I am traveling in the south of the cloud. Can you tell me about Yunnan's history and historical sites, as well as its customs and local characteristics? Thank you!

When you go, I advise you to see the romantic scenery in Dali, the ancient town customs in Lijiang, the plateau and plateau meadows in Zhongdian, and finally the cherry blossoms in Yunnan, the hibiscus flowers and the romance flowers in Kunming.

The local customs are mainly visited in Dali, Lijiang and Zhongdian. You can't finish talking about them. You will know when you see them. Lijiang has many local characteristics, mainly Dongba cultural relics, which you can't buy.

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A brief history of Yunnan

Yunnan is one of the cradles of mankind. Lamarckian kaiyuan and Lufeng lived in Yuanmou ape-man 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, which proved that the evolution from ape to man once started here. There are a large number of cultural sites from Paleolithic to Neolithic in Yuanmou, Dianchi and Erhai, which proves that Yunnan has entered the primitive society and has close ties with the mainland. The Haimenkou site in Jianchuan shows that as early as 1 100 BC, bronzes were used in some areas of Yunnan, and the productive forces developed to a certain extent and gradually entered the threshold of class society. In about 286 BC, Qiao Zhuang, the general of Chu State, was ordered to lead his troops back to Yuanjiang and enter Yunnan. He conquered Laojin and Mimo led by "Dian", unified Dianchi Lake area and became the king of Yunnan. They brought new technology and culture, promoted the development of Yunnan, and Dianchi area entered a slave society.

The establishment of Wuchi Road in Qin Dynasty marked the beginning of the official rule of Yunnan by the central dynasty. Yizhou County was established in the Western Han Dynasty and Yongchang County was established in Baoshan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which further deepened the rule of Yunnan, and the territory of China in western Yunnan has been basically laid. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, bronze wares were widely used in Yunnan, and the economy developed greatly. More than 2,000 bronzes unearthed in Lijiashan, Jiangchuan and Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, copper and silver smelting and manufacturing in Zhuti (now Zhaotong and Ludian) and Tanglang (now Dongchuan, Huize and Qiaojia) in northeast Yunnan enjoy a good reputation in the whole country, and silk, hemp and cotton fabrics in west Yunnan are also very developed. In particular, the opening of the Southern Silk Road in China has promoted Yunnan's external ties with Southeast Asia and South Asia.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Yunnan, Guizhou and southwestern Sichuan were called "South China". During the Three Kingdoms period, some slave owners and nobles in southern and central China were self-sufficient. Zhuge Liang led the army to "explore the Central Plains in the North", crossed Lushui (now Jinsha River) in May, settled the south and central China, adjusted the county settings, United the upper classes of ethnic minorities and developed Yunnan's economy. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Ningzhou, which was directly ruled by the central government, was changed to Yunnan, which was one of the nine Kyushu countries in China/KLOC-0 at that time. At this time, iron was widely used in Yunnan, and immigrants settled in fields. New factors of feudal relations of production have emerged in central and northeastern Yunnan. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, under the rule of cuan clan clan, Yunnan maintained close ties with the feudal dynasties such as Liu and Song, with relatively stable society and relatively developed economy and culture. Since then, Yunnan has not only "good household registration", but also "the harvest is the same as midsummer", leaving behind the dragon monument and treasure monument regarded as "divine products". It is during this period that the economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have been continuously strengthened, and the ancestors of Bai and Yi people such as "West Mang and White Man", "Han Shang Man", "Song Wai Man" and "Helman" have been formed.

