What happened to the sunken Kursk?

1956, the first nuclear-powered submarine Nautilus in the United States was launched. Since then, the United States, Russia, Britain, France and other countries have built and developed more than 500 nuclear submarines. After that, nuclear submarine accidents occurred frequently. Among them, there are as many as 17 known vicious accidents of nuclear submarine sinking, and more than 600 crew members were killed. According to statistics, the former Soviet Union 13 nuclear submarine sank, accounting for 75%, and more than 500 crew members were killed. Before the 1960s, there were three submarine sinking accidents in the US Navy. However, since 1970s, with the continuous improvement of nuclear submarine technology and the strict training and management of crew, the safety and reliability of submarines have been greatly improved, and no such vicious accidents have occurred in the past 30 years. However, in the 30 years after 1970, the world's top ten sunken nuclear submarines were all captured by the former Soviet Union and Russia, and so many nuclear submarine accidents were chilling. Since the founding of Russia in 1992, there have been seven nuclear submarine accidents. What caused such frequent shipwrecks in Soviet Russia? The main reason may be that the number of nuclear submarines in the former Soviet Union once reached more than 250, accounting for almost 50% of the world's total, and the probability of accidents will naturally be higher. This is a grandiose objective reason. But other reasons can not be ignored, such as the quality of nuclear submarines, the standards of reliability, maintainability and unsinkability, the training, management and organizational discipline of crew members, self-help and emergency rescue after accidents, and so on.

Submarines dive and float mainly by filling and draining the water tank in the submarine. Therefore, as long as the power system is in normal working condition, it can produce high-pressure gas, which will blow away the seawater entering each cabin or water tank in the boat, thus making the submarine float to the surface. There have been many accidents on submarines in the former Soviet Union, but it is rare to see a vicious accident in which people and ships sink into the seabed together. After the accident, it usually comes to the surface in an emergency, and then the emergency repair plan is determined.

Why did the Kursk dive and sink in an emergency instead of rising in an emergency after the accident? There are three possibilities in the preliminary analysis: first, the incident is sudden and it is too late to take measures. The crew in the boat may be carrying out normal drills according to the scheduled subjects, the watertight doors between the cabins are not closed, and the sudden big explosion at the bow of the boat makes the crew feel at a loss, and the whole boat suddenly becomes a mess. At this time, under great pressure, the turbulent sea water suddenly poured into other cabins from the bombed cabins 1 and 2, causing the boat to sink quickly because of too much water. Second, measures were taken in the ship after the explosion, but the effect was not obvious. After the first and second cabins exploded and were submerged by seawater, the bow of the submarine sank rapidly. In the process of sinking, the crew closed the watertight doors of each cabin urgently, and as a result, only two or three cabins at the tail may be protected. At this time, the nuclear power system is still working, but because most of the cabins have been flooded, even the seawater in some cabins can't float, so the crew urgently shut down the nuclear reactor to prevent nuclear leakage. Third, the accident was misjudged and the disposal measures were improper. In this exercise, the training courses for submarine accidents and emergency rescue may have been set in advance. It is possible that the Kursk misjudged the situation after the accident and continued to sink to the bottom of the sea according to the pre-specified training requirements before saving itself. As a result, I missed the initial opportunity to save myself and quickly sank.

Submarine accidents are mainly fire, collision or hitting the rocks. Fires are mostly caused by faults in the boat, collisions are mostly caused by too close tracking distance between the opposing sides, and hitting the rocks is mostly caused by improper operation. Collision is a frequent submarine accident, mainly between submarines, or between submarines and surface ships and floating objects (such as anti-submarine nets, fishing nets, water barriers, mines, etc.). During the Cold War, submarines of the United States and the former Soviet Union often chased each other on the high seas, stealing underwater acoustic signals and technical secrets of each other's submarines. After the underwater acoustic signal of the other submarine is recorded, it can be stored in the database to analyze and judge the model of the other submarine, or it can be imported into underwater weapons such as mines to automatically control the underwater attack on the submarine. 1986 10, near the Strait of Gibraltar, an American nuclear submarine collided with a former Soviet nuclear submarine while performing a tracking mission, causing the submarine to float after being damaged. There are many similar incidents. Basically, it is always the former Soviet submarine that is damaged after the collision between two boats, and the western submarine seems to be stronger. Russian Defense Minister sergeyev said that in the past 30 years, Russia has collided with foreign submarines 1 1 times, of which 10 times was with US Navy submarines.

