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On the Development of Ecotourism in Xixi Wetland

Abstract: Wetland eco-tourism is a variety of tourism activities based on rich wetland eco-tourism resources, which can realize tourists' return to nature, experience traditional culture and folk customs, and protect the wetland ecological environment. On the basis of field investigation and data analysis, this paper summarizes the present situation and existing problems of ecotourism in Xixi Wetland, probes into the advantages and prospects of ecotourism development in this area, and puts forward some suggestions on the protection and development of ecotourism environment and resources in Xixi National Wetland Park.

[Keywords:] Eco-tourism; Development; Xixi wetland

Since the mid-20th century, human environmental ethics began to penetrate into the tourism field. With the large-scale development of tourism, the breadth and depth of its penetration are increasing. People pay more and more attention to the ecological crisis brought by traditional mass tourism. On this basis, a new tourism model with environmental protection and tourism as the research object has gradually formed. At the same time, there are more and more new attempts to develop ecotourism. Many countries have clear plans for ecotourism products and their resources.

First of all, the concept of ecotourism

Many tourists, tourism organizers and nature reserve managers lack knowledge and understanding of the word ecotourism, and unilaterally understand ecotourism as a kind of tourism activity towards nature. At present, the correct definition of ecotourism is still inconclusive. According to the viewpoint of international ecology, eco-tourism is a nature reserve destination trip to understand the culture and natural history of the local environment; "The object of tourism is the natural ecological environment, and the way of tourism does not damage the natural ecological environment." This is the understanding of 1983 IUCN special adviser Xie Fengxiang on "eco-tourism". 1993 the international ecotourism association defines "ecotourism" as a tourism activity with dual responsibilities of protecting the natural environment and maintaining the lives of local people.

From various definitions, the connotation of eco-tourism emphasizes the protection of natural landscape and is a kind of sustainable tourism. Eco-tourism is a tourism behavior under the guidance of ecology and sustainable development theory. The purpose of eco-tourism is to let people enjoy nature, understand the natural landscape, wild animals and related cultural characteristics, protect natural and human ecological resources and environment, and benefit local residents and reserve management institutions economically without changing the effective cycle of the reserve ecosystem. The premise of sustainable development of tourism is the sustainable utilization of landscape resources. Eco-tourism balances economic benefits by reducing environmental pressure, and it is a good way to realize the sustainable utilization of tourism landscape resources by protecting the integrity of tourism landscape resources and culture.

Second, the current situation of Xixi Wetland

Xixi National Wetland Park is located in the west of Hangzhou, less than 5 kilometers away from the West Lake. It is a rare secondary wetland in this city. Rich ecological resources, simple natural landscape and profound cultural accumulation have once been called the "Three Wests" of Hangzhou together with West Lake and Xiling. It is the first and only national wetland park in China, which integrates urban wetland, agricultural wetland and cultural wetland. About 65,438+000 species of aquatic and hygrophytic plants are planted in the park. In recent years, governments at all levels in Hangzhou pay attention to people's livelihood, attach importance to ecological environment protection, promote urban economic development through tourism, and constantly increase publicity, protection and transformation of Xixi Wetland, making it a new growth point of tourism economy. The natural landscape, cultural accumulation and location advantages of Xixi Wetland have played an important role in the optimization of Hangzhou city image and the development of wetland ecotourism.

(A) the landscape value of Xixi Wetland

Xixi Wetland is the most important urban wetland in Hangzhou and a valuable ecological and cultural resource in Hangzhou. Similar urban wetlands are rare in cities all over the country and even in the world. Xixi has beautiful natural scenery, abundant animal and plant resources and unique tourism characteristics:

1, geographical resources

In terms of geographical resources, in Xixi wetland area, 70% are streams, ponds and other waters, while marshland and land only account for 30%. Water resources are abundant, with rivers 100 kilometers and ponds 10000, which are scattered like fish scales. Land and water crisscross, beautiful scenery.

2. Biological resources

From the biological resources of wetlands, Xixi Wetland is the only urban wetland in large and medium-sized cities in China, with well-preserved water resources and vegetation.