The Sui Dynasty eliminated the separatist forces, and Yunnan was placed under the direct rule of the central government again, followed by the early Tang Dynasty, which basically restored the scale of the county system in the Han and Jin Dynasties. In 707 AD, the Tang Dynasty defeated the Tibetan expansionist forces invading Erhai Lake in the south and set up an iron column to make contributions. In 738 AD, it helped Nanzhao unify Erhai Lake area and conferred the title of "King of Yunnan" on Polo, which further developed the general trend of unity between Yunnan and the motherland. During Nanzhao period, Guizhou was in the east, Irrawaddy River in the west, Xishuangbanna in the south and Dadu River in the north. The southeast border is now Vietnam, and the southwest border is now Myanmar; There are Tubo in the northwest and Rongzhou (now Yibin) in the northeast. Nanzhao's internal repair system, the construction of Dongcheng (now Kunming), the construction of the three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, the development of economy, and the active study of advanced Han culture in culture have strengthened the economic and cultural ties between various regions and ethnic groups in Yunnan. In 897 AD, Zheng Maisi killed Wang Jian, the "great river" in Nanzhao. In 927, Yang Ganzhen established "Da Yi Ning". In 937, Duan Siping contacted 37 ministries to pacify the country and establish the "Dali Kingdom" regime. Dali regime basically inherited the border since Nanzhao, with eight states, four counties and thirty-seven departments, and practiced feudal serfdom. The rule of Dali regime in Yunnan is basically the same as that of Song Dynasty in the Central Plains. The king of Dali paid tribute to the Song Dynasty, and his leaders were successively named "King of Eight Counties in Yunnan" and "King of Dali" by the Song Dynasty, and became the assistant to resist the western line of Mongolian nobles in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Dali regime has always maintained a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty. The so-called "Song brandishing jade axe" abandoned Yunnan, which is not in line with historical facts.

In A.D. 1253, Kublai Khan led an army to cross the Jinsha River in skins, enter Yunnan and destroy Dali. 1260, "General Manager of Dali Kingdom" was established. 1274, Kublai Khan sent a talented Hui people to Saidianchi Lake to establish Yunnan Province, and appointed Saidianchi Lake as "the official of Pingzhang Province in Yunnan Province" (equivalent to today's governor) to govern Zhongqing (now Kunming). Yunnan Province has its own roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties, which are directly managed by officials appointed by the provincial government. The establishment of Yunnan Province brought Yunnan into the unified governance of the Yuan Dynasty and opened a new situation in Yunnan history. Since then, the name "Yunnan" has officially appeared in history as a provincial institution. Saidianchi Lake built a "private village" in Yunnan, built water conservancy projects, promoted Confucianism, improved ethnic relations, and made Yunnan politically stable and economically developed. Agriculture and animal husbandry has gradually changed from extensive management to intensive cultivation, and mining and metallurgy, mainly silver and copper, has grown into an important pillar industry. Yunnan's silver and copper courses rank first in the country, accounting for more than half of the national tax. Kunming has become the "industry and commerce" described in Marco Polo's Travels. Commodity exchange further developed, but since then, the Yuan Dynasty made Muer the king of Yunnan, and in 1290, the emperor made Liang the king, and Dali in Yunnan was under the jurisdiction of the whole province. In fact, there are two regimes in Yunnan, the provincial government and the vassal government. Dali took the opportunity to separate western Yunnan, making the provincial government useless. In addition, serf owners and slave owners everywhere took the opportunity to rebel, which brought great losses to people's production and life. 1363, with the support of the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan, the Red Scarf Peasant Uprising Army once entered Yunnan from Sichuan, which dealt a blow to the feudal lords of the Yuan Dynasty in Yunnan.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Youde, Aquamarine and Mu Ying westward to pacify Yunnan on 138 1. 1382, Yunnan political department (equivalent to the provincial government) and capital command post (equivalent to the provincial military region) were established, and prefectures, prefectures and counties were set up in the inland of Yunnan, with the rule of floating officials as the mainstay, and they were set up in remote areas. In the Ming dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese from the mainland entered Yunnan, and the economy developed rapidly. The output of silver reaches more than half of the whole country. The 24,000 Jin Hong Zhong cast in the 21st year of Yongle (1423) reflects the development level of copper mining at that time. With the development of commodity exchange, the currency used in Yunnan has also begun to abandon the coin, and the popular silver and copper coins in China have begun to replace the coin in circulation in Yunnan. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant uprising army led by Sun Kewang entered Yunnan, established Li Yong as emperor and launched the anti-Qing struggle. 1658 65438+ In February, the Qing army entered Yunnan, and the last dynasty of Nanming fell.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty's rule over Yunnan, a large number of immigrants entered Yunnan and implemented the policy of "returning home", which objectively consolidated the unity of the country and promoted the development of the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the mining and metallurgy industry in Yunnan developed greatly, and the seeds of capitalism began to appear. Copper from Dongchuan, Yimen, Lunan and Yongbei (now Yongsheng), silver from Ludian, Baiyang (now Binchuan Niujing), Yongsheng (now Yunlong) and Maolong (now Cangyuan), tin from Gejiu, lead from Luoping and Jianshui are all famous. From 1743 to 1802, the average annual output of Yunnan copper industry exceeded 10000 kg, and the highest annual output reached 14000 kg, ranking first in the country.

After the Opium War, Yunnan entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society with the whole country and was invaded by imperialist countries headed by Britain and France. People of all ethnic groups in Yunnan launched a vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. After 1856, the Hui, Bai, Yi and Hani people's uprisings led by Du Wenxiu and Li strongly supported the national anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal rule of the Qing government and shattered the dream of imperialist division and invasion of Yunnan. In the Sino-French War from South Yunnan 1883 to 1885, people of all ethnic groups in western Yunnan intercepted the British "expedition" to Ma Jiali, defended Pianma and Ban Hong, and severely punished the French invaders. They won great victories in the anti-French struggle led by Xuanguang, Lintao, Xiang Chongzhou and Yang Ziyuan, and wrote touching patriotic poems.

Under the harsh semi-colonial and semi-feudal environment, China's national capitalism developed slowly, and the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle led by the bourgeoisie was gradually launched after the birth of the bourgeois political party alliance. 1907, members of Yunnan Youth League and revolutionary masses held an uprising in Hekou. On the 7th day after Wuchang Uprising/KLOC-0, Zhang Wenguang, a member of the League, responded to the call and launched an armed uprising in Tengchong, establishing the Dudufu of the West Yunnan Army. 6543810.30, on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, the Kunming uprising was launched, and the military government of Yunnan was established, overthrowing the rule of the Qing government in Yunnan. During the Republic of China, Yunnan local government sent troops to the Northern Expedition, aided Sichuan to support the whole country, and carried out a series of bourgeois reforms initially, which played a certain role in promoting Yunnan's economic development. However, due to the weakness of the bourgeoisie in China, the revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai. 19 15, Yuan Shikai publicly proclaimed himself emperor and restored the feudal monarchy. Under the organization of Cai E, Tang and others, people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan first launched an uprising to defend their country on February 25th 19 15, and sent troops along Sichuan and Guangxi to denounce the restoration of monarchy. With the support of all parties in the country, after more than a year's efforts, the rule of Beiyang warlords collapsed and Yuan Shikai's dream of being an emperor was completely shattered. As a backward frontier province with poor land and poor people, Yunnan has made great contributions and sacrifices to the democratic process in China.

19 19 Around the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to spread in Yunnan. 1October 7th, 1926, 165438 Thanks to the hard work of producers such as Li Xin in party member, Yunnan Teke was established in Kunming, and the revolutionary struggle of Yunnan people was under the leadership of the Party. However, due to the cruel suppression of the Kuomintang, Li Xin, Wang Desan and Liu Pingkai died one after another. During the period of 1935- 1926, the Central Red Army and the Red Second and Red Sixth Army Corps moved to Yunnan, passing through 33 counties and conquering 13 counties, and held a historic Tashi meeting in Weixin County. On the way to the Long March, the Red Army mobilized the masses, cracked down on local tyrants, publicized the party's ethnic policy, and sowed a new revolutionary flame in Yunnan. Under the leadership of the underground party, the people of Yunnan actively supported and cooperated with the Long March, and more than 2,000 people joined the Red Army.

