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New Zealand is a country in the southwest Pacific Ocean, which consists of two big islands (called North Island and South Island) and many small islands. New Zealand is called Aotearoa in Maori, which translates into a land of long white clouds.

Known for its geographical isolation, it is separated from Australia by tasman sea in the northwest, with a width of about 2,000 kilometers (1250 miles). Its nearest neighbors to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.

Most of New Zealand's population is of European descent, and Maori is the largest minority. Non-Maori Polynesians and Asians are also important ethnic minorities, especially in cities.

Elizabeth II is the queen of New Zealand, represented by a non-political governor in that country; The queen "rules but not rules", so she has no real political influence. Political power is in the hands of the Prime Minister, who is the government leader in New Zealand's elected parliament. The territory of New Zealand also includes Cook Islands and Niue, Tokelau and ross dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim to Antarctica).

history

New Zealand is one of the major continents recently settled. Polynesian settlers came to their waka sometime between13rd century and15th century, and established the indigenous Maori culture. The settlement of chatham islands, east of the mainland of New Zealand, produced the Moriori people, but it is controversial whether they moved here from New Zealand or from other parts of Polynesia. Most parts of New Zealand are divided into tribal territories called rohe, in which resources are controlled by iwi ("nations"). Maori adapted to feed on local marine resources, animals and plants, hunting giant flightless moas (which soon became extinct) and eating Polynesian rats and Kumara (sweet potatoes) they introduced into China.

The first Europeans who arrived in New Zealand were led by Abel Janszoon Tasman, who sailed along the west coast of South Island and North Island in 1642. He named it Staten Rand and thought it was part of the land discovered by Jacob lemerre on the coast of Chile in 16 16. Staten Rand appeared on Tasman's first maps of New Zealand, but soon after Hendrick Brouwer proved that this so-called South American land was an island in 1643, Dutch cartographers changed it to Nova Zeelandia, named after Zeeland province in the Netherlands. Latin Nova Zeelandia became Nieuw Zeeland in Dutch. Captain james cook later called the islands New Zealand, although his recorded Maori names of North Island and South Island (Aehei No Mouwe and Tovy Poenammu respectively) were rejected. The three main islands were called North Island, Middle Island and South Island, and the middle island was later called South Island, while the earlier South Island became Stewart Island. Cook began an extensive survey of these islands in 1769, which led to whaling exploration in Europe and eventually led to major European colonization. As early as AD1780s, Maori met European seals and whalers. Those tribes who were in close contact with European visitors got muskets, which destroyed the existing power balance among Maori tribes and led to a short but fierce bloody inter-tribal war, the so-called musket war. Only when all tribes were armed did the war stop.

Worried about the exploitation of Maori by Europeans, the lobbying of the Church Missionaries Association and the French interest in this area, the British annexed New Zealand by royal proclamation in 1840 1 month. In order to legalize the annexation of Britain, Captain Governor William Hobson was sent to1839; As soon as he arrived, he hastily negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with the North clan. The treaty was signed in February, and in recent years, it has been regarded as the founding document of New Zealand. The Maori translation of the treaty promises that the Maori tribe "tin o rangatiratanga" will be protected in exchange for giving up kawanatanga, while the English translation of kawanatanga is translated as "chieftainship status" and "sovereignty"; The real meaning is now controversial. The land sale and sovereignty dispute triggered the land war in New Zealand, which took place between 1845 and 1872. 1975, the Treaty of Waitangi Law established the Waitangi Tribunal, which is responsible for hearing the allegations that the Royal Government violated the Treaty of Waitangi. Some Maori tribes and Maori never signed the treaty.

New Zealand was originally administered as a part of the colony of New South Wales, and it became an independent colony in 184 1. The first capital was Okito or Old Russell in the Archipelago Bay, but it soon moved to Auckland. Europeans settled faster than anyone expected, and the number of settlers soon surpassed that of Maori. 1852 granted autonomy to the settled population. After the discovery of gold in central Otago in 186 1 year, the capital moved to Wellington, a more central city, in 1865 because of political concerns that the South Island would form an independent colony. New Zealand, together with the Australian colonies, participated in the Constitutional Convention held in Sydney, New South Wales in March. This is a potential constitution that considers the proposed federation between all Australasian colonies. New Zealand has lost its interest in joining the Commonwealth of Australia, although the Australian Constitution still includes New Zealand clauses.

1893, New Zealand became the first country to give women full voting rights.

According to the Royal Proclamation, New Zealand became an independent dominion on September 26th. 193 1 year, the Parliament of the United Kingdom granted full independence through the Westminster Act; The New Zealand Parliament began to discuss this issue after it passed the regulation in document 1947. Since then, New Zealand has been a sovereign constitutional country among the Commonwealth countries. Compare New Zealand's Declaration of Independence.

politics

New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with parliamentary democracy. According to the New Zealand Royal Title Act (1953), Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand, and the Governor-General (the current Governor-General is Mrs. silvia cartwright) represents the head of state. When Mrs Cartwright's term of office ends on August 4, 2006, Judge anand satyanand will be the Governor-General.