3. Cultural resources

From the perspective of cultural resources, the profound cultural accumulation of Xixi in Hangzhou is comparable to the wetland scenery. According to historical records, emperors Kangxi and Qianlong visited Xixi, leaving many poems, paintings and calligraphy works, which became valuable wealth of Xixi culture. At the same time, Xixi's folk culture is rich and colorful, among which the most distinctive is the Dragon Boat Festival. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, villagers from eight neighboring towns row dragon boats and gather in Shentankou Village, Jiangcun Township, which is very lively. Folk customs such as boating in the canal, fishing in Bitan Lake, digging bamboo shoots in bamboo forests, etc., have a strong pastoral atmosphere in Jiangnan water town.

(2) Xixi Wetland Protection and Construction

The formal protection and development of Xixi Wetland began in 2003. Prior to this, with the development of history, Xixi, a rare urban wetland resource, was greatly destroyed. With the rapid development of Hangzhou to the west, Xixi wetland has been gradually eroded, and its area has been reduced from 60 square kilometers in history to 10.08 square kilometers at present. Many real estate projects are also vying for this site. The survival and life of human beings make some waters polluted, domestic and construction waste can be seen everywhere, rivers are blocked, and the ecological environment is destroyed. In addition, there are many problems such as chaotic residential buildings, uncoordinated styles, and serious damage to historical sites. In 2003, the Hangzhou Municipal Government officially launched the Xixi Wetland Comprehensive Protection Project; In 2004, the Hangzhou Municipal Government officially approved the master plan of Xixi Wetland Reserve. According to this plan, Xixi Wetland is divided into three levels: core protected area, peripheral protected area and peripheral control area, in which the total area of core protected area is 10.08 square kilometers. The whole protection project is expected to invest 3-4 billion yuan and be implemented in three phases. On may 1 day, 2005, Xixi wetland comprehensive protection project was opened for a period of time; On June 65438+1 October1day, 2007, the second phase of Xixi Wetland Comprehensive Protection Project successfully achieved the limited opening goal. In 2008, adhere to the requirements of "six principles", "four modernizations", "three concepts" and "five guarantees", and promote the third phase of Xixi wetland comprehensive protection project well and quickly.

Three. Problems in the Protection and Development of Xixi Wetland

From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xixi wetland gradually changed from a natural wetland to a secondary wetland, and its nature changed fundamentally. After the mid-1930s, after repeated man-made destruction, the natural environment was greatly reduced and cultural relics were basically destroyed. At present, the remaining wetland resources are only about110.

(a) Succession from natural wetland to secondary wetland

The artificial or artificial intervention of Xixi Wetland has roughly gone through five stages, namely, a small amount of residential life intervention before Jin Dynasty, Buddhist culture intervention from Jin Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty, limited life and production intervention in Southern Song Dynasty, gardening intervention from Ming and Qing Dynasties to early Republic of China, wasteful destruction and disorderly urbanization intervention from the end of the Republic of China to the present. Among them, the Southern Song Dynasty had the greatest influence on Xixi Wetland and its culture. During this period, the original ecological environment of Xixi Wetland has been completely transformed, and its vegetation and water system attributes have undergone fundamental changes, and a large number of material and intangible cultural factors have begun to be added. However, because it is similar to natural wetlands on the surface, this change in nature has not been noticed.

In recent decades, the water environment level of Xixi Wetland has greatly decreased due to the large increase of industry, various office and living facilities, planting and breeding, and imperfect sewage interception facilities. The direct discharge of industrial and various office and domestic sewage, the leaching of non-point source pollution from planting and aquaculture into water bodies, and the investment of bait have increased direct pollution sources. Among them, grain, pigs, freshwater fish, poultry and industrial products are also produced in large quantities, with more than 40 thousand pigs and more than 0/10 thousand poultry. As a result, the dissolved oxygen in water is seriously low, the permanganate index is high, the content of nonionic nitrogen is high, the water quality is eutrophic, the self-purification and renewal ability is poor, and the wetland function is greatly degraded.

(2) Environmental characteristics have been reduced again and again.

The destruction of the environmental characteristics of Xixi wetland can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, from War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Japanese army burned and killed a large area of vegetation and various cultural heritages, and many residents cut down mulberry trees for firewood, making the whole Xixi wetland a wasteland. In the second stage, from the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) to the end of 1970s, the natural environment was destroyed on a large scale, and a large number of industrial facilities and low-rise houses were added. In 1950s and 1960s, a large number of industrial facilities and houses were built on the hilly slope in the south of Xixi Wetland, and most of the cultural heritage was destroyed. In 1970s, a large number of low-rise and multi-storey buildings were built. In the third stage, since 1980s, urbanization has surrounded the whole Xixi Wetland, and many enterprises and houses have been built within the protection scope, and larger buildings have also been built around it. Xixi Road has been basically replaced by Tianmushan Road, and others have also built a large number of hardened pavements. River siltation is serious.