It is also common for submarines to run aground on rocks. 198110/On October 27th, the former Soviet Navy's 2,350-ton W-class conventional submarine sneaked into the Swedish maritime restricted area to collect information, and ran aground after accidentally hitting the rocks at a distance of15km. The Swedish navy's anti-submarine aircraft, helicopters, submarines and surface ships were fully dispatched, and the W-class submarine was surrounded by three floors inside and three floors outside. The ship tried to escape many times, but it was badly damaged and was forced to surface under the bombardment of depth charges. When summoned, the captain and an officer insisted that the compass failed and the navigation was wrong, which led to the grounding. 165438+1On the morning of October 6, two tugboats, armed with six Swedish naval vessels and two helicopters, towed the W-class submarine to the high seas and deported it. Russia lost face in diplomacy and had to apologize to the Swedish government and pay $260,000 in aid.

There seems to be no doubt that the submarine Kursk sank to the bottom of the sea because of the explosion. The key is what caused the big explosion of the submarine? The most likely reasons are as follows: a serious fire occurred in the boat, it hit the rocks when sailing at high speed, the periscope hit the bottom of a merchant ship with deep draft when sailing, collided with a submarine, exploded on the boat, hit an anchor mine buried in World War II, and was attacked by a torpedo or accidentally hit. Among these reasons, several possibilities can be ruled out by exclusion method first: because Kursk is in the military exercise area of navigation control, it is less likely to collide with merchant ships; Because Putin's government and NATO have expressed a relaxed attitude, and in peacetime, the possibility of torpedo attack in western countries is almost non-existent; If there is an anchor mine, it may have been hit by a passing ship. It is impossible that no ship has passed through the sea area for more than 50 years. The underwater explosion is about 20 meters deep, and the water depth in Na Pianhai area is more than 100 meters. The rocks are mostly in shallow water, so it is unlikely to hit the rocks. Now, there are only three possible causes: fire, ship collision and weapon explosion.

Fire is the most likely to happen. Whether it is fire first and then explosion, or explosion first and then fire, it should be the logical inference that there is an irreparable fire in the ship. If it catches fire first and then explodes like a Y-class submarine, the submarine will have enough time to float. It didn't float, indicating that there is little possibility of a fire at first. It may cause a fire after the explosion, leading to the second or third explosion, completely damaging and sinking the submarine.

Collision with other submarines is also a logical inference. First of all, during the hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, it was common for submarines of both sides to collide, because both sides wanted to obtain the underwater acoustic characteristics of the other submarine. This is the biggest naval exercise since Putin came to power. It is hard to say that NATO does not send submarines to track and collect intelligence. Secondly, in order to achieve stealth effect, the submarine coated the shell with thick sound-absorbing coating, anechoic tile or invisible rubber, thus shortening the distance for the other submarine to find itself. At the same time, the submarine's underwater speed has been greatly improved, generally reaching 30 to 45 knots (1 knot equals 1.852 km). My eyes are not good. If you run too fast, the probability of collision in the process of tracking each other is really high, so this possibility is not ruled out. If a submarine really collided with it, whose submarine would kiss Kursk underwater in the Arctic Ocean? It seems that only the Los Angeles-class nuclear submarines in the United States and the Trafalgar-class nuclear submarines in the United Kingdom are the most likely. Even if these two types of nuclear submarines collide with the Kursk at full speed, it should be their own misfortune in theory, not the Kursk, because the tonnage of the Kursk is more than twice that of them, and it has a well-known double-shell structure. However, there are exceptions. 108 In June, 1970, an American sturgeon-class nuclear submarine collided with the former Soviet nuclear submarine K- 108 in the Pacific Ocean. As a result, only the periscope and antenna of the American nuclear submarine were slightly damaged, while the shell of K- 108 was knocked out of a big hole, and even the propeller was seriously damaged. Moreover, French nuclear submarines are too small, and there are no nuclear submarines in other NATO countries. It's a bit like a conventional submarine hitting an egg and hitting a stone. It's useless. So it seems unlikely to collide with a submarine, and the explosion of weapons in the boat seems to be the most likely situation.

