The Scale and Layout of Ming Tombs in Fengyang

From the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1366) to the 12th year of Hongwu (1379), it took 13 years off and on, which consumed huge material resources, financial resources and manpower, and built the Ming Emperor's Mausoleum three times. So, what is the scale and pattern of Ming Taizu Mausoleum built from this? & gt& gt According to the existing historical materials and local field archaeology in Fengyang, it can be known that the Ming Imperial Mausoleum, like Zhongdu and Nanjing (excluding the outer cities) in the Ming Dynasty, is composed of three cities, namely the "three-ring" capital construction model initiated by Zhu Yuanzhang. The outermost one is called "Tucheng", the middle one is called Brick City, and the innermost one is called Imperial City. The main entrance of the Ming Mausoleum is in the north, and the whole mausoleum faces south, which is completely different from the traditional mausoleum. This is not only a last resort for the Zhu family who lived in despair when Mr. and Mrs. Zhu died, but also a helpless choice for them not to be reburied for fear of venting their anger afterwards. Therefore, the main "articles" that the Imperial Tombs can do are all around the graves of Zhu Yuanzhang's parents. Let's examine them one by one as an archaeological tourist. & gt& gt Tucheng, the first city, is the resting place of officials and people who went to the imperial tomb to worship. Generally speaking, the night before the sacrifice, the sacrifice officer and the people accompanying the sacrifice should get ready and go to the bunks and straight rooms outside Tucheng in the middle of the night to wait for the sacrifice. Send someone to hand over the list before entering the mausoleum area for inspection. Then, through Lu Shen, which is full of precious trees, such as pine and cypress, he came to the main entrance of Tucheng Tomb, namely Zheng Hongmen, dismounted and went slow. Because there are two dismount tablets next to it, the front and back of the tablet are engraved with "officials are waiting to dismount here!" " Then enter from the ticket gate of Zhenghongmen, continue southbound, and pass through Hongqiao, Zhongmen, Hongmen, Hall, Ursa Major Hall and Lingxingmen. And you can wait in the official hall and straight room outside the second road of Huangling, and wait until midnight (23: 00 ~ 1) to get ready to enter the main entrance of the brick city-in front of the Ming building. & gt& gt The building facilities of the whole Tucheng are: Tucheng is the outermost city with a circumference of 28 miles, which is 14 km. "44 social households take turns to keep watch, and the tomb is patrolled"; Zhenghongmen 3, in the north and northeast; God Road is 3 miles long, "planting pine and cypress next to it, going directly to the capital, and also setting up guards to inspect it"; 2 east and west corner gates; 2 Guanting, namely the yamen of the Temple Sacrifice Department; 3 in the east, 3 in the west and 3 in the south gate; A straight room outside the east, west and south gates; Dismount 8 cards, four doors away; Store13; There is 1 Dashuiguan in the northeast corner of Tucheng, from which water flows into Huaihe River, and there is also 19 Xiaoshuiguan. Tanghuang Bridge 1, north of Dashuiguan; There are 40 straight rooms outside, outside the east corner gate, in the yamen to accompany the sacrificial officer to mount the horse. & gt& gt The second city, Brick City, is the preparation area for the imperial tomb sacrifice. Sacrifice officials who entered from Tucheng came to the main entrance of Brick City-Minglou, facing Shinto. Shinto is reserved for royalty. Generally speaking, sacrificial officials are not allowed to walk here, but only the sidewalk on the side. On the east side of this section of Shinto, there are mixed halls, straight rooms, wing rooms, left and right tables, dining halls, sleeping halls, drum rooms, god libraries, god chefs and so on. And there are also symmetrical stone statues here. The main building facilities inside and outside the>& gt Brick City are: Brick City 1 block, 2 feet high and more than 6 miles in circumference, with 4 doors and buildings on each door; 4 doors, 4 seats and 5 rooms double eaves; 6 service halls; 2 kitchen; 6 official halls; Straight rooms: 4 straight rooms, about 5 rooms, and straight rooms outside the gate 1 1; 3 Lingxingmen, with green glazed tiles; Hongqiao building 5. There are 1 kitchens in the