army besieged Dali, and Du Wenxiu died by taking poison. The uprising failed.

Yi uprising led by Li.

Under the influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising, Li, a poor Yi peasant, led more than 5,000 peasants to take the oath of office in Tianshengying, Walu Village, Midu County on May 1856 with the help of Taiping Army soldier Wang Taijie. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing army attacked Ailaoshan area on 1870, and Wang Taijie and Tian Shiro died unfortunately. 1872, failed to support Du Wenxiu uprising, but was unfortunately captured and killed the following year. After the leader was killed, rebel soldiers fought bravely. In the end, the rebel soldiers were either sacrificed or separated, and the uprising failed.

Eight. The struggle to defend Xinjiang

Jingpo people's struggle against Britain

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, after the British Empire invaded Myanmar, it attempted to open a passage from Yunnan to the Yangtze River valley in China. 183 1 year, after British captain Spree returned to Yunnan from India via Myanmar, he wrote a report to the British government, proposing to build a railway from Yangon, Myanmar to Yunnan. His suggestion was taken seriously by the big British capitalists, who actively promoted the activities of invading Yunnan and opening up the market. Soon, Britain gained the right to free trade in Irrawaddy River in Myanmar. 1874, Britain sent Braun to lead an armed expedition of more than 200 people from Myanmar to Yunnan. At the same time, the British embassy in China sent an interpreter Ma Jiali from Shanghai to Yunnan to meet Brown at the China-Myanmar border. Ma Jiali collected information along the way and drew a map in Tengchong, which aroused the opposition of Tengchong people. Tengchong local officials escorted him out of the country. After meeting Brown in Myanmar, he led the armed forces to invade Yingjiang County of Dehong Autonomous Prefecture in 1875. People of all ethnic groups in the border areas were indignant and organized to defend the gateway of the motherland with the support of Cen, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. When Ma Jiali led the vanguard troops to Mangyun and Xuelie in Yingjiang, more than 200 people from Jingpo, Dai and Han nationalities surrounded them and ordered them to leave the border of China. Ma Jiali brazenly shot and killed the border people. The angry people wiped out Ma Jiali and his entourage by the Songhua River in Xuelie Lake. Since then, the number of participants has increased to more than 6,000, and the British army led by Brown has been surrounded. Brown went to Yamakaji, escaped in the smoke and retreated from the border of China.

The Miao people's struggle against the law

1883 to 1885, during the sino-French war, the black flag army led by Liu Yongfu and the Qing army stationed in Yunnan were the main forces against the French army, which was dealt a heavy blow in the victory of the western front. 1884, the French army invaded Ma Chaopo and Maguan counties. The local leader of the Miao nationality in Mengdong led hundreds of Miao, Yao, Zhuang and Han people to Chongzhou. After dozens of fierce battles with broadswords, poison crossbows and long-necked bottles, more than 1000 French invaders armed with foreign guns were repelled and about 7,000 square kilometers of lost land were recovered. 1855, French invaders ran amok in Mengdong area. Xiang Chongzhou led the Miao people to attack, annihilated more than 200 French soldiers in Montong, Bow, Koulin and other places, repelled hundreds of reinforcements who came to rescue from Huangpi and Qingyongjiang, and forced the French army to retreat from the border of China, afraid to step into China territory again. The French army has sent messengers to Chongzhou for many times, but he was unmoved. He righteously declared that the Hmong people came from China and would defend their territory in China to the death, and would never obey the French invaders. 1889, when the Sino-French Association demarcated the border between Yunnan and Vietnam, Xiang Chongzhou participated in the border demarcation work, provided historical materials of the border, and argued for defending the territory and national sovereignty. The Qing government named him as the management zone of the training camp of the frontier defense regiment, allowing future generations to inherit it, and wrote a huge plaque for him, "Heroes in the Temple, Frontier Defense as Iron".

Yi people's anti-British struggle.