New Zealand is the only country in the world where all the top positions are held by women-Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand, Governor silvia cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Xi 'an Elias.

The New Zealand Parliament has a unicameral system, that is, the House of Representatives, which usually has 120 members. The general election of parliament is held every three years, and the proportional representation system is adopted, which is called the proportional representation system of mixed members. The 2005 general election produced a "surplus" of extra seats (occupied by the Maori Party), because the party won more seats in the constituency than the total seats that its party should have given in proportion to its voting. Hanging is also possible.

There is no single written constitution; However, the Constitution Act 1986 is the main official statement of the constitutional structure of New Zealand. The Governor has the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister and dissolve Parliament. The Governor also presides over the Executive Council, which is a formal committee composed of all government ministers. Members of the Executive Committee must be members of Parliament, and most of them are also members of the Cabinet. The Cabinet is the highest decision-making body, headed by the Prime Minister, who is also the parliamentary leader of the ruling party or alliance.

The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark of the Labour Party. She has completed two terms as prime minister and started her third term. On October 7th, 2005/KLOC-0, she announced that she had reached a complicated agreement, which ensured that enough political parties supported her Labor Union to remain in power. The core of the coalition government is a cabinet composed of Labour Minister and the only member of the Progressive Party, Jim anderton. In addition to the political parties represented in the Cabinet, the leaders of New Zealand First and United Future Party are ministers outside the Cabinet. New Zealand has never tried this arrangement before.

We have reached a further agreement with the Green Party, which has promised not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. This promise ensured that the government won the trust of the majority of the seven members.

The leader of the opposition is Don Blache, the leader of the National Party, who was the governor of the Reserve Bank.

Main political parties:

Labour Party

National party

Small political parties:

Play New Zealand.

Green party

Jim anderton's Progressive Party.

Maori party

New Zealand first

United future

The Supreme Court of New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which was established in 2004 after the Supreme Court Act was passed in 2003. The Bill abolished the option of adjudication to the Court of Appeal of the Privy Council in London. The current Chief Justice is Ms. Xi 'an Elias. New Zealand's judicial system also includes the High Court, the Court of Appeal and lower courts that deal with serious criminal offences and civil cases.

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Foreign relations and military affairs

Main articles: New Zealand's diplomatic relations and New Zealand's military

New Zealand has maintained a strong stance in environmental protection, human rights and free trade, especially in agriculture.

New Zealand is a member of the following geopolitical organizations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth, OECD and United Nations. It has signed many free trade agreements, the most important of which is to establish closer economic relations with Australia.

In the first century, New Zealand followed Britain in foreign policy. "Wherever she goes, we will go, and wherever she stands, we will stand," Premier michael savage said when he declared war on Germany on September 3rd. However, New Zealand was influenced by the United States in the post-war generation (although New Zealand still maintained a good working relationship with Britain).

New Zealand has traditionally cooperated closely with Australia, and Australia's foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend. Conversely, many Pacific islands, such as Western Samoa, also look to New Zealand. Disappointed with the Vietnam War, the nuclear danger brought by the Cold War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and the differences on environmental and agricultural trade issues, the influence of the United States on New Zealand has been weakened.

New Zealand is a party to the Australia-New Zealand-US Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States. 1984 New Zealand refuses nuclear-powered or armed vessels to enter its ports. In 1986, the United States announced that it would suspend its treaty security obligations to New Zealand until the port traffic was resumed. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament and Arms Control Act,No. 1987, prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry of nuclear weapons or propulsion vessels into New Zealand waters. This legislation is still the focus of debate and the basis for the United States to continue to suspend its treaty obligations to New Zealand.

In addition to various wars between the First World War and the wars between British settlers and the First World War, New Zealand also participated in the Second Boer War, the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Malayan State of Emergency (and subsequently invested troops, fighter planes and bombers in the confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War, and temporarily dispatched an army engineering team to help rebuild Iraq's infrastructure.

The New Zealand Army has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. New Zealand believes that its national defense needs to be moderate; It dismantled its air combat capability at 200 1. New Zealand has contributed troops to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville and East Timor.

Local governments and external territories

Early European immigrants divided New Zealand into several provinces. For financial reasons, these institutions were abolished in 1876 so that the government could manage them centrally. Therefore, apart from the local government, New Zealand has no local entities such as provinces, states or regions. However, the spirit of the provinces still exists, showing fierce competition in sports and cultural activities. Since 1876, local governments have managed various regions of New Zealand. 1989, the government completely reorganized local governments and implemented the current two-level structure of district committees and district authorities.

Today, there are 12 district committees in New Zealand to manage environmental and traffic affairs, and 74 local authorities to manage roads, sewage, building permits and other local affairs. The territorial authorities include 16 city councils, 57 district councils and chatham islands County Council. Four regional councils (one city and three districts) and the chatham islands County Council also exercise the functions of regional councils, so they are called a single authority. The regional jurisdiction is not a branch of the regional committee area, and some of them cross the boundaries of the regional committee.

The regions are (the asterisk indicates the unified authority): Beidi, Auckland, Waikato, Prenti Bay, Gisborne *, Hawke Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, marlborough *, Nelson *, Tasman *, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Nandi and chatham islands *.

As a major South Pacific country, New Zealand has close working relations with many Pacific island countries and maintains political ties with Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. New Zealand manages the Scott base in its Antarctic territory, ross dependency. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic base. The city is sometimes called "the gateway to Antarctica".

geography

New Zealand consists of two main islands (North Island and South Island in English and Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Maori) and some smaller islands. New Zealand has a total land area of 268,680 square kilometers, which is slightly smaller than Japan and slightly larger than Britain. The country extends over 1 1,600 kilometers (1 1,000 miles) along its north-north-east main axis. The most important inhabited islands in New Zealand include Stewart Island/Lakiura Island; Waihek Island in Horaki Bay, Auckland; Great barrier island in the east of Horaki Bay; And chatham islands, who was named Leikehu by Senli. The country is rich in marine resources and has the fifth largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering an area of over 4 million square kilometers (654.38+500,000 square miles), which is more than/kloc-0.5 times of its land area. [3]

South Island is the largest land, divided by southern alps along its length, and its highest peak is Aulaqi/Cook Mountain, 3,754 meters (12,316 feet). There are 18 peaks in the South Island with an altitude of over 3,000 meters (9,800 feet). North Island is not as mountainous as South Island, but it is marked by volcanic activity. Mount Ruapehu (2,797m/9,176ft), the highest mountain in the North Island, is an active volcano. New Zealand's colorful landforms make it a popular place to make TV programs and movies, including the The Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Mount Aulaqi/Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand. The climate of the whole country is mild, mostly from cold temperate zone to warm temperate zone, and the temperature is rarely lower than 0 C (32 F) or higher than 30 C (86 F). From the wet and cold west coast of the South Island to the dry continental climate in the inland Mackenzie Basin of Canterbury and the subtropical north, the climatic conditions are different. Among the major cities, Christchurch is the driest, with only 640 mm (25 inches) of rainfall every year. The rainfall in the wettest Auckland is slightly less than three times this figure.

Animals and plants

Because of its long-term isolated geographical environment and island biogeography, New Zealand has unique animals and plants. About 80% of New Zealand flora only exists in New Zealand, including more than 40 endemic genera. [4] The two main forest types have always been dominated by Podocarpus, including giant concha and southern beech. The remaining vegetation types are grass and other grass grasslands, usually in subalpine areas and low shrubs between grasslands and forests.

Before the arrival of the first humans, 80% of the land was forests, and there were no non-marine mammals except three species of bats (one of which is now extinct). On the contrary, all kinds of birds live in the forests of New Zealand, including the flightless fear bird (now extinct), kiwi, kakapo and Takak bird, all of which are endangered by human activities. Unique birds that can fly include the Hastert Eagle, the world's largest raptor (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and lizards. There are no snakes here, but there are many kinds of insects, including weta, one of which may grow as big as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.

New Zealand leads the world in eliminating imported mammalian pests and reintroducing rare native species to ensure their survival. The recent development is the mainland ecological island.

economy

New Zealand is a modern developed economy with an estimated GDP of 97.39 billion US dollars (2005).

The living standard in this country is relatively high, and the per capita GDP is estimated at 24,654,380+000 US dollars. Living standards are also measured in other forms, including ranking 19 in the 2005 Human Development Index and 15 in The Economist's 2005 Global Quality of Life Index.

The tertiary industry is the largest sector in the economy, accounting for 67.6% of GDP, followed by the secondary industry, accounting for 27.8%, and the primary industry accounting for 4.7% (estimated in 2005).

New Zealand is a country that relies heavily on trade (especially agricultural products), and nearly 20% of its output is exported. This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to the global economic slowdown and the collapse of commodity prices. Its main export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishery and forestry, accounting for about half of the country's exports. New Zealand's main export partners are Australia 22.4%, the United States 1 1.3%, Japan 1 1.2%, China 9.7% and Germany 5.2% (2004). This is a huge change compared with 1965, when Britain received more than half of New Zealand's exports.

Due to the ever-changing economic conditions, since 1984, successive governments have carried out major macroeconomic restructuring, transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist and regulated economy into a free trade economy. According to this policy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the New Zealand government sold many enterprises owned by the former government, including its telecom company, railway network company and a number.