Since the second half of 1990s, real estate development has caused great erosion to Xixi wetland, and the protected wetland area has been reduced from about 50 square kilometers to about 1 1 square kilometers. Wenxin Street and Gudang Street, rebuilt in Luojiazhuang Village and Wulian Village, Jiangcun Township to the east of Zijin Port, have formed a new commercial and residential area of about 10 square kilometers, and the environmental features have completely lost the nature of wetlands. Wenxin Street and Gudang Street have a permanent population of 6,543,800+and a floating population of 6,543,800+5,000, totaling about 250,000 people, which is under great environmental pressure.

(3) Serious damage to cultural relics

The cultural relics of Xixi Wetland have been destroyed, leaving only a few places. 1950, the Buddha statues of Qiuxue Temple, Qushui Temple, Cijue Temple and Jiaolu Temple were destroyed and cultural relics were lost. After 1966, Qiuxue Temple was razed to the ground, and Qushui Temple, Cijue Temple and Jiaolu Temple were converted into factories or houses. Huokeji and Dongyue Temple were destroyed at 1958. At present, temples, temples, literati's property, memorial archways, etc. Has been destroyed, while bridges, pavilions, tombs and so on. Has been destroyed, leaving only a small number of bridges, pavilions, river ports, tombs and other sites.

(d) Protective damage is becoming a new problem.

Since 1990s, the protection and development of Xixi Wetland has attracted the attention of all walks of life, but the initial thinking was mainly due to the consideration of economic development. In recent years, the government protection project of Xixi Wetland has been officially launched, but due to the lack of basic scientific research and demonstration, there is a big error in the basic thinking of planning and construction. The original ecological wetland elements have been completely artificially transformed and "renovated", the rivers have been re-excavated, the dikes and ponds have been reinforced by masonry, the bamboos have been manually cut, the vegetation has been rearranged, and even most of the original reed flowers have been destroyed. The new species is wrong, the whole landscape is gradually approaching the West Lake, and the unique wild interest may be completely lost. Moreover, the original biological chain structure of wetland may also be completely disrupted. This problem needs urgent attention.

Four, Xixi Wetland Development Prospect Analysis and Development Suggestions

(A) Xixi Wetland Eco-tourism development conditions and prospects

1, with outstanding geographical advantages and rich tourism resources.

Xixi Wetland is located in the west of Hangzhou with convenient transportation. Tianmushan Road, Wenshan Road, Wen Yi Road and Outer Ring Road are all directly accessible, only 6 kilometers away from Wulinmen, Hangzhou Central Shopping Mall. On the other hand, Hangzhou, located in the southeast coast, is an important central city in the Yangtze River Delta. Land, air and water transportation are convenient and smooth, and the roads and railways extending in all directions, Qiantang River and the Grand Canal "golden waterway" closely connect Hangzhou with all parts of the country, with obvious geographical advantages.

Over the years, the Hangzhou Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government have strengthened the construction of infrastructure and urban environment, actively implemented large-scale projects such as comprehensive protection and street improvement of the West Lake, and opened tourist attractions around the West Lake free of charge. The city's ecological environment and tourism environment have been continuously optimized, and it has successively won the honorary titles of "International Garden City", "United Nations Best Habitat Award", "China Garden City", "National Green Model City" and "China Best Tourism City". The number of tourists coming to Hangzhou at home and abroad is increasing year by year. According to statistics, there were 22 1000 foreign tourists in Hangzhou in 2008. Xixi Wetland is rich in tourism resources and has a wide audience.

2. The diversity of species and vegetation types is rich.

The unique geographical location, natural conditions and people's awareness of protection have created the diversity of animal and plant species and rich vegetation types in Xixi Wetland. The bird fauna of Xixi wetland is very rich, including wetland birds, plain birds, mountain birds, farmland birds and suburban birds, with a total of 15 orders, 39 families 126 species. 477 species *** 133 families, 4 17 genera have been identified; Macroinvertebrates 17 species (Jiang, et al., 2008). Fish 14 family, 35 genera, 45 species; Amphibians 1 order, 4 families, 10 species; Reptiles, 3 orders, 8 families, 15 species; There are 0/4 species of mammals/kloc-belonging to 5 orders and 7 families.