1900, the British invaders invaded Pianma area, and the local Yi people, together with Jingpo people, Bai people and Han people, revolted under the leadership of Tubo general Zuo, and expelled the invading troops from the country. 19 1 1 At the beginning of the year, the British army invaded Pianma again, and Zuo died heroically in the battle against the British invaders. ; The Yi people, led by the Yi manager Leheshepa, struggled to resist. The Yi people's anti-British struggle won the unity and support of the people of all ethnic groups in China. Under the attack of the Yi people and people of all ethnic groups on the border, Britain was forced to formally recognize the three Yi villages of Pianma, Gulang and Fanggang as the territory of China, but at that time it built private boundary markers and barracks in an attempt to occupy them for a long time. First, after the world war broke out, the British army once retreated. 1922, the British army made a comeback and invaded the Pianma area again. In the Border Treaty between People's Republic of China (PRC) and Myanmar signed in 196 1, the Myanmar government agreed to return Pianma, Gulang and Fanggang belonging to China to China.

Wa people's struggle against Britain

After the British Empire occupied Myanmar, it extended its claws of aggression to the Awa Mountain area in western Yunnan. They constantly sent missionaries and expeditions into Wa mountainous areas to collect information, and used money to seduce and buy off local chiefs. Silver mines abound in the three Wa tribes of Banhong, Banlao and Ban Yong. 1934,65438+10, Britain sent troops to occupy the silver mine. Ban Hong, Ban Laowa leaders Hu, Hu Yushan, etc. Convene 17 Wa tribal leaders to form an alliance and rise up against the British army to defend the mining area. The British army advanced along the Nangunhe River and burned Ban Lao Zhai. Ben Lao Wang Hu led the whole village to retreat from Longtoushan and vowed not to surrender. With the support of the local Dai and Han people, the British invaders were repelled and the lost land was recovered. 194 1 year, Britain took advantage of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's crisis and threatened to close the Burma Road. In the form of an exchange of letters, it drew a border line in favor of Britain, the so-called "194 1 line", but failed to actually reach the border on this line and set up a boundary pillar. In the Border Treaty between People's Republic of China (PRC) and Myanmar signed in 196 1, the Myanmar government agreed to return Banhong and Banlao areas to China.

The Dai people's struggle against Britain

189 1 year, Britain organized two "expeditions" to invade the Dai nationality areas on the border of Yunnan without authorization, making maps and collecting data. Team 1 entered Dehong area along Irrawaddy River. When the British expedition arrived at the west side of Tongbiguan, which belonged to Ganya Tusi in Yingjiang County, the Dai Tusi Dao Anren, who had just inherited Ganya Fu Xuan, led the Dai and Han people to stop the British expedition from going deep. After months of confrontation with the British, they repelled them. Unwilling to fail, the British army invaded Ganya again and attacked Tianma and Hanlong. Dao Anren led the Dai people to stand up and expel the British. 1898, the British army invaded Daqingshu Camp, and Dao Anren led the Dai and Jingpo people to persist in fighting against the British army for eight years. Britain's plot to invade Dehong failed, which made great contributions to the defense of the frontier and the territory of the motherland.

Another British "expedition" of about 500 people arrived in Yunjinghong via Ava, Menglian, Mengzhe and Menghai. When they arrived in Menglian, they brazenly planted the British flag on Baihe Mountain, called a meeting of local Dai people, and advocated that if Menglian joined Britain, the Dai people would have a "good life". Patriotic Dai people ignored their nonsense and cut down the British flag in protest. When the expedition arrived in Mengzhe and Menghai, the Dai people closed their doors, refused to sell any food to the invaders and refused them to enter the village. When they arrived in Yunjinghong, they put up the British flag and lured the car to write a surrender book. Their banditry was immediately resisted by the Dai people. Dulong Lahua, the minister of propaganda and comfort station, solemnly warned the British that cars are the territory of China and they are not allowed to run amok in the territory of China. Immediately, the residents of the whole country were ordered not to sell food to the British who broke into the village without authorization, and the British flag was also pulled down. These Englishmen had to leave Xishuangbanna in despair. When they passed the Awa Mountain, they were severely warned by the Wa people that they were not allowed to run roughshod over the land in China. Ordered them all to dismount, or they were all killed, so the "expedition" British had to dismount and flee.