An argument that the development of artificial tourism resources in the tourism industry is more important than original ecological tourism resources?

A brief analysis of the impact of contemporary culture on landscape design

Since the completion of New York’s Central Park designed by Olmsted in 1858, landscape architecture has moved towards ordinary people and independent disciplines. , culture and art have long gone out of the hereditary territory of spiritual aristocrats and come to the world, constantly influencing and even leading the development of world landscape design.

Since the late 1930s, the fields of landscape design in some countries in Europe and Japan have begun continuous and active exchanges and integration, reflecting their influence on 20th-century art schools—from conceptual art to place-based design. Landscape Art and Architecture - Influences from the Bauhaus to New York's Fifth Avenue. Traditional styles are no longer the model for contemporary designers to create courtyards for our technological society. Designers can draw inspiration from everything from painting to sculpture to film. Modern art and modern architectural theory before and after World War II promoted the gradual formation of modernist architecture. The most positive contribution of modernism to landscape architecture was not the use of new materials, but the idea that function should be the starting point of design. This enables landscape design to get rid of some kind of beautiful pattern or landscape-style transcendentalism, and be able to adapt to the actual conditions of the site and the era. Since the 1960s, landscape design has been influenced by environmental art and promoted by postmodernism. Art at this time had a more tolerant attitude, giving landscape architecture practical quantification and greater creative freedom. Art no longer dominates a priori form, but becomes the inspiring force of design.

At this stage ecological awareness is also reflected in landscape design. From their intoxication with the beauty of form and superior culture, designers began to pay attention to nature and the relationship between nature and people. They began to understand that plants can prevent soil erosion more effectively than artificial dams, and that microorganisms can prevent soil erosion more effectively than chemicals. Keep the water body clean for a long time; mud revetment is more economical and durable than cement revetment; natural wind is more beneficial to health than artificial air conditioning. Designers have rediscovered and valued the edge ecosystems in the city, improving people's living environment and saving energy by planting natural lawns and drought-tolerant plants.

The continuous emergence of high, new and cutting-edge science and technology at the end of the 20th century also provided technical support and new inspiration for landscape design in this period. Scientific thought itself, as a part of contemporary culture, also objectively contributed to the formation of schools such as Futurism, De Stijl, Deconstructionism, and Surrealism. Plastic products, synthetic metals, fiberglass, and lighting equipment are widely used in the design of public landscapes, which greatly enriches and expands the expression language of landscape design.

Under the influence of contemporary cultural trends, landscape design presents diverse characteristics. Mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. The influence of modern art and post-modern art on landscape design

Although modern art and post-modern art appeared one after another with fiercely antagonistic attitudes, But this does not affect the absorption and accommodation of the two in landscape design as an independent system. Modern art liberates landscape design from patterns and the so-called landscape order, and introduces it from the perspective of function and social scale. However, its excessive pursuit of purity, egocentricity, and monotony of the overall artistic language quickly contributed to the development of postmodern art. Birth. Postmodern art truly embraces different cultural traditions, different art forms, different standards and different expression languages, allowing contemporary landscape design to appear on a stage that is as three-dimensional as possible. Some of these brand-new art activities have opened up a new situation in contemporary landscape design. They are mainly: land art.

Land art can be seen as the result of the development of indoor decoration works to the outdoors. The earliest styles can be traced back to the pyramids of ancient Egypt and the Stonehenge circular stone columns in the UK. Land art works are all very concerned with the "sense of place" of the work, that is, the work is organically integrated with the environment, and the characteristics of the site itself such as topography, geology, seasonal changes, etc. are enhanced or weakened through design, thereby guiding people to experience nature more deeply. One of the most influential works is Smithson's "Spiral Jetty". This huge spiral breakwater built of 6,500 tons of ancient black basalt stone, limestone and mud lies on the shore of the northeastern corner of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, spiraling into the pink lake water. It is called the pass by the author. A passage to the remains of prehistoric civilization under the sea. Other famous works include: De. Maria's "Lightning Field", through the spectacular stainless steel display, approaches the sky and the earth through natural forces such as lightning and thunder, leading humans to experience natural disasters; Sonfest's "Time Landscape", through Plant large groves of pine and poisonous carrots to create an urban pre-Columbian forest. Most of these land art works are between sculpture and architecture, and gradually occupy an important position in the design of modern public spaces. They integrate scenery into modern urban life and are close to the feelings and harmony between nature and human beings. distance. Influenced by land art, Austrian artist Beyer and Swiss landscape designer Kramer designed a series of environmental landscape art design works that are based on the perspective of natural ecology and have mysterious artistry. Such as the famous Michelle Land Works in Seattle and the "Mound Garden" at the Aspen Prairie Lodge.

Conceptual Art

Conceptual art originated from Dada art in the early 1920s. It is believed that art has no sacred and lasting value. Its essence is ideas or concepts, concrete physical forms. The work is not important, so it is also called ideological art, post-object art or objectless art. Photographic recordings or written materials of an event used to record thoughts are common forms of conceptual art. Its roots can be traced back to Marcel. Duchamp. Conceptual artists explore the relationship between art and thought or art and knowledge. This kind of work is not actually for viewing, so what is displayed in art galleries and other occasions are often temporary installations. Both Heizer's "Double Negation" and Christo's series of wrapping works can be seen as a wonderful combination of conceptual art and landscape art. These works reveal a certain philosophical meaning and strengthen people's memory of these ideas as the works themselves disappear. Artists represented include Ives. Klein, Pierre. Manzoni and American Jewish artist Schwartz. Schwartz's landscape design works incorporate diverse artistic styles. In addition to being influenced by conceptual art and directly replicating physical objects into public environments, she also uses minimalist art and pop art to express her views on landscapes. Understanding of artistic atmosphere and context in the environment.

2. The influence of ecological theory on landscape design

Since the 1970s, ecological and environmental issues have attracted increasing attention. McHarg, a professor of landscape architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, proposed the concept of landscape as a A holistic view in which decisive elements such as geology, topography, hydrology, land use, flora, wildlife and climate are linked to each other. Simon. Fan. have to. Ryan once proposed his definition: "Any design form that is coordinated with ecological processes and minimizes its impact on the environment is called ecological design." This coordination means that the design respects species diversity and reduces the impact on resources. Deprivation, maintaining nutrient and water circulation, maintaining the quality of plant environment and animal habitats, to help improve the health of human settlements and ecosystems. In a sense, landscape design is the design of human ecosystems, a regenerative design based on the ability of natural systems to organically renew themselves. During this period, McHarg proposed the "thousand-layer cake model" and perfected the ecological planning method with factor layering and map overlay technology as its core. These theories and methods give landscape science the nature of an academy of science to some extent. Landscape architecture is no longer just an artistic arrangement of plants and terrain, but a clearly defined discipline that can undergo various objective analyzes and inductions.

3. The influence of science and technology on landscape design

Art design and creation is a regular and followable process of creation. Especially since the 1960s, Western art has got rid of easel painting and After sculptures and the mass production of artworks by machines, the field of landscape design also broke through the limitations of natural materials such as sand, stone, water, and trees, and began to use a large number of new materials such as plastic products, optical fibers, and synthetic metals to produce landscape works. Among them, the emerging materials and technologies that are widely used are mainly:

Artificial fog

Artificial fog is purified water processed by equipment, which floats in the air as particles with extremely small diameters, forming The peculiar landscape of white natural objects is quite like the concentration of natural fog, giving people an experience of returning to nature. Artificial fog can be controlled at will according to the desired design effect and actual application requirements. Therefore, it is widely used in modern garden architecture and characteristic landscaping.

Plastic products and polymers

Plastic products and polymers provide landscape designers with convenient, economical and widely applicable landscaping materials. Plastic products are now commonly used in fields such as public sculptures, landscape facilities and even architectural design, and various polymers make lightweight, long-span outdoor shelter designs easier to implement.

Glass fiber and optical fiber

Glass fiber is mixed into cement and some lightweight membrane meshes to greatly improve the tensile properties of the material. In addition, the combination of fiberglass and optical fiber technology makes outdoor landscape lighting more flexible and diverse. There are already some designs that even use optical fiber and neon lights alone to express the cultural connotation of their landscape works.

After nearly a century of extension and development in art, science, humanities and other cultural fields, modern landscape architecture has become a practical profession with multiple values ??in its continuous expansion and change. As a medium through which humans perceive nature, the three potential concerns of landscape architecture—aesthetics, environment, and society—have increasingly become the cornerstones of its value system. Any excellent design must be the balance and synthesis of the three, not just the simple satisfaction of patterned form or function. This is also a topic that modern culture has enriched the connotation of landscape architecture and brought to us.

Today, with the development of my country's economy, urban design and landscape design and practice have entered an unprecedented period of rapid growth. However, a large number of chaotic and discrete landscape practices across the country are filled with arbitrary designs that are superficial and formal and lack real concern for people and the environment. A lack of understanding of the process by which modern culture is integrated into the field of landscape architecture may be one of the many factors responsible for this current situation. We should be clear: Landscape is first of all a cultural phenomenon, and secondly a natural phenomenon. This requires designers to first pay full attention to people, their activities and needs.

Here, this article quotes Olmsted, one of the founders of modern landscape architecture in the United States, as he encourages his peers to "create sustainable, human-friendly and fair landscapes, and give this Clear ideas in ideal form is what we insist on.

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