There are 9 1 family, 204 genera and 254 species of wild vascular plants in Xixi Wetland (Li Zifang et al., 2007), with obvious floristic characteristics, including 15 distribution types and 6 variants. Natural vegetation can be divided into 5 vegetation types, 6 vegetation types, 20 formations and 20 formations, with aquatic vegetation type and swamp vegetation type as the main subtypes.

3. Rich landscape features

Xixi wetland has four landscape types: water body, woodland, cultivated land and construction land landscape. The data analysis results of QulckBird images show that a large number of patches are generated after image classification, with a total number of 13343 (Rongliang, 2007), of which 6 153 is farmland landscape patch, accounting for 46.2% of the total patches, followed by woodland and architectural landscape patches, with 3429 and 2365438 respectively.

Among all kinds of landscapes, the largest patch index is water body, construction land, cultivated land and woodland landscape. The connected water bodies in the wetland form large patches, which is beneficial to the reconstruction of the overall wetland environment and the protection of aquatic biodiversity.

4. Deep cultural accumulation.

Hangzhou has a history of 8,000 years of civilization and a history of more than 2,200 years of city building. It is the first batch of key scenic tourist cities and famous historical and cultural cities named by the state. Xixi Scenic Area is the second largest scenic spot in Hangzhou after West Lake Scenic Area, with a history of 1000 years. According to legend, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty wanted to build an imperial city here, and later moved it to Phoenix Mountain. However, a minister asked him how Xixi would decide. Zhao thought for a long time and said, "Stay in the West Stream", hence the name "Stay". Scholars of all ages went to Xixi to enjoy the scenery or elegant collections, leaving a lot of beautiful poems, paintings and calligraphy. Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty also visited Xixi, leaving several imperial poems.

Agricultural wetland, humanistic wetland and Xixi wetland, as secondary wetlands, carry wetland farming culture, continue the context of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and embody the profound humanistic heritage of China wetland culture.

5. The local economy is developed and there are successful experiences in urban wetland protection and management.

Hangzhou is located at the intersection of three economic plates, namely, Shanghai Economic Circle, Sunan Economic Circle and Hangzhou Bay Economic Circle, which have the most economic vitality in eastern China. It is one of the top ten cities with the most economic vitality in China. In 2008, the city achieved a GDP of 478,654.38+billion yuan and a total fiscal revenue of 9 1 billion yuan, ranking second among provincial capitals and third among sub-provincial cities. For two consecutive years, it was rated as the first place in "China's Best City with Total Investment Environment" and the first place in "Chinese mainland's Best Commercial City" by Forbes magazine. Hangzhou has strong economic strength to protect and develop Xixi wetland. The Xixi Wetland Comprehensive Protection Project and the China Wetland Museum, which started in August 2003 with a total investment of nearly 9 billion yuan, are good examples.

Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area is a national key scenic spot. Hangzhou has accumulated rich experience in West Lake biodiversity protection, urban wetland ecological environment restoration and transformation, wetland tourism development and management, and human landscape excavation and display, which can provide talents and technical support for Xixi wetland ecotourism development.

(2) Some suggestions on Xixi wetland development.

Xixi Wetland Xixi Wetland is an organic life system. In today's world, the research on this organic life mechanism is still in the primary stage. The only research results are also quite expensive to apply. Xixi Wetland is a blend of cultural resources and natural resources, which set off each other and have their own boundaries. The lack of culture weakens the charm of Xixi wetland, and the excessive culture endangers its life cycle. Xixi wetland is still an urban wetland, so the protection and construction of Xixi wetland must interact with the development of Hangzhou, which are closely related and have deep internal contradictions. Solving the problem of Xixi wetland is a long-term task of natural science and humanities.

1, improve the level of scientific research planning.