1929, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Long Yun as chairman of the Yunnan provincial government and commander-in-chief of the 13th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, and the rule of Yunnan local strength faction headed by Long Yun was established and consolidated. 1937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, and Yunnan fought with all its strength. 200,000 Yunnan troops were sent to Taierzhuang, Wuhan and other anti-Japanese war fronts, and 65,438+10,000 migrant workers were invested to build the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. Moreover, during the period of 1942- 1945, he supported the expeditionary force to enter Myanmar for the war of resistance. When the Japanese invaders trampled on the territory of western and southern Yunnan,

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek suddenly attacked and removed Long Yun from the post of chairman of Yunnan Province, and successively created the "December 1st" massacre, "Wenli Massacre" and "99 purge" in Yunnan, killing party member and patriotic Democrats. The atrocities of the Kuomintang aroused strong resistance from the people. The local party organizations in Yunnan launched a comprehensive struggle to organize, mobilize the masses and seize power by armed forces, and formed the "China People's Liberation Army Border Column in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou". 1949, under the unified leadership of the party, 6 1 county towns were liberated and 14 base areas were established. At the same time, the People's Liberation Army field army went south, and the party organization won the Lu Han Uprising in Kunming on 1949 and 65438+February 9, and Yunnan declared peaceful liberation.

Since modern times, Yunnan's economy has developed in a tortuous way in a very difficult environment. 1914-1919 years, national capital once ushered in a short spring. Before and after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Yunnan local national capital and bureaucratic capital developed to a certain extent. During the Anti-Japanese War, a number of factories and schools moved from coastal areas and inland areas, which once gave Yunnan economy. However, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Yunnan's economy nearly collapsed under the oppression of western imperialism, feudal forces and bureaucratic capital. 1949, the population of the province was15.95 million, of which the agricultural population accounted for 92%, the total agricultural output value was 925 million yuan, the per capita grain was 493 Jin, and the total industrial output value was1860,000 yuan. Commodity economy is extremely backward. Most of urban light industrial consumer goods are supplied by coastal provinces and cities, and rural areas are basically self-sufficient natural economy.

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Brief introduction of Yunnan history

Yunnan is one of the important birthplaces of mankind, and has experienced a long history of integration, evolution and development with the development of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. Since the establishment of the Kingdom of Yunnan in the Warring States Period, the administrative system and divisions have undergone numerous evolutions, gradually forming today's Yunnan.

Yuanmou Man: About 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, people in primitive people lived on the land of China. Yuanmou man in Yunnan is the earliest ape-man ever discovered in the history of China. By the Neolithic age, people living near Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake had been able to engage in primitive agricultural production with simple production tools such as stone axes. In some places, people will also build simple wooden houses and gradually form larger villages.

Zhuang Tiao entered Yunnan: In the third century BC, Zhuang Tiao attacked the southwest through Qianzhong County, "learning from its king and learning from it", and established Yunnan State. Zhuang Qiu and others brought advanced culture and production technology into Yunnan, which promoted the development of Yunnan and marked the beginning of political contact between Yunnan and the mainland.

Wuchi Road, Qin Kai: In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, established a county in Yunnan, and opened the "Wuchi Road" from Yibin, Sichuan to Qujing, Yunnan. Because this road is only five feet wide, it is called "five-foot road". The opening of Wuchi Road connected Xianyang, the capital, with eastern Yunnan via Sichuan, and appointed officials to govern Yunnan, making it a part of the Qin Empire.

Hanwu opened Yunnan: In the second year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 109), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Guo Chang, a general, to lead the Bashu army to Yunnan and set up Yizhou County, with 24 subordinate counties. The county is located in Dianchi County (now Jinning County), and Yunnan is one of them. The county is located in Xiangyun County today, "Yunnan Post". The Han Dynasty adjusted the counties, changed the situation that tribes coexisted and did not belong to the same family, and brought in some feudal relations of production. During this period, the use of bronze tools and the appearance of Niu Geng further improved the level of agricultural cultivation. Superb smelting technology has created splendid bronze culture, and the excavation of various bronzes shows the superb skills of folk artists. A large number of cattle, horses, sheep and goats, plus livestock, pigs and dogs, mark the development of animal husbandry in Yunnan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also sent Tang Meng to expand "Wuchi Road" and renamed it "Southwest Yi Road". The Han Dynasty also organized manpower to excavate the Bonan Ancient Road, and frequent business contacts promoted international trade and cultural exchanges between the southwest of China and Southeast Asian countries, especially Myanmar and India. This is the famous Hanwu opening Yunnan in history. Zhuge Liang governs the south: During the Three Kingdoms period, parts of Yunnan, Qianxi and Southwest Sichuan were collectively called "South China". In 225 AD, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han Dynasty, personally levied in Yunnan and led three armies. He adopted the policy of "not using force, but taking the heart". Entering Erhai Lake (Dali area) in western Yunnan, he quickly put down the rebellion launched by the slave owners and nobles in Yunnan, surrendered the local surname Meng Huo, and made Meng Huo "seven capture and seven vertical", so that Yu Huo surrendered completely and vowed not to rebel. Therefore, Zhuge Liang quickly pacified South China, and Yunnan became a part of Shu Han.

According to the code: in 3 17 AD, the Yi people proclaimed themselves emperor and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Juanjuan, who moved from the mainland to Yunnan, became stronger and ruled Dianchi Lake independently. The Cuan people have ruled for more than 400 years, calling Dianchi Lake Kunchuan (or Kun30), which is similar to Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Unification of Six Imperial Letters: During the Zhenguan period in 738 AD, the Tang Dynasty supported the Mengshe Imperial Letters to unify the six imperial letters and established the Nanzhao Kingdom based on Erhai Lake. The main royal letter Pirog was named "King of Yunnan" and Nanzhao was named 13 King, ruling for more than 200 years.

Duan established Dali Kingdom: In 937, Duan Siping destroyed Nanzhao to establish Dali Kingdom. In117, the leader of Dali Kingdom was appointed as the "Yunnan Provincial Ambassador" in the Song Dynasty. The political center was in Erhai area, with Dali as its capital. It was handed down from the 22nd century and was ruled by * * * for 3/kloc. During the reign of Dali, Shanshan City (now Kunming) gradually became the most prosperous and ideal city in central Yunnan. In the meantime, the famous story of "Peacock Gallbladder" was left.

Yuan Dynasty crossed the purse: A.D. 1253, Kublai Khan led the army to conquer Yunnan and break Dali. 1267, the fifth son, Hu Gechi, was proclaimed king of Yunnan, and his son was killed in 127 1 year. 1274, Kublai Khan sent Sayyid Shams Din 'Umar to Yunnan. In 1276, the Yuan Dynasty officially established Yunnan as one of the provinces of China 1 1, and from then on, "Yunnan" was officially named as a provincial administrative region. The political center moved from Dali to Kunming. After Saidianchi arrived in Yunnan, he formulated taxes economically, developed production and built water conservancy projects. Politically, we should change the practice of cruel slaughter in the past and replace it with policies of good ethnic relations, education and political stability. The outstanding example is Dianchi Lake, which was once flooded. Saidianchi Lake recruited migrant workers, dug Haikou and dredged the Mantis River, so that Dianchi Lake water entered Jinsha River from Haikou via the Mantis River.

Ming set up a health clinic, and the immigrants are in Yunnan. 138 1 year, Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army of Fu Youde, Aquamarine and Muying to the west to pacify Yunnan. 1382, Yunnan political department (equivalent to the provincial government) and capital headquarters (equivalent to the provincial military region) were established, with prefectures, prefectures and counties in Yunnan mainland, dominated by officials, and propaganda departments and headquarters in remote areas. In the Ming dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese from the mainland entered Yunnan, and the economy developed rapidly. The output of silver reaches more than half of the whole country. The 24,000 Jin Hong Zhong cast in the 21st year of Yongle (1423) reflects the development level of copper mining at that time. With the development of commodity exchange, the currency used in Yunnan has also begun to abandon the coin, and the popular silver and copper coins in China have begun to replace the coin in circulation in Yunnan. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant uprising army led by Sun Kewang entered Yunnan, established Li Yong as emperor and launched the anti-Qing struggle. 1658 65438+ In February, the Qing army entered Yunnan, and the last dynasty of Nanming fell.