The impact of tourism on the environment is explained from the perspectives of soil, water and atmosphere.

Influence of forest tourism on environment and its countermeasures

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Forest tourism must consider its own sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to study the negative impact of tourism development and construction process and business activities on the environment, and put forward countermeasures from the aspects of promoting eco-tourism, implementing environmental impact assessment system, determining the standards of environmental protection tourism facilities and strict access system.

Forest tourism is a tourism activity that takes good forest landscape as the main tourism resource and makes use of the multiple functions of forest and its environment. After more than 20 years of development and construction, forest tourism in China has begun to take shape, with forest parks and nature reserves as the main support and scenic spots, botanical gardens, state-owned forest farms and forest hunting grounds as the basic framework. By the end of 200 1, China has built nature reserves 155 1 (including national nature reserves 17 1), with a total management area of145 million hm2, accounting for/kloc of the total land area. According to statistics, in 2000, the National Forest Park received a total of 710.82 million tourists, generating a direct tourism income of 654.38+29.3 million yuan. Forest tourism has gradually become the most dynamic and potential new economic growth point in the forestry industry. However, it should be noted that the sustainable development of forest tourism must be considered in the development of forest tourism. Forest tourism is highly related to the environment. On the one hand, environmental resources are the basis for the survival and development of forest tourism. On the other hand, the activities of forest tourism will have various impacts on the environment, both positive and negative. If forest tourism activities have a potentially destructive impact on the ecological environment and make environmental resources lose their appeal to customers, forest tourism will not be sustainable.

The negative impact of forest tourism on the environment

The negative impact of forest tourism on the environment refers to the negative and harmful effects of forest tourism on the environment. It mainly comes from two aspects, namely the process of tourism development and construction and the process of tourism management activities.

1. The negative impact of tourism development and construction on the environment

In order to exert, improve and enhance the attraction of tourism resources, people often need to develop and construct tourism resources, but if the development and construction planning is improper, it will easily cause damage or damage to the environment.

(1) Plant resources are damaged. Mainly manifested in: ① the destruction of vegetation by quarrying, chopping wood and mountaineering activities in the scenic spot; (2) Damage caused by cultivated land reclamation; (three) the construction of hotels, restaurants, parking lots and other public facilities and the felling of trees lead to the change of forest land use and the destruction of plant resources; (4) the damage caused by the transformation of plant landscape; ⑤ Collecting firewood destroys vegetation; ⑥ The development of forest resources will inevitably break the balance of the original ecosystem and make forest resources face the threat of pests and diseases; ⑦ There are abundant biological resources in forest ecosystem. In the process of developing forest resources, with the change of living environment, some plants are threatened with extinction.

(2) Interference with animal resources. The habitat and reproduction of wild animals need a certain habitat, and the development of tourism resources can destroy the predation and reproduction law of wild animals. As a result, animal species are reduced and animals migrate.

(3) Destroy the landscape environment. The main manifestations are as follows: ① the height, scale and style of the building are not in harmony with the natural environment; (2) Open-air road construction, bridge building, quarrying, building, logging and unplanned erection of various wires, damaging the beautiful natural environment; (3) damage caused by improper transformation of plant landscape; (4) Poorly designed hotels, guesthouses and other tourist facilities do not conform to the original architectural style and type or can not be integrated with nature.

(4) the destruction of geological features. Geological landscape is a valuable natural resource. There are many peculiar geology and landforms in China, such as silicified wood forests in Zhejiang and Hebei, strange mountains and peaks with high karst in southwest China, and stone forests in Guilin. However, these unique geological and geomorphological features have been destroyed due to the artificial division of trails in the process of tourism development and construction. In order to solve the problem of domestic water use, some scenic spots pump a lot of water from underground, which has a certain impact on the geology and geomorphology of scenic spots over time.

(5) Impact on the atmosphere. The concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons and other major greenhouse gases will have a direct impact on climate change. Forest is a huge natural carbon pool, which has the functions of emission reduction and carbon fixation. Due to the development and construction of forest tourism, the number and types of plant resources are reduced, and the carbon sink (CO2 absorption) of forests is reduced.

2. The negative impact of tourism business activities on the environment.

In tourism management, both the supply and demand of tourism may pollute and destroy the environment.

(1) Plant resources are damaged. First, the "three wastes" discharged by tourism service facilities will damage or destroy plants; Second, the flow and temporary stay of tourists do harm to plants. The performance is as follows: ① trampling on vegetation; ② Tourists climb branches, leaves, flowers and fruits intentionally or unintentionally. The more tourists, the greater the damage to plant resources. (3) Due to the intensification of human production activities, the possibility of fire increases.

(2) Disturbing and destroying animal resources. The main manifestations are as follows: ① tourists take pictures and feed animals at will, which greatly changes the living habits of animals; (2) The activities and stay of a large number of tourists and the noise pollution caused by them have changed the habitat of animals, leading to the migration of animals and the decrease of species in this area; (3) Hunting animals artificially or for souvenir trading will also increase, which will directly lead to the decline of the number of wild animals; (4) Cave animals will change their life patterns due to excessive visits and lighting systems.

(3) Pollution to water environment. Some tourism activities, such as swimming, boating, fishing, water show, etc. We must rely on water bodies, and various production departments and living needs in tourist areas consume a lot of water resources. However, in many tourist areas, due to the lack of sewage and sewage treatment equipment, domestic sewage is directly discharged into underground or nearby lakes, rivers and coasts, polluting groundwater, lakes, rivers and seawater. In addition, the surface pollution of some water bodies is caused by the cleaning of fuel oil and bottom dirt of water vehicles such as motorboats and yachts. In closed harbors and lakes, this problem is more prominent because of the slow natural water circulation. A large amount of solid waste will also be produced in tourism business activities. If there is no perfect solid waste management system and treatment technology, garbage discharge and oil leakage will pollute the water quality.

(4) Pollution to the atmosphere. The impact of tourism on the atmosphere mainly includes the following aspects: ① air pollution caused by vehicles; (2) Domestic sewage, smoke and dust from hotel kitchens, fireworks from some food stalls constantly pollute the air, even scorch trees, and fireworks from some temples smoke and kill old trees; (3) Too many tourists exhale CO2, giving off a lot of unpleasant smells, which have a great impact on the atmosphere and the air in tourist areas.

(5) Damage to soil environment. The influx of a large number of people has a great influence on soil structure: with the decrease of vegetation, the exposed area of soil increases, the degree of soil hardening increases, the water permeability decreases, and the surface runoff increases, resulting in serious soil erosion.

(6) Destroy the landscape environment. Due to poor management, tourists randomly throw, scribble and play pranks to destroy the scenery and the tourist landscape environment. On the other hand, it is caused by the dumping of domestic garbage by hotels and restaurants in tourist areas. Solid waste not only destroys the environment and spreads diseases, but also causes the attraction of this tourist area to decline rapidly.

Countermeasures for coordinated development of forest tourism and environment

The development of forest tourism inevitably involves the development, utilization and management of tourism resources. How to reduce or avoid the damage of forest tourism to resources and environment, and coordinate the relationship between tourism development and environmental protection, I think the following measures can be taken:

1. Promote ecotourism

Eco-tourism is a tourism activity based on natural and ecological resources and centered on ecological protection. Eco-tourism goes beyond the scope of natural tourism, with special emphasis on environmental protection and economic benefits. Compared with traditional tourism, eco-tourism takes natural landscape as priority instead of tourists as priority in management mode; In the pursuit of economic goals, the value orientation replaces the price orientation, while the traditional profit maximization is replaced by appropriate profits and the value of continuously maintaining environmental resources; From the positive impact, the phenomenon of simply pursuing economic benefits has been replaced by the integration of economic, social and ecological benefits. Promoting eco-tourism can reduce the negative environmental benefits of forest tourism and is one of the important ways to realize the sustainable development of tourism.

2. Establish and effectively implement the environmental impact assessment system in tourism development and construction.

Environmental impact assessment is a method of preventive management of the environment, which embodies the principle of "prevention is better than cure" generally pursued in environmental management. In his book, P Wharton defines environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying various possible consequences of the implementation of certain projects on the geophysical environment and human health and welfare at a stage that can affect decision-making, and transmitting the analysis results to the relevant personnel or institutions responsible for approving projects." Environmental impact assessment is rarely used in China's tourism development. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the government decision-making departments do not know enough about the evaluation of environmental effects of tourism development; Second, people have long lacked a scientific understanding of the nature of the relationship between tourism and the environment. Therefore, if the environmental impact assessment system can be effectively established in tourism development, the implementation of forest tourism projects with no development potential or even negative impact will be effectively avoided, thus reducing the negative impact of tourism on the environment.

3. Determine the environmental standards of tourist facilities.

Its purpose is to ensure the quality of landscape environment and eliminate building pollution. The basic contents should include: establishing the density of accommodation facilities per unit area in order to provide enough space for entertainment facilities and landscapes; Determine the building area and protect the natural features; Determine the proportion of landscape (including nature and humanity) area; Determine the height of buildings in a certain landscape area to maintain the main features of the landscape; Determine the distance between the building and a center (such as seashore, mountain peak, etc.). ) keep the landscape beautiful; Determine the buffer between the road and the landscape.

4. Strict examination and approval system for tourism development.

Tourism projects must be well planned and planned before development. Experts in sociology, environmental science and cultural science are needed to conduct comprehensive and scientific argumentation; Planning review should fully listen to the opinions of the competent departments of environmental protection, urban construction, water conservancy, land management and forestry. The development of tourism projects should be carried out in one step to avoid repeated planning and implementation of the destruction or damage to resources and the environment.

5. Establish environmental protection target responsibility system.

From the formulation of tourism planning, the evaluation of tourism development projects, the construction of tourism projects and the implementation of tourism business activities, it is necessary to establish a responsibility system for environmental protection objectives. Governments at all levels and relevant departments should strengthen the assessment and supervision of developers and operators, investigate the responsibility of violators according to relevant laws and policies, truly achieve "who makes decisions, who is responsible" and "who manages, who is responsible", and effectively protect forest tourism resources and ecological environment.

6. Solve the problem of tourism overload

Tourism overload means that the development of tourism exceeds the environmental capacity, which is often an important reason for serious environmental damage. This problem can be solved from two aspects: on the one hand, the flow and direction of tourism can be controlled by controlling tickets, adjusting prices and appropriate market strategies; On the other hand, by expanding tourism supply, tourism capacity can be expanded.

7. Raise people's awareness of environmental protection

In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the environmental awareness of tour guides, tourists and residents of tourist destinations. ① Establish an ecological museum to educate tourists and the public on environmental protection. Ecological museum can not only protect certain cultural heritage, serve community residents and tourists, but also be an important base for educating the public on ecological ethics and environmental morality. ② Strengthen environmental education for tour guides. Tour guides should not only have solid professional knowledge and strong professional ability, but also have rich ecological knowledge and strong environmental awareness. Only when a tour guide has a strong sense of environmental protection can he consciously maintain the environmental balance and actively remind tourists to take care of the ecological environment. ③ Use various media to strengthen public environmental education. Such as using newspapers, television and other propaganda functions to educate the broad masses of people on environmental protection; Increase publicity slogans and explanation boards in tourist attractions.