What are the necessary common sense for travel?

After a whole day's exercise and breathing fresh air, people's appetite will often open up, and eating will become a real camping pleasure. In the wild, food is fuel and power, so you need to replenish your exhausted calories. If your diet is not only nutritious, but also light, simple and easy to prepare, then the energy and energy of exercise and personal pleasure will be greatly enhanced.

Although there are half-baked noodles or charred main courses, there are few unpalatable camping food. However, the endurance and self-confidence of most experienced adventurers can be tested by choosing nutritious food, estimating the appropriate amount and arranging recipes for long-distance travel. Healthy and nutritious diet and various recipes are the pillars from firm belief to safe decision-making in the wild. On the contrary, monotonous, inappropriate and not rich recipes can only lead to insufficient exercise energy and constant quarrels during the journey. Ironically, food is often a neglected aspect of travel preparation.

Food is an important logistics supply. The key is that you must have enough food, but the food is also very heavy, and you will easily overestimate your calorie demand. Warning you in advance: no matter how hard you try, the food supply always seems inappropriate. It's either too much or too little. It's a mistake. The weather was cold and exhausted. I climbed up the mountain but had nothing to eat. I had to be hungry, but I burped all the way down the mountain on a sunny afternoon. Gobbling last autumn does not guarantee that there will be enough food and energy this summer.

You can never make the amount of food just right, but you can try to make it close to the demand. Generally speaking, an adult male weighing 70kg needs about 1kg dehydrated food every day, and an adult female weighing 55kg needs about 0.9kg dehydrated food every day. If you bring meat, cheese or any canned food, increase your daily food budget appropriately, because these things are much heavier than dehydrated food. If you choose freeze-dried food, reduce your food intake appropriately. If you insist on recording the daily food supply during various trips, it will be of great benefit to prepare recipes before you travel in the future.

Camping food "six don't"

Try to save money when buying food.

Choose the food supply from the corner fast food market.

Eat less to achieve the goal of dieting and losing weight.

By bringing only healthy food, I want to improve my companion's eating habits.

You forgot to bring it when you were on the road.

Used to feed animals or waste drinking water

Usually, travel recipes include fast-cooked, hot grains, food wrapped in foil to ensure quality, and food suitable for flying. In fact, there is no need to follow such boring and unhealthy feeding guidelines.

If you are willing to take the time to dehydrate food, find meat substitutes in your diet and spend some time cooking in the camp, you may eat as much as you do at home. Investing in a food dehydration dryer can reduce the cooking cost of many years of field trips and greatly reduce the travel expenses, thus recovering the investment. Fruits, vegetables, snacks, condiments and even the whole main course can be dehydrated and dried, and then stored for travel.

Even if there is no dehydration dryer, you can prepare decent nutritious game from ordinary (relatively cheap) food bought at random in the store. Think about what you like to eat at home at ordinary times, choose the part suitable for field trip, and consider such constraints-; The length of travel time, the need for replenishment, the shortening of cooking time, the supply of drinking water and so on.

Why not make noodles, dried peppers, stew or burritos like you eat at home? Dehydrated noodle seasoning, fried beans, salads and other things to eat at home can be made into food like home by adding hot water in the wild. A small amount of fresh condiments makes the food in the camp taste better. The prepackaged rice and noodles bought in the store can also make delicious food. Soup bags and seasoning bags are supplements to rich recipes and are light in weight.

If you eat prepackaged foods, you can still add some carefully selected fresh vegetables, such as onions, garlic, carrots, Chinese cabbage and so on, to make it taste better and more nutritious. Bring a whole set of condiments. Solid condiments include salt, minced garlic, pepper, cumin, curry powder, mint and cinnamon. Some light condiments (such as mustard, soy sauce, spicy soy sauce, etc. ) Adding essence does not take up space, and put it in a leak-proof plastic bottle with a screw cover.

The most effective way to lose interest in food is to endure a monotonous diet. Try to establish an alternate diet structure based on different kinds of staple foods (pasta, rice, beans and cereals), prepare all kinds of snacks to eat on the road, buy several kinds of cheese (cheese keeps for a long time), including hot and cold cereals, taste desserts from time to time, and increase food rewards when it is necessary to boost morale.