The explosion of weapons in the boat may be mainly caused by torpedoes, anti-submarine missiles and mines. Oscar-class nuclear submarine type I is mainly equipped with 24 SS-N- 19 submarine-launched supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles with a range of 460 kilometers; Equipped with SS-N- 15 and SS-N- 16 anti-submarine missiles, with 32 spare bombs; There are four 533mm torpedo tubes, which can launch Type 53 torpedoes. Four 650 mm torpedo tubes are used to launch 65 torpedoes and 24 spare torpedoes. The main weapon of Type II is basically the same as Type I, except that the follow-up boat can be equipped with 24 improved SS-N-24 submarine-launched cruise missiles, which are ground-attack missiles and can be guided by aircraft and satellites with a range of more than 4,000 kilometers. It should be noted that the missile configuration of Oscar-class nuclear submarines is different from that of submarines in any country in the world. Other people's missiles are all placed in pressure-resistant shells, either vertical or torpedo tubes. The Oscar class is unique. Its 24 missile vertical launchers are arranged in two rows between pressure-resistant bombs and non-pressure-resistant bombs, each row has 12, and the inclination angle is 40 degrees. Every two launchers are a group, and one silo is used. This well is about 6.5 meters long and 2 meters in diameter. The manhole cover is folded outward or movable.

Kursk nuclear submarine adopts a drop-shaped linear structure, which is a double-layer shell structure with pressure-resistant shell and non-pressure-resistant shell. The enclosure of the podium is about 32 meters long, and there is a floating rescue capsule in the enclosure. 1 The boat is divided into nine cabins, with a small cabin structure. Type II boat has one more cabin. Such a cabin layout can ensure that the whole ship will not sink after one cabin is flooded. The personnel are all in the pressure-resistant shell, and the non-pressure-resistant shell is mainly equipped with missiles and is connected with seawater. Because the missile launchers are placed on both sides of the hull, the width of the submarine is 18.2 meters, but the diameter of the pressure hull is very small, only about 8.5 meters, so there is a gap of three to four meters between the pressure hull and the non-pressure hull. This design is based on the assumption that the torpedo launched by the enemy will not pose a threat to the personnel and equipment in the pressure-resistant shell when it explodes, so it is recognized as a very unique design. Even if the torpedo hits the middle of the submarine, it must pass through the shell, pressure-resistant missile launcher and seawater up to three meters thick to reach the pressure-resistant shell. At this time, the damage of torpedo has been reduced to a very weak level, so the protection ability of this class submarine is very strong.

During the Cold War, Oscar-class nuclear submarines once gave the United States and NATO a headache. In order to deal with it, I don't know how much effort and money I spent, and I don't know how many experiments I did. Why did Kursk, the latest modern nuclear submarine of Oscar class, sink to the bottom of the sea like paper? 1 18 people have quietly returned to the arctic ocean. Why on earth? Some analysts believe that cruise missiles exploded, but this possibility is very small, because 24 cruise missiles are not installed inside the pressure-resistant shell, but outside it. Even if the cruise missile explodes, the damage to the pressure shell will not be so great and so fast, because the submarine not only has the solid protection of the pressure shell, but also has the damping effect of the seawater between the inner and outer shells. In addition, the cruise missile is installed in a pressure-resistant container, which has nothing to do with all the components in the boat. The engine will only ignite after it comes out of the water, so the probability of underwater explosion is extremely small. Some analysts believe that Chechen rebels did destroy and sent people to pre-install explosives on the ship. This speculation ignores the fact that a submarine with a tonnage of14,000 tons needs at least hundreds of tons of TNT equivalent explosive power, and it must also explode in key parts such as torpedo tube and podium shell to make it sink to the bottom of the sea. If Chechen terrorists can really do this, it would be a bit great to put a lot of explosives on submarines and arrange to install timed explosion fuses. In this case, the defense ability, organizational discipline and safety protection ability of the Russian navy are even more doubtful.

At present, the official investigation results have not come out, but it seems that there are two possibilities: one is torpedo explosion. Torpedo is an underwater weapon with a warhead, which can propel and control itself. In fact, it is an underwater missile. Torpedoes are generally propelled by electric power and jet power. Torpedo is a large weapon with a length of seven or eight meters, which is installed in the torpedo tube at the front of the submarine, and the spare mine is arranged in the torpedo cabin at the front for easy reloading. Before a submarine launches a torpedo, it must first open the hatch cover of the torpedo tube outside the pressure hull, let seawater flow into the torpedo tube, and then ignite and launch. In this way, the torpedo can be discharged smoothly and follow the target according to the predetermined procedure until it explodes. Torpedoes are divided into two types: combat mines and combat mines. The former is loaded with 400 or 500 kilograms of explosives, while the latter is not loaded with explosives and is mainly used for training. The Kursk participated in the exercise, and the training course of launching torpedoes was essential. What's the point, torpedo? War thunder or fuck thunder? If it is a torpedo equipped with warhead, or a newly developed torpedo takes advantage of the training opportunity to conduct underwater test firing, the result may be that the front hatch of the launch tube fails during the launching process, but the crew did not realize the failure and pressed the launch button, causing the torpedo to explode at the bow. If it is a mine, one is enough to destroy the whole ship, because it is an explosion inside the ship, which is very harmful and uncontrollable. Even in mine warfare, if jet propulsion is used, it may cause fire in the launch cabin, which may lead to the explosion of other weapons such as torpedoes or mines. In addition, during the military exercise, did other ships of the Russian Navy fire torpedoes near the wrecked sea area? Is it possible that torpedoes accidentally hit Kursk? Russian torpedoes are more powerful. You hit one and it sinks.

Another possibility is the explosion of anti-submarine missiles. Anti-submarine missile, also known as rocket-assisted torpedo, is actually a rocket engine mounted on the back of a torpedo. It flies for dozens of kilometers in the air and then attacks enemy submarines in the water after launching underwater. This weapon, like a torpedo, is also launched from a torpedo tube. The failure phenomenon may be that the hatch cover outside the torpedo tube can't be opened, or the booster rocket accidentally ignites in the tube, but the whole body is stuck in the torpedo tube, resulting in an explosion accident in the cabin, blowing up the front cabin and sinking after seawater injection.

The Kursk nuclear submarine 1 18 crew members were all killed, which is unique in the world submarine accident record. Oscar class is not an ordinary submarine. It was the nuclear submarine that created many myths. The United States and the West are very afraid of it, and the former Soviet Union and Russia have always been proud of it. Why did the crew quietly sink to the bottom of the sea after the accident, and then all the crew died? This is a mystery of a century, no one can solve it, but we can still try to analyze it.

First of all, the submarine has poor performance. During World War II, the submarine technology level of the former Soviet Union was equivalent to that of Germany. During the Cold War, the number, technology and quality of submarines in the former Soviet Union were among the best in the world, comparable to those in the United States. During the period of the former Soviet Union, more than 2,000 ships were sold to more than 40 countries in the world, including hundreds of submarines. It should be said that the submarine is a mature equipment in Russia and there are no major technical defects. During the Cold War, the number of submarines in the former Soviet Union was four or five times that of the United States, with more than a dozen each year. Submarines have always been the killer equipment of the former Soviet Union. 1992 after the establishment of the Russian navy, due to financial constraints, the military expenditure dropped sharply from more than 200 billion US dollars in the past year to 45 billion to 5 billion US dollars, and submarine orders were basically interrupted. It is estimated that Kursk is a submarine that the former Soviet Union has started to build, and the later construction and internal outfitting may be completed in 1992-95. It is difficult to guarantee the quality of such a nuclear submarine that spans two eras and experiences two social systems and two different treatments. Therefore, it is doubtful whether the Kursk is a kind of "bean curd dregs project". Even if the construction quality is not too big, maintenance is a key issue. If it is not properly maintained after five years of service, sensitive equipment such as torpedo tubes will be very prone to danger. However, there have always been major hidden dangers in the maintenance of Russian ships. Because there is no money, the actual maintenance funds in place are only one tenth of the budgeted funds. The crew failed to get paid on time for a long time, and six of the seven aircraft carriers were disposed of. The Minsk, now on display in Shenzhen, was sold as scrap iron after only fifteen years of service, and the service period should be twenty-five years. The officers and men of the army don't even have their own lives, let alone dumb equipment like submarines. How can I afford normal maintenance? So it is not surprising that corrosion, inner and outer hatch covers can't be opened, circuit failure, frequent fire and so on. By necessary accident. Submarines are rarely maintained, how can they not have an accident? According to the analysis, there was no water in the last nine cabins, but the watertight doors were not sealed, which led to water seepage and gradually led to the death of the crew in the cabin due to the rising water level and lack of oxygen. If this is true, it is entirely a matter of construction quality. Watertight doors should not only be watertight, but also seal the air. How can they leak water?

Secondly, self-help measures are ineffective. When an accident happens, it is human nature to escape and save yourself. It is said that active measures will be taken. However, as a submarine, submarines have a set of rules. For example, someone needs to direct self-help and escape, otherwise no one dares to open the rescue capsule or put on a life jacket to escape without authorization. There seem to be several reasons why no one escaped: First, the captain died first in the explosion, and the whole ship lost its unified command, making a mess in front of the accident, which was not conducive to self-help and escape organization; Second, after the big explosion at the bow of the ship, the shock wave caused secondary damage to the hull, leading to structural damage. At the same time, because the front pressure hull was blown up, the cabin partition did not have strong pressure resistance, and it was squeezed and deformed in the deep water of 100 meters, resulting in the deformation or rupture of the rescue capsule, and people could not escape; Third, the torpedo tube was blown up and people could not escape through it. Of course, there may also be the following reasons: for example, the crew is not well trained and lacks basic training to escape in an emergency; Before the submarine goes out to sea, it carries insufficient spare parts, batteries, food, oxygen and life-saving and fire-fighting equipment, so it is at a loss in an emergency.

Finally, the rescue organization is weak. Kursk is divided into nine compartments, and at least dozens of watertight compartments are closed with watertight doors. Theoretically, as long as there is food, drink and oxygen in the cabin, it is no problem to stay in it for ten or twenty days. The boat is equipped with advanced satellite communication equipment and low frequency, very low frequency and very low frequency towed buoy antennas. Its buoyancy cable is 630 meters long and its towing depth is 90 meters, so it should be able to touch the water. Judging from the rescue situation in Russia, there are two major mistakes:

First, I know I can't help, but I just don't accept foreign aid. In terms of deep-sea rescue, the Soviet Union has done quite well. Every time a submarine has an accident, it is self-reliant, because it not only saves the face of the superpower, but more importantly, keeps the technical secrets of the submarine. For example, after the fire accident of the Y-class submarine in 1986, the P-3C anti-submarine patrol aircraft of the US Navy immediately flew to the accident sea area, saw the smoke billowing on the boat, and immediately informed an American ocean-going tugboat sailing in the nearby sea area to provide assistance, but it was flatly rejected by the boat side. This time, a similar situation appeared. Countries such as the United States and Britain have repeatedly called on Russia to consider their suggestions and hope to go to the rescue, but Russia just refused. It seems that the traditional thinking of the navy in the past is still confusing these commanders. They haven't seen that today's world is no longer the Cold War era, and the once arrogant former Soviet navy has long existed in name only. Even the famous deep-sea rescue teams were cancelled. What strength do they have for deep-sea rescue? Strange ideas such as outdated ideas, love for face, not putting on airs as a big country, and fear that others will see their secrets have been bothering Russian officials. So they delayed for four or five days, and after missing all the best rescue opportunities, they agreed to accept foreign aid under the pressure of public opinion. At this time, there is nothing they can do.

Second, Putin's delay in coming to the scene to command gives people a feeling of ruthlessness. Since Putin came to power, good news has spread frequently, and Russia's politics, economy, military affairs and science and technology have all shown a thriving situation. Putin is very popular and his prestige is increasing day by day. As a result, the handling of this matter went wrong. There is an urgent need to save lives here, but he is on holiday there to relax. This contrast made the Russians furious, and Putin's support rate suddenly dropped. Why didn't Putin show up? It is estimated that there are two main reasons: one is the first period after the submarine accident, and the accident situation and harm were reported by the radio in the boat. The Russian navy may think that the rescue is hopeless and does not want to disturb the president, so it did not report it. You can also tell the truth and make it feel useless at the scene. The other is related to the current debate on military reform. The debate was conducted among the three giants, namely, Defense Minister sergeyev, Chief of General Staff Kvashnin and President Putin. Marshal sergeyev, who was born in the strategic rocket army and is old, believes that the development of strategic nuclear forces should be placed in the most important position; Kvashnin, a representative of the reformists of the Heart Tide School, believes that the future war is no longer a nuclear war, but a high-tech local war, so high-tech conventional weapons should be developed instead of nuclear weapons. Putin has been slow to express his position and let them fight. The background of this naval exercise may be related to this debate. The navy just wants to prove through its own strength that the navy has the greatest development potential and should be taken seriously. After mid-August, Putin began to agree with Kvashnin that we should focus on developing conventional weapons, especially revitalizing the navy, and at the same time vigorously developing economy and science and technology. Putin's decision is undoubtedly very correct. The Kursk accident happened in such a complicated background, and it was among senior officials with different opinions, so the organization and command of rescue was delayed because of different understanding.

There have been dozens of submarine accidents in the history of the former Soviet navy, and there have been many vicious accidents in which boats sank and people died. But the Kursk has never caused a storm in this city, and people all over the world are anxious to get angry. What is the reason? It is very simple. In the past, the information was not well informed, and the military blocked the news, so the outside world was often unknown. It's different now. How easy is it to block the news? Not to mention newspapers and magazines, the internet alone can't stand it, and it can spread all over the world in a few seconds. Where did this condition exist before? However, after the accident was exposed by the media, the government, the army and even the president had to face the reality, which was a severe challenge for the leaders, but they must adapt to this challenge, otherwise they would be in an extremely passive position. This requires leaders to do three things well: first, respond quickly, formulate emergency plans, and take effective measures to appease the people and rescue the shipwrecked crew; Second, there should be a unified news release channel after the crisis, and senior government officials should be cautious in their words and deeds to prevent unnecessary misunderstandings and contradictions. At the same time, we should pay attention to the role of experts and scholars, invite them to express their personal opinions and comments widely, correctly guide public opinion, prevent the masses from making unscientific guesses, and prevent people at home and abroad from taking the opportunity to make trouble; Third, we should balance humanitarian assistance with military secrets and national security. These elements should be unified, not antagonistic. It should be noted that the introduction of the world's most advanced relief system for humanitarian relief is regardless of nationality and belief, and international mutual assistance should be implemented, which will not only endanger national security, but will strengthen it.

National defense and army building are like ten thousand beaches. If there is no flood at ordinary times, I don't see how important it is. However, if the prevention is neglected and delayed, one or two ant nests may be enough to cause the whole flood control levee to burst, and the losses and consequences are unimaginable. During the 40-year cold war, the former Soviet Union took the comprehensive national strength as a bargaining chip and invested huge sums of money to compete with the United States for global hegemony. After the founding of New China, facing the new world strategic pattern after the Cold War, Russians made serious mistakes in judging the issues of war, security and international relations for a long period of time, and placed too high expectations on the United States, the West, especially NATO. As a result, they have done too many things, cutting their troops and weapons too quickly and too sharply, always thinking that this will win some peace dividends and transfer the "ineffective" investment for national defense and army building to.

Later, although such a big retrogression attracted the attention of policy makers, the situation was out of control. In the past ten years, 1000 ships left over from the Soviet era were retired,1/0 nuclear submarines were eliminated, and1500,000 people changed from soldiers to ordinary people. Vladimir Kuroyedov, commander of the Russian navy, declared in July: "If the investment in the navy is not increased, there will be only 60 ships left in the navy by 20 16. The involuntary voluntary reduction of troops like Russia is indeed unprecedented. In a fashionable phrase, it smacks of "self-destruction of the Great Wall". 40 years of hard work and 40 years of hard work were finally destroyed. Therefore, it can be said that it is only a matter of time before the accident of the Kursk, and it will definitely be more than that, because the combat effectiveness is practiced, and it costs money to engage in training exercises. Without a certain scale of investment, soldiers have no high sense of professionalism and responsibility, and worry about their houses, children and food and drink all day. How can they do normal military training well?

For today's Russia, people have a taste of settling accounts after autumn. The president, the minister of defense and the commander of the navy have all become unlucky. In fact, they are really poor. Although there are many shortcomings in rapid response and taking measures, where are the root causes? Is it reasonable to blame Putin? After all, he is the new president who just passed 100 Amanome. If the former Soviet Union hadn't disintegrated, if the global navy still roamed the ocean majestically, would such an accident be so helpless? The northern fleet used to have the most modern deep-sea rescue equipment and diving salvage teams, but now it has disappeared without a trace because the army can't afford it. The deep-sea salvage life-saving submarine of the former Soviet Union is first-class. It is said that a deep-sea rescue boat that can dive 6 kilometers underwater has been rented out to a Canadian company for underwater sightseeing in order to earn foreign exchange, but when he had an accident, he had to condescend to ask Britain and Norway for help.

Putin is a wise man and an outstanding leader and commander in chief. He blamed himself for his indecision, lamented the incompetence of the country and lamented the decline of the army. The man who dares to admit his mistakes is a great man, and the man who dares after knowing shame is a great man. From Putin, people see the hope of Russia's future and the hope of reviving the Russian army. Russia's annual military expenditure is only $5 billion, and salvaging the Kursk may cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Under the situation that the national economy is stretched, Putin still decided to substantially increase the amount of pensions for sailors who died, and from September of 1 year, the salary of all soldiers will be increased by 20%, and the military expenditure will be increased by 30% from next year, and the strategy of strengthening the army will be resolutely implemented. At the same time, it was decided to reorganize three maritime rescue centers in the three naval fleets. Putin has stopped the serious downward trend of Russian economy and military, and he is trying to install new engines and boosters for the economy and military. A new Russia that has completed the political and economic system reform and is advancing the military reform is taking off. No one can ignore this reality and trend.