Great changes have taken place in the physical geography of Xixi Wetland. The original natural or artificial wetland recycling system has been completely broken, and the current ecosystem has been unable to carry out effective self-recycling operation. Referring to the ancient documents of Xixi Wetland, it is urgent to restore the wetland ecosystem by using the research results of modern geology, biology, ecology and climatology. The cultural relics resources of Xixi Wetland have been basically destroyed, so it is also indispensable for today's protection work to strengthen archaeological investigation and analyze the achievements of predecessors in the planning and construction of Xixi Wetland. However, although there are many documents about Xixi Wetland, due to the dispersion of past dynasties, the collections of large libraries including National Library, Zhejiang Library and Shanghai Library are limited, and the research results on Xixi Wetland's human history are few. It is suggested to write a large-scale book on Xixi wetland. Besides collecting domestic library materials, efforts should also be made to collect folk materials and overseas materials. It is necessary to establish a scientific management mechanism and fully open information to the society. Make full use of provincial and municipal research institutions, institutions of higher learning and non-governmental forces to organize and carry out comprehensive multi-disciplinary research on Xixi Wetland, including geology, geography, climatology, biology, literature, aesthetics, archaeology, history, sociology, religion, architecture, urban planning and economics.

Xixi wetland protection planning must be based on the long-term, based on the development of Hangzhou, based on the improvement of the environment and ecology. The protection and construction of Xixi wetland is one of the basic signs to realize the ecological construction goal of "blue sky, clear water, clean gas, forest and green space" in Hangzhou.

The planning and construction of Xixi Wetland must proceed from the ontology of Xixi Wetland and Hangzhou City, grasp the main contradictions, integrate various relationships, effectively protect and develop, and establish the image of Xixi Wetland and Hangzhou City in a higher sense. The governments of Hangzhou, Xihu District and Yuhang District should strengthen communication in planning and construction, establish a coordination mechanism and change the unbalanced situation of planning and construction.

2. Learn from the advanced experience of wetland protection at home and abroad.

China is a signatory to the international convention on wetlands, and protecting wetlands is the responsibility of governments at all levels in China. China Municipal Government has formulated China Wetland Protection Action Plan and China Wetland Protection Project Plan. However, at present, the national wetland protection projects mainly focus on large-scale natural wetlands, while relatively ignoring the smaller wetlands in cities, so the protection of urban wetlands should attract the attention of urban managers in particular. Xixi Wetland Protection should follow the relevant requirements of the International Convention on Wetlands, China Wetland Protection Action Plan and China Wetland Protection Project Plan, focusing on the basic definition of wetlands.

Xixi wetland protection must follow the principles of ecosystem succession and ecological engineering, fully consider three main aspects: water purification, biodiversity restoration and landscape configuration, and realize the comprehensive optimization of wetland system.

3. Follow the law of wetland succession and build a natural subtropical secondary wetland.

Ecosystem succession theory is an important basic theory to guide ecosystem reconstruction. The ecological restoration and reconstruction of Xixi wetland must be based on the law of ecological succession, and the ecological landscape with multiple vegetation types as the core should be configured to form a certain continuous scale, so as to maintain or expand the water area and prevent crops from drying up, wetland plants from invading the water body and wetland plant communities from becoming xerophytes, so as to maintain the life of the wetland.

Xixi Wetland is famous for its natural simplicity and has its own characteristics and personality. Its construction direction is rich biodiversity, clear and clean green city park and nostalgic cultural hometown, which is obviously different from West Lake. Therefore, its ecological restoration and reconstruction cannot be meticulously carved. We should restore and protect the natural ecology in a large area, choose native and natural plants as far as possible, cut slopes and change them, establish a wetland ecosystem transition zone between water body and Ji-Zhu, build a wetland environment, develop ecological buildings, avoid using garden plants similar to urban gardens, improve the self-maintenance ability of Xixi wetland, and reduce the cost of manual maintenance and operation.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion

The eco-tourism characteristics and regional brand personality of Xixi Wetland are embodied in beautiful natural wetland scenery, profound and diverse cultural accumulation, quaint folk customs, unique ecological culture in the south of the Yangtze River and modern people's leisure methods. Further exploring the most representative natural and cultural characteristics of Xixi Wetland, highlighting the regional brand status of Xixi Wetland as an urban wetland, and pushing it to the domestic and foreign tourism markets side by side with the West Lake will make due contributions to building Hangzhou into an international scenic tourist city, speeding up the construction of "Oriental Leisure Capital", improving the city's popularity and reputation, and enhancing Hangzhou's comprehensive competitiveness.

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