Leave as much garbage as possible before going out, repackage glass products or things in cartons (use sealed plastic bags or tie a knot instead of ropes, which can eliminate the ropes that seem to be everywhere around the camp). Plan your menu to avoid leftovers, or use it later to minimize wild garbage.

Accessories: Cooking equipment

You can look at the important factors of camping cooking from different angles. Most backpackers choose camping menus in a simple way. Or go on the road without stove, fruit, breakfast oatmeal and lump food, which is feasible in hot summer, because the last thing you want to eat after a long journey in summer is hot food. Or, if you think these methods are unnecessary self-torture, you can arrange a gourmet's camp kitchen and make cooking an important part of the backpacking experience. For most hungry travelers, it is quite appropriate to simply prepare a can of prepared breakfast and dinner, as long as the quantity is sufficient.

To put it simply, your camp kitchen may be just one or two portable fuel tanks (filled with butane or propane) for field use, a burner that can be screwed on the fuel tank, a small pot and a spoon. In fact, with such pocket-sized "kitchen" equipment, you can slowly cook about 1 kg of food. A windshield, a blackened pot and a heat shield can further improve the efficiency of any stove. Combining them will cut your cooking time by half. People who pay attention to diet will be very happy to hear that a traveling stove with two burners will be on the market soon. You can choose any outdoor stove, double-layer pot and coffee machine you want. But in that case, you'd better take a simple trip.

protective agent

Shelter is the second most important thing in this field after food. When it comes to field protection, most people think of tents. It is important to choose a tent suitable for the weather and the number of people in the same trade. For example, four people may need a big dome tent and several tarpaulins for cooking and storage in rainy days, while one person traveling in the desert may need a compact and lightweight mosquito-proof tent or a small poncho. The longer the travel time, the more remote the route, the more likely it is to make mistakes in protective equipment, because it may be attacked by sudden and persistent storms, and leaving the route is not an option.

It is best if your sleeping bag is warmer than the one you need where you are going, so that you can get some air, which is much better than shivering in the sleeping bag to keep warm. The feeling of safety, peace of mind, protection and dryness is very important for resting at night and restoring physical strength. It makes you sleep deeper and prevents you from getting sick in cold weather. Choosing a suitable and warm sleeping bag can also make you move more freely, because you can take off heavy clothes and wear only light, comfortable and easy-to-dry pajamas.

Clothes and other daily necessities

The temperature, weather and heat emitted by human body change greatly within 24 hours a day, so it is very meaningful and important to choose outdoor clothes suitable for all kinds of situations. Outdoor clothes need to be multifunctional, so that they can breathe freely when hiking during the day, dry quickly after being soaked by sweat, keep warm when the temperature is low in the morning and evening, and shelter from the wind and rain when it blows. Because adventure travelers can't bring a wardrobe of clothes, the only way to adapt to various necessary functions is to wear several layers of clothes with different functions at the same time: almost nothing in hot weather, all when you need all kinds of protection. Most modern outdoor clothes are designed and manufactured according to these hierarchical structures.

The underwear closest to the skin uses body temperature to take away water in the body, and it can dry quickly after exercise. These thin underwear are covered with thick laminated clothes. Sweaters and vests can form a stagnant air layer between you and your surroundings, and there are usually several different combinations to wear. On these clothes, you should wear protective clothing to protect you and the sandwich clothes inside. Generally speaking, the two most important layers are underwear and protective clothing, because they have to deal with the problems caused by skin sweating and bad weather.

Outdoor clothing usually uses synthetic fabrics that hardly absorb water, such as polypropylene, polyester fiber (polyester) or specially treated nylon. These "hydrophobic fabrics" have a variety of dazzling brands, and they are just general materials used as underwear, because they dry quickly and can absorb water in the body. Synthetic fiber fabric is a wise choice in wet and rainy weather. Cotton cloth, the most commonly used fiber in casual wear, will become quite cold once it is soaked and slowly dried. In the cold and humid climate, the coolness of evaporation in cotton-padded jacket will lower people's body temperature, which may be dangerous when it drops to a certain extent. Therefore, cotton clothes should be avoided in the wild, except in hot desert areas, where cotton clothes are available. Use woolen goods with caution. Although it is warm, it is not light and dry slowly. Wool may be the most common material for good socks, but in order to maximize comfort, backpackers need clothes to dry quickly and only have body heat. It seems that only high-tech synthetic fiber fabric materials can meet this requirement, especially in wet conditions.