east outside the north gate, and there are 20 kitchen attendants, including 5 in the north and 5 in the south of Shenku, 5 in the old house, Tianchi 1 and Drum Room 1, which are "frequent sacrifices". Northeast of North Gate 1 Zhaigong 1 1 Li, including 5 main halls, 3 halls, 5 bedrooms, 5 kitchens, 5 left and right tables, 3 red doors, 5 wing rooms, 2 corner doors, 3 east-west straight rooms and 3 red rooms. There are 1 mixed halls 2 miles northeast of the north gate, including 5 main rooms, 2 swimming pools, and so on. & gt& gt The Imperial City, the third city, is the sacrificial area and the core part of the imperial tomb. Sacrifice officials can walk for a few minutes to the imperial tomb monument and Zhu Yuanzhang's wordless monument through the sidewalk next to the brick city Shinto, and further on, it is the main entrance of the imperial city-Jinmen. Crossing the Golden Gate, the main hall of the imperial tomb-Xiangdian is displayed in front of us, which is the core activity place to worship Zhu Yuanzhang's parents. Xiangdian is connected to Dong Dai and Xi Dai on the left and right, with 1 Liaozao on the left. After the sacrifice, move on and you can reach the tomb of the owner. & gt& gt The entire imperial city is made of bricks, with a height of 2 feet and a circumference of 75 feet. Decorated with red soil, the main buildings inside and outside are: 5 golden gates; There are 1 1 rooms on the left and right; 1 burner; 2 left and right corner doors; 5 blocks after Hong Men; 2 left and right stone pavilions and 5 imperial bridges; There are 36 pairs of Hua Biao and Shi Xiangsheng (but there are also 32 pairs, 3 1 or 28 pairs, 2 pairs of Kirin, 8 pairs of Shishi, 2 pairs of Hua Biao, 6 pairs of Shima and Maguan, 4 pairs of Shi Hu, 4 pairs of Shiyang, 2 pairs of civil servants, 2 pairs of military commanders and 2 pairs of imperial envoys), which are located in the north gate. "It's all yellow glazed tiles, painted blue, and 20 families take turns to be straight." & gt& gt The above is the building scale and overall layout of Ming Taizu Mausoleum. When you travel through history to visit the first mausoleum in the early Ming Dynasty, you may be amazed and awed by the scene before you: the magnificent royal mausoleum building is surrounded by hundreds of thousands of lush precious trees trees, yellow and green, solemn and solemn. This is not only a special place for Zhu Yuanzhang to express filial piety and educate future generations, but also a precious cultural heritage left by Daming to future generations. & gt& gt Historical changes of Ming Tombs in Fengyang >> But this precious cultural heritage was destroyed or even destroyed several times in later history. The Ming Imperial Mausoleum suffered such an unbearable fate, which should first be attributed to the neglect of management by the rulers after Yongle moved its capital. & gt& gt Because Zhu Yuanzhang spent his childhood in Fengyang countryside, he was full of affection for his parents and hometown. Because of this, under his meticulous care, Ming Taizu Mausoleum was built three times during the Hongwu period before it became a grand mausoleum. In this process, apart from the regular sacrifices held by relevant institutions, Zhu Yuanzhang bowed to the imperial tomb three times, namely in April of the 26th year of Zheng Zheng, February of the 4th year of Hongwu and April of the 8th year of Hongwu. Among them, in the last bow, he said: "I am very grateful for thinking about the pain before and regretting my death today. I have lost my voice for 32 years." What can I do to repay you? " Where will you go, news is isolated from letters. Looking back on the hardships of past lives, Zhu Yuanzhang was deeply saddened and sad. Such feelings are hard for anyone to fully understand. So, he sent Crown Prince Zhu Biao and Qin Wangzhu to Fengyang to pay homage to the mausoleum no less than four times, namely, October of the first year of Wu, January of the fifth year of Hongwu, March of the eighth year of Hongwu, and February of the eleventh year of Hongwu. In the Ming Dynasty, emperors, crown princes and princes made high-level and repeated sacrifices to the imperial tombs. & gt& gt When you see this, some people may say, No, Emperor Yongle did not bow to sacrifice for four times, surpassing Liang Wudi Zhu Yuanzhang? Let's see when the four bows of Emperor Yongle took place. & gt& gt The first time was in February of the seventh year of Yongle. Under the banner of "hunting tour", the