What is a cultural enclave?

An Enclave refers to a territory located within the borders of other countries but not adjacent to the country, or land within the same country surrounded by one administrative region but under the jurisdiction of another administrative region. Enclaves can exist between countries or between administrative regions of a country. For example, there is an enclave in Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the north of Qinghai Province, China, which is not adjacent to the land of the state in the southwest corner of the province, but separated by Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

China's oral and intangible heritage not only has diachronic characteristics, but also has * * * temporal characteristics, that is, in 2 1 century, there are not only oral and intangible heritage fortunately existing in historical dust, but also some cultural "enclaves" (to borrow geographical concepts and words), that is, there is a relatively closed cultural area in a cultural area. The formation of cultural "enclaves" is caused by historical reasons. For example, in September of the 14th year of Ming Hongwu (138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, surrendered bazar Mill, the king of lyna who was entrenched in Yunnan, and mobilized 300,000 troops to station troops in Anshun, Guizhou. At that time, some soldiers and their families were stranded in a place nearly a hundred miles around Anshun, Fiona Fang, forming a relatively closed bunker. Their descendants' language, architecture, customs and habits, culture and art (such as lanterns and military Nuo), oral literature, costumes (such as rockhopper shoes and long sleeves), marriage system (rarely intermarried with ethnic minorities of this group and Han nationality who migrated later before 1949) and families are still well preserved. In recent years, the adherents' culture preserved in the form of cultural "enclaves" has been found all over the country, and now the term "Tunbao culture" in Anshun, Guizhou has become a fashion in academic circles.

Another example is: In the tenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (14 12), Wudang Palace was built and 300,000 migrant workers were mobilized from all over the country, which lasted for 20 years. These migrant workers later settled around Wudang Mountain, south of Qinling Mountain and north of Hanshui River. Three years ago, cultural scholars and music scholars from Beijing, Wuhan and Chengdu gathered at the Wudang Mountain Xiahui to discuss and confirm that the natural conditions of Lujiahe Village in Guanshan Town, which is located at the back of Wudang Mountain, are closed. During the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, most of the migrant workers who built Taoist temples in Wudang Mountain settled in the surrounding areas, and they brought colorful and diverse folk songs from Jiangnan, Zhongyuan and Shaanxi. The villagers have preserved a large number of traditional folk songs brought from various places six or seven hundred years ago by word of mouth. According to the survey, there are 85 villagers who can sing folk songs for more than two hours, accounting for 1 1.3% of the 749 people in the village, among which 4 people can sing thousands of folk songs and 124 people can sing more than 100 songs. Many long narrative poems were also found in the village. They sing folk songs (whether short lyrics or long narrative poems) with local percussion instruments. Singing folk songs is still a part of villagers' life and plays an integrated role in society and culture. Li Zhengkang, a local folk literature collector, collected more than 3,000 lyric short songs (divided into two categories according to form and function) and 15 long songs and ballads. According to Mr. Pu Hengqiang, a professor at Sichuan Conservatory of Music, there are 72 kinds of songs sung in this village, most of which have their own origins, which are different from the local indigenous cultural traditions and the surrounding strong culture-Jingchu culture. Some of them are in line with Jiangnan minor, while others are obviously from the north of Qinling and the Central Plains. This cultural reserve in the folds of the deep mountains is of great significance not only for studying the movement and change of culture, but also for studying the ancient form and blending process of Central Plains culture and coastal culture. The author was invited to make a short sightseeing survey in the village, and Mr. Li Zhengkang sent me all his long narrative poems 15. The reading process is like returning to a specific cultural situation hundreds of years ago. The discovery of long narrative poems, together with hundreds of long poems found in other parts of northwest Hubei and coastal wuyue, broke the academic conclusion that China was not rich in narrative tradition in the 1920s.

In the social environment of reform and opening up, the well-preserved cultural enclaves under relatively closed conditions, once made public by scholars, will soon become the prey of tourists and be developed into tourist attractions to make money, thus making the ancient cultures in these places face the disaster of extinction. Therefore, the responsibility facing the government and academia is undoubtedly significant and urgent.