In cold weather, you should bring more clothes than you think you need, because most of us are not used to staying outdoors 24 hours a day. On the road in the wild, between remote camps, you may not find a warm room at all-; Just like what you find on the top of a ski resort or after a short day's trip-; So you need more clothes to stay comfortable and warm in all kinds of climates. Ideally, even if you can't light a bonfire or your tent leaks, you still have enough clothes to keep warm. Whether you spend an afternoon hiking or wandering in the wild for a month, you need enough clothes. Wet, tired and hungry experiences are inevitable, but at least you have a comfortable and warm journey time.

Once you have used clothes with different levels of functions, you know how to match different levels of clothes so as to be comfortable to wear under given conditions, and you can be very safe even in dangerous bad weather. Outdoor clothing made by modern scientific and technological means will play a very good role. In most environments, you can keep warm and dry by adding a weatherproof tent. The most important thing is to bring enough clothes in cold weather. A special jacket or a pair of mittens can bring more comfort, but it is light in weight.

Bottom coat: If there is one layer of clothes that you can't save anyway, it is underwear. In hot weather, a backpacker sweats a lot. Your underwear must be able to take the cool sweat away from you and dry it quickly without shivering in the camp at night. Therefore, most underwear suitable for outdoor athletes is made of specially treated polyester fiber (polyester). This kind of fiber does not absorb moisture, and the fabric is designed to easily take away moisture from the skin. Although underwear is generally much cheaper than barrier clothing or protective clothing, they are very practical, from jogging in summer to camping in winter. Long sleeve lapel zipper shirt is suitable for all kinds of weather and uses.

Interlayer clothing: Interlayer clothing between the bottom layer and the outer protective layer is not critical to your comfort, but they are still important, especially in bad weather or seasons. Wool-like fabric made of polyester fiber is the most popular insulation layer for outdoor travelers, because it is durable, can effectively create a stagnant air layer, and is easy to stack and dry quickly. Wool coats can also be effectively isolated, but they are much heavier, dry slowly and are easy to wear. Cold weather moves around the camp. Although a snowsuit or vest filled with down or synthetic materials is heavier to carry, it is quite useful and worthwhile. However, it is redundant for summer travel. Down must be kept dry in wet weather.

Protective layer: The outermost protective clothing is generally made of tightly woven nylon. This waterproof and breathable coat is versatile, because it can cope with moderate rain well, and it can be fully ventilated after hiking, so there is no need for a "sweat bath". Waterproof and breathable raincoats can emit sweat and moisture through porous fabric materials, so you can wear them to keep clothes dry after a storm or sweaty exercise. The main disadvantage of this kind of protective clothing is its high price, and it can't resist the continuous rainstorm like a completely waterproof clothing with coating.

All protective clothing, regardless of material and season, should be easy to discharge water vapor and evaporate sweat, and have an attached hood to protect the head to avoid the possibility of heat loss. You should also be able to put on or take off protective pants easily without taking off your shoes. When climbing a mountain, protective pants can't limit the bending and lifting of knees.

Head and limbs protection: to be fully equipped, you also need a sun hat, winter hat, gloves and good quality socks. Wool products are generally used in hats, gloves and socks, but in fact polyester wool-like fabrics can provide better protection. However, polyester socks are not as elastic as wool socks, so you should carefully choose the one that suits you best. The important thing is that these socks will dry overnight. Even if they are completely soaked, a pair of wool socks may take twice as long.

Accessories: footwear

Backpack hiking is nothing more than carrying weight and walking, both of which are undoubtedly dependent on feet. Therefore, shoes can determine the success or failure of your trip. Running shoes can be worn when the load is light, short and relaxed, but when the load exceeds 10 kg, it is required to wear shoes that can keep your feet and play a greater supporting role when hiking in rugged areas. The heavier the bag on your back and the harder the journey, the more you need hard and supportive shoes.

The knowledge about the choice, fit and maintenance of shoes can constitute a whole book, so here is a simple selection of its main points. First of all, the fit is undoubtedly the most important factor when choosing shoes. Every company's shoes and special shoes have certain shoe last (wooden shoe mold) restrictions. If the shape of the manufacturer's shoe last doesn't match your foot shape, then the best shoes in the world are just expensive and luxurious tools that torture you for a long time.