emperor began his first trip to the north, in fact, to prepare for the dead queen Xu to find a home and move the capital in the future. On the way to the north, he stopped in Fengyang to pay homage to the imperial tomb and reward the residents, staff and local indigenous people, as if he were Ming Taizu's out-and-out dutiful son and handpicked "successor". & gt& gt The second time was in February of the 11th year of Yongle, when the Tianshoushan Mausoleum in Beijing was completed, and Queen Xu's coffin began to be transported northward. Emperor Yongle set out from Nanjing to Beijing under the banner of Emperor Tiandi's "hunting and traveling". In fact, in order to solve the Mongolian problem in northern Xinjiang, he built a new capital Beijing on a large scale that matched the "Yongle Prosperity" of "all foreigners in all directions surrendered". On this northern tour, he paid a second visit to Fengyang Mausoleum, and did the same thing again, returning to the local people in Fengyang. & gt& gt The third time was in October of the 14th year of Yongle. Judy received a tip-off, saying that Jia Zhu, the 18th emperor's brother who voluntarily opened the Jinchuan Gate and surrendered to himself, was hiding his old enemy "Emperor Wen Jian", and the ancient king wanted to use it as a "banner" for rebellion. On this journey, Ming Chengzu rushed back to the south, "driving Fengyang for the second time, offering sacrifices to the imperial tomb and giving people wine and meat." & gt& gt The fourth time was in March of the 15th year of Yongle, and Judy went north again in the name of "hunting tour". In fact, he tried to start the large-scale construction of Daming's new capital and moved the capital quickly. In April, Ding Siwu said, "I drove Fengyang for the second time and worshipped the imperial tomb. It is a day to enjoy the ancestral temple and make the Crown Prince salute. " & gt& gt From the above, we can easily see that Emperor Yongle's four bows were "burning incense to see a monk"-on the way, they were not as sincere as Liang Wudi, and they were always remembered. Even at the end of his life, when he was dying, Zhu Yuanzhang kept chanting about his hometown imperial tomb and his parents. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu, April was ugly (only 1 month from death), and Emperor Hongwu personally went to the ancestral temple of the Ming Palace in Nanjing to offer sacrifices. After the sacrifice, he walked back and almost stopped for three steps. Suddenly, he pointed to the boy on the side of the road, as if he had found something important. The Taichang Temple official who followed him said with emotion: "This is what I planted in previous years, but now I can't think of it turning into a forest. This is the case with Fengyang Mausoleum. " At this point, he "burst into tears" and stopped for a long time before continuing: "The ancestral hall was built and the owner moved. After the ceremony, I retired to rest and dreamed that the emperor called,' There is a police in the southwest.' If you think you are looking at North Korea, you will be rewarded. Zukao is in the sky, all the time. Be careful when you offer sacrifices, and offer sacrifices to the Lord at noon, lest you be ungodly. You should save your time and keep it clean, which is safe for God. This shows that Zhu Yuanzhang's "filial piety" is the real filial piety, as the folk proverb says: a poor son! Therefore, it is worthy of the name that he named himself and Ma Huanghou's mausoleum "Xiao Ling". This is much better than Judy overthrowing her father's "established policy", destroying the "ancestral system" and usurping the throne. She regards her father's capital Nanjing as a relic but calls herself a "dutiful son"! & gt& gt Although Judy, a thief, has bowed to Ming Chengzu Mausoleum and Ming Zu Mausoleum many times since taking office, his purpose in doing so is more related to his guilty conscience after usurping the throne. When the old man was in office, Judy disguised herself as a "good son" and a "good boy"; As soon as the old man lay down, he immediately rebelled against "Jingnan", wiped out the "Ten Families", dug ancestral graves, skinned people alive, and * * * women ... made a river of blood, and even the legitimate Emperor Daming and the successor designated by Emperor Zhu were missing. Then, even if the sky is not angry and the earth is not resentful, will the Zhu family, the ancestor of the Ming royal family, be happy? If the underground ancestