/kloc-the main sports in the United States in the 0 th and 9 th centuries.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the United States launched the westward movement to expand to the west, and groups of adventurers pushed to the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. After the news of the discovery of gold mines in California was confirmed, it triggered another wave of immigration. People leave their jobs at hand and flock to San Francisco, trying to realize their dream of gold rush.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the United States began an unstoppable westward movement, pushing the American frontier from the Mississippi River to the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 1848, people who went to California discovered a gold mine here, which immediately caused a sensation in the world and quickly formed an unprecedented gold rush, which greatly stimulated the westward movement and the development of the western United States. The gold rush is an important part of the westward movement, just like a bright fragment on a magnificent picture.

[American Chinese Exclusion Movement] (1end of 9th century)

American anti-Chinese movement.

/kloc-A series of legislation and actions in the second half of the 20th century, which excluded China workers and all China people from going to the United States.

The Origin of the Chinese Exclusion Movement1In the second half of the 9th century, American capitalists began to recruit Chinese workers from the southeast coast of China to meet the needs of developing the Pacific coast. Chinese workers were hardworking and cheap. Although persecution of Chinese workers has occurred from time to time since they set foot on American soil, as a national policy, Chinese workers are still welcome and encouraged to come to the United States.

1869, the first trans-North American railway was completed, which greatly improved the east-west traffic and eased the labor shortage along the Pacific coast. The economic crisis that swept the United States in the 1970s intensified the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the working class. In order to divert the attention of the working class, the bourgeoisie took advantage of the complicated ethnic composition of American workers, seized the employment contradiction between China workers and European immigrants, and incited Chinese exclusion. 1876 in the presidential election, two major bourgeois political parties competed to put forward anti-China slogans in order to win workers' votes. 1879, Congress passed a bill to restrict China workers from coming to the United States. Although it was rejected by the President, due to the pressure of public opinion, a delegation was sent to negotiate with the Qing government of China in the second year and a treaty was signed to restrict Chinese workers from coming to the United States.

1882 On May 6th, the U.S. Congress passed the Act on Implementing Certain Treaty Provisions Involving China People, that is, the Chinese Exclusion Act. Article *** 15 of the bill stipulates that China workers will be suspended from coming to the United States for 10 years from the date of adoption. Chinese workers who legally stay in the United States want to return from the United States, and they must register when going through customs and obtain the certificate of returning to the United States, otherwise it will be illegal; The American certificate issued by the China government requires the certification of customs officials; China people have no right to become American citizens: "China workers" refer to skilled and unskilled workers, and China people employed in mines. After many revisions, supplements and re-promulgation, the restrictions on China people coming to the United States have become more and more strict. For example, the Scott Act of 1888 10+00 declares that China workers who stay in the United States are not allowed to return to the United States, and all certificates sent back to the United States before are invalid; 1The Kiri Act of May 5, 892 not only extended the Chinese Exclusion Act for 10 years, but also stipulated that Chinese who stayed in the United States must register. Abolish the privilege of habeas corpus of China people, prohibit bail while examining the legality of China people coming to the United States, and repatriate those who are judged to have come to the United States illegally; On April 29th, the bill, 1902, extended the Chinese exclusion zone to all American territories. Not only are Chinese workers completely banned from coming to the United States, but even teachers, students, businessmen, tourists and even government officials who are listed as free to come and go by the Chinese Exclusion Act are blocked and made difficult by many parties. China people are detained outside the Immigration Bureau of angels in america Island pending trial.

The passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act encouraged the original anti-Chinese sentiment and led to a series of major anti-Chinese incidents in the late 1980s, which not only caused great losses to the lives and property of overseas Chinese living in the United States, but also seriously damaged the friendship between the Chinese and American peoples.

American exclusion from China is a manifestation of racism, and its reasons include political, economic, ideological and cultural factors, customs and habits, among which political factor is the main factor. Such a long time, such a large scale and such a strong degree of exclusion from China are closely related to the support of the US government.

The attitude of the Qing government in China began with 1876, and the Qing government has been protesting the persecution of overseas Chinese by the United States. In this regard, the US government either shirks its responsibility by not interfering in local affairs, or simply ignores it. Under the oppression of foreign powers, the Qing government was well aware of the serious consequences of American exclusion from China and dared not take retaliatory measures. Instead, they gave in step by step, signed a new treaty with the United States in 1884, and banned Chinese workers from going to the United States in 10. This treaty marks the Qing government's recognition of the legality of the American Chinese Exclusion Act, and makes the American government feel that China is weak and bullying, and Chinese exclusion is becoming more and more unscrupulous. 1On April 27th, 904, the US Congress passed a motion to extend all Chinese Exclusion Acts indefinitely, which aroused great indignation among the people of China. 1905 The boycott of American goods broke out, forcing the American government to order the relaxation of entry restrictions for teachers, students, businessmen and tourists, but Chinese workers were still prohibited from entering the country as before. 1924 and 1930 successively promulgated new immigration regulations to prevent China workers from entering the United States.

The Abolition of the Chinese Exclusion Act During the Second World War, China and the United States became anti-fascist allies, and the Chinese Exclusion Act became an obstacle to Sino-US relations. On the proposal of President Roosevelt, the US Congress abolished all Chinese Exclusion Acts on June1943+February 17, 2007. However, the number of immigrants is strictly controlled within 105. 1965, 10/0 On October 3, the U.S. Congress passed the Supplementary Immigration Nationality Law, which adjusted the immigration quota ratio between the east and the west, established the first-come-first-served principle, and stipulated that each country should not immigrate to the United States more than 20,000 people each year. At this point, China's talents have received the same treatment as other countries in form. 1952 These decrees were incorporated into the current mccarron-Walter Act.