Spend a lot of time choosing and trying on different shoes, and don't buy them on impulse. Only by going to several shoe stores and trying on more than half a dozen shoes can we compare which pair is the most comfortable to wear on our feet. Wear the socks you intend to wear in the wild when trying on, because different socks will affect the fit of the shoes. After putting on your shoes, your toes should have enough space to accommodate your swollen feet after a hard day's work. But it should not be too big, so as to avoid the feet coming out of the shoes when going downhill or balancing on an unbalanced slope. If it is difficult for you to find comfortable shoes, consider buying separate uppers or soles, because they can usually provide you with the better contours you need most.

Once you buy shoes, you need to maintain them to prolong their service life and keep them soft, light and supportive. Protect exposed stitches with a commercial seaming machine, and keep leather shoes waterproof by waxing or silica gel treatment. Waterproof protection and treatment will keep your feet dry and prevent leather from shrinking or hardening and becoming uncomfortable.

With regard to the choice of socks material, even if the new synthetic polyester fiber material is adopted, wool socks are still used for a long time because of their good elasticity and comprehensive comfort. But wool socks are not easy to dry overnight, which is a serious defect, because sweaty feet will keep socks wet all the time, and washing socks often helps to avoid blisters. The best answer to this dilemma is to choose socks made of new synthetic materials, which are not as malleable as wool socks, so we must carefully choose socks with good fit, but they are comfortable to wear and can protect our feet from friction. Most importantly, these socks can become dry like flammable dry wood overnight and just throw them at the foot of the sleeping bag. Or hang them on the top of the tent (to avoid absorbing body heat), they will be a little wet the next day, but they will dry quickly after wearing them, and their feet will always feel warm.

Camping shoes not only help to free the feet from the hard leather boots after a day's exercise, but also help to protect the camp, because they rarely kick the topsoil. Camping shoes should be able to dry quickly, so that they can become comfortable and warm quickly after getting wet on the dew-covered ground in the morning or after crossing the river and sinking into the mud. In warm weather, sports casual shoes are fine, although running shoes seem to be more suitable for most environments. In winter, soft boots are just right. These boots are knee-high. Paired with thick socks or light cloth shoes, you can imagine that they are simply extravagant because they are too soft. Knee-high shoes make it easy for you to step in the snow hole in the camp covered by Zita Law and create passages around the tent.

Maps and Global Positioning System

If you are always worried about getting lost in the trip, then such a trip will not be interesting, so take the latest map and compass of the area you are going to and learn to use them. If you need some guidance, you can take courses organized by local outdoor sports or read related books. Once you have some experience, it becomes quite easy to know the way of the whole country, and you can practice the skills of using maps and compasses without confusion during your trip. Take a compass and a map with you, and you can always ask for help during the trip.

In unfamiliar areas, you must make sure that you are on the right track from the beginning, keep the correct and reliable direction, and choose the route carefully. Especially in remote areas with unclear and underdeveloped roads, it is common for people to get lost from the beginning of their journey, and once they get lost, they will suddenly realize that they can no longer take the route.

With the decrease of its weight and price, GPS is becoming more and more popular in field sports guidance. In some areas with inconspicuous ecosystem characteristics, such as Arctic tundra and dense jungle, these satellite positioning devices can tell you the exact location, even how far you are from the pre-selected target, but they can't tell you the direction you are facing at the moment. Only a compass can do it. The global positioning system is used for positioning and the compass is used for pointing. In fact, many GPS components can give the current direction of travel, but the pace of hikers is often lower than the speed starting point of this function-; Therefore, GPS components should be regarded as an additional assistant to maps and compasses, not as a substitute for them. Moreover, GPS equipment needs high battery consumption and needs to bring more spare batteries. When GPS and compass are used together, please separate them by at least one foot. Remember, when the compass pointer is close to the antenna of GPS, the magnetic pointer will be biased. Be sure to look at the compass.

Ten essential items

There are many important items that can't be ignored before leaving, such as sunglasses, flashlights, knives, first aid kits, etc. If you forget something when you travel, it's probably some important appliances on the list of top ten necessities. For some individual items, you may be in a blind spot of memory, which makes you forget again and again. The list of things for backpacking can help you avoid any frustrating mistakes caused by memory.

1. Extra clothes. Don't just think that the backpack is light and comfortable to carry, bring a whole set of replacement clothes and keep it dry for emergencies.

2. Extra food. Bring more food you think you may need, and the extra amount is at least enough for a whole day.

3. sunglasses. This is very important to avoid eye fatigue, headache and eye damage under strong light.

4. Knife. A simple knife is an important tool with many uses.

5. Ignition materials. In extremely humid or cold weather, it is necessary to make a fire to keep the body temperature normal without frostbite.

6. Matches in a sealed waterproof container. If you want to use a field stove in a very humid and cold environment, you must make sure that the matches are dry. Or bring a butyl hydrocarbon gas lighter, which is easy to dry, can be ignited many times, and is easy to heat up in humidity below zero.

7. First aid kit. Prepare a first-aid kit of appropriate size for your trip, including sunscreen products for most outdoor sports.

8. A flashlight and a set of spare batteries.

9. Map. The latest topographic map is very important.

Compass or compass? Know how to use it.

nonessentials

There are some luxuries that you can't forget, but you don't really need them when you travel. Consider whether it is worth carrying them with extra loads, such as camping slippers, binoculars, lanterns, recliners, umbrellas, star maps and books you are about to finish reading. Remember a rule of field trip: "If something is too heavy, consider not taking it with you".

Camp comfort products

Camping slippers or light cloth shoes

Portable folding chair

Lantern (also used as a heater for outdoor tents)

Solar shower device

pillow

Camping towels (T-shirts can also be used)

Attachment: sorting and packaging

Once you have a work plan, it's time to pack food, protective equipment, clothes, travel equipment and a first-aid kit of a suitable size for your trip. The key point of backpacking is that the backpack must fit your back, which in turn means that there are many things you can't take. Therefore, you should estimate the weight, size, use and durability of everything you think of.

It is always important to be light, because every kilogram on your back will multiply the hard work on your feet when you walk. Small size is also critical, because everything has to be packed in your backpack (the capacity is generally 4070 liters). Everything you bring should be useful, preferably multifunctional, so that the increased load is reasonable. Those special items that may only be used once or twice on a long trip are best left at home. Durability is also important, because many items you rely on must be able to withstand frequent use. In addition, durable goods are more economical in the long run, because every dollar you spend can be converted into a longer service life and produce less waste. But durability also means heavier. Maybe gentle use will make your trip easier.

It is worth mentioning that many travelers do not cherish the use of their equipment and supplies. Outdoor equipment has a certain service life and needs more maintenance. Be careful with your equipment during the trip and spend as little time as possible. Use it, but don't abuse it intentionally. Zip up gently. Gently put down your backpack instead of throwing it on the ground. Don't stuff the tent pole into a bag full of things, so as not to tear the nylon top cover. Don't stuff stoves, headlights and other items into a full backpack when packing. Most of the things that treat you well will come back to you.

There is an interesting contrast exercise: only pack necessities-; What you "must" take, weigh it on the scale at home. However, put what you are going to take in the car, weigh it again and compare the weights twice. But remember, food, protective equipment and clothes can't be saved in any case.

List of equipment for backpacking hiking

Not everything on the list is necessary, but some things belong to camp comforts and you may want to bring them.

Food, water and cooking equipment

Kettle (water bottle)

Water filter or purifier

Stove and repair tools

fuel

Pots (cans, pots) with stoppers

cup

Spoon or knife and fork

Bowl (lunch box)

condiment

Eat food

Camping water bag

protective agent

tent

Waterproof cloth

umbrella

sleeping bag

Sleeping mat

Clothes and other daily necessities

Socks and spare parts

Long sleeve underwear

Pants and other common underwear

trunks

pants

Waterproof trousers

T-shirt

Thick sweater

Vest (vest)

Waterproof sleeve

Sunhat

Winter hat

gloves

Camping shoes

Travel equipment

knapsack

sneakers

walking stick

global positioning system (GPS)

A plan

Ten essential items

Extra clothes

Extra food

sunglasses

knife

igniter material

Matches (or lighters) placed in sealed waterproof containers

first-aid packet

flashlight

map

compass

Non-essential items (optional items)

cosmetics

Sunscreen products

Repair items (spare buttons, needle and thread, nylon rope, iron wire, catheter, tent pole sleeve, spare parts, etc.). )

Carry a lantern

Portable folding chair

star chart

binoculars

camera

book

Camping game

towel

Solar shower device