Diary Travel Notes of the Yellow River: What suggestions do you have for the deep pollution of the Yellow River?

In recent years, the wastewater discharge in this basin has generally increased. According to the Yellow River Water Resources Bulletin in 2000, the total amount of wastewater discharged in the Yellow River Basin is 4.222 billion tons, including 3.068 billion tons of industrial wastewater and165438+54 million tons of domestic wastewater, accounting for 72.7% and 27.3% of the total annual wastewater discharge respectively, which is 2.3% of that in the 1980s. The wastewater discharge in the Yellow River Basin is mainly concentrated in the river sections where some large and medium-sized cities are located, namely, some main streams and important tributaries such as Weihe River, Fenhe River, Huangshui River and Luo Yi.

According to the requirements of water resources protection of the Yellow River, the water quality of the main stream should generally meet Class III water quality standards. The results of water quality assessment in the Yellow River Basin in 2000 showed that the river length of Class II and III water quality accounted for 38.6%, Class IV water quality accounted for 20. 1%, and Class V and worse than Class V water quality accounted for 4 1.3%. As many as two thirds of the rivers are not up to standard.

The Wufosi, Shizuishan and Wudaqiao reach in the upper reaches and Longmen-Sanmenxia reach in the middle reaches are seriously polluted, among which Tongguan reach is the most polluted, and the annual water quality category is Grade V and worse than Grade V [1]. From Tongguan to Gaocun, it is the section where the Yellow River flows through Henan Province. The water quality in Tongguan, Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi, Huayuankou, Puyang and Gaocun in Henan Province is classified into five categories, four categories and four categories respectively. The water quality of tributaries in Henan province is almost inferior to five categories.

The main pollutants in the Yellow River are oxygen-consuming organic substances such as ammonia nitrogen and volatile phenol, while toxic and harmful organic substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as arsenic, mercury, hexavalent chromium, lead and cadmium are also seriously polluted.

The Water Resources Protection Bureau of the Yellow River Basin of the Ministry of Water Resources recently tested and analyzed the water quality of the Yellow River, and found that the pollution of the Yellow River has rebounded since the second quarter of this year.

This year 1 month, after the pollution sources along the Yellow River reached the discharge standard within the time limit stipulated by the state, the bureau supervised and monitored the key reaches of the main and tributaries of the Yellow River. The results show that the water quality of key sections has been obviously improved, and the proportion of sections exceeding the third class water quality standard set by the state has increased from 38.6% to 45.5%, and the proportion of sections exceeding the fourth class water quality standard has decreased from 45.5% to 38.6%. However, after entering the second quarter, the water quality of the Yellow River deteriorated significantly. Only 14% of the key rivers reach the water quality above Grade III, which is 3 1.5% lower than when reaching the standard, and the proportion of rivers reaching Grade IV to Grade V increases by 12.5%, while 35% of the rivers below Grade V have lost their water function.

In order to find out the truth, the Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau recently organized an investigation team to make unannounced visits to areas along the river in Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other provinces, and found that some polluting enterprises sneaked after reaching the standard.

According to Li Yuhong, the leader of the inspection team, they saw that the sewage here was dark brown at the sewage outlet of a chemical plant in Ruicheng County. Sampling inspection found that the COD (chemical oxygen demand) index of the sewage reached 4900 mg/L, which was 48 times higher than the standard. They came into the factory for a surprise inspection and found that the sewage treatment equipment invested by the company for 4 million yuan was not running, and the sewage was directly discharged into the Yellow River, but the pollution discharge certificate issued by the local environmental protection department was hung on the wall. Inspectors also found a similar situation in the sewage outlet of a chemical fiber factory in Sanmenxia, Henan Province.

Inspectors also found that some small paper mills and chemical plants that were shut down were "closed but not dead" and started production secretly at the first opportunity. Along the Fenhe River in Shanxi, they saw that there was no natural runoff in the river, and the Fenhe River became a big "sewage ditch". In hancheng city, Shaanxi Province, inspectors saw some small coking plants under construction. It is understood that some areas along the Yellow River took advantage of the opportunity of the state to strengthen water pollution control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, shut down a large number of "five small" enterprises, bought equipment at low prices, joined many "five small" industries, and took over the "pollution baton".

According to the comrades of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau, with the large increase of urban population along the Yellow River, urban sewage discharge has become another important pollution source of the Yellow River. At present, among the large and medium-sized cities along the Yellow River, only nearly ten cities such as Xi, Taiyuan, Baotou, Lanzhou and Hohhot have built sewage treatment plants, and the urban sewage treatment rate in the whole Yellow River basin is only 8%. Take the medium-sized city Sanmenxia as an example. Every day, 50,000 tons of domestic sewage is discharged directly into the Yellow River without any treatment. In Sanmenxia City, many citizens feel that tap water smells bad and have to spend money to buy well water and spring water in neighboring areas, which leads to the strange phenomenon of "guarding the Yellow River to buy water to eat".

Shang, director of the Supervision and Management Department of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau, told the reporter that this pollution rebound made the water quality of the Yellow River worse, which not only affected the water supply safety of cities along the river, but also had a potential impact on the ecological environment of the entire Yellow River Basin.

At the beginning of this year, the Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau organized an expert group to quantitatively analyze the situation and harm of water pollution in the Yellow River. It is found that the water quality of nearly 40% of the Yellow River reaches is inferior to the fifth category, and it basically loses its water function. With the development of economy, the wastewater discharge in the Yellow River Basin has doubled from 1980s to 4.4 billion cubic meters, and pollution incidents have occurred continuously. Most tributaries in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are polluted to varying degrees, while the water quality of almost all tributaries in the middle and lower reaches is in a state of inferior five categories all the year round, and tributaries have become "sewage rivers".

The general drainage of Wuliangsuhai is a main drainage channel for diverting water from the Yellow River in Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia. The reporter saw that there are many papermaking and coking enterprises along this main drainage line. These highly polluting enterprises vary in size. Once the environmental protection facilities are shut down or there are no treatment facilities, a large number of pollutants will be directly discharged into the Yellow River, which will affect the downstream water supply safety.

At the beginning of this year, the Baotou section of the Yellow River suffered unprecedented serious pollution represented by volatile phenol, and volatile phenol and ammonia nitrogen exceeded the standard by several times to dozens of times. As the main source of water for production and life in Baotou comes from the Yellow River, more than 654.38+0.2 million citizens have to bite the bullet and drink "bitter water". The reporter saw from the information reported by Baotou Environmental Protection Bureau to the National Bureau that the main source of volatile phenol pollution in the Yellow River is the discharge of Wuliangsuhai, while ammonia nitrogen pollution mainly comes from Ningxia and Baotou.

Industrial pollution has always been the "culprit" of water pollution in the Yellow River. From Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia to Inner Mongolia, there are many highly polluting industrial enterprises along the Yellow River, such as energy, heavy chemicals, non-ferrous metals and paper making, which produce a large number of pollutants including COD (chemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, permanganate index and volatile phenol. Due to the large investment and high operating cost of environmental protection facilities, the illegal discharge of pollutants from key pollution sources along the Yellow River is still serious, and some "fifteen small" and "new five small" enterprises are difficult to eradicate.

During an interview in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, the cadres of the local environmental protection department guided the reporter to see Dongdagou, which runs across the urban area and goes straight into the Yellow River. This natural flood drainage ditch has now become a sewage drainage ditch. Before people got off the bus, the sewage in the ditch smelled pungent, the red acid wastewater in the river slowly flowed, and green water was injected into the small branch ditch next to it from time to time. The soil on the river ditch beach was eroded by sewage and showed a metallic copper color.

The cadre of Baiyin Environmental Protection Bureau said that there are 8 or 9 polluting enterprises along Dongdagou, including domestic sewage, and nearly 50,000 cubic meters of wastewater is discharged into the Yellow River every day. The biggest pollution source comes from the smelter of Baiyin Nonferrous Metals Company, an old copper smelting enterprise that has been operating for more than 40 years. Although the state and the relevant departments of Gansu Province have repeatedly managed it within a time limit, it has not achieved results so far. Now more than 8,000 cubic meters of acidic wastewater is directly discharged into the Yellow River every day, and the copper and copper in the wastewater are seriously aging. "The original main drinking water source of residents in Baiyin District is located in the lower reaches of Dongdagou, only more than 200 meters away from the Yellow River estuary. Now the water here has stopped supplying water to the city because it is difficult to reach the standard after purification. " Environmental protection cadres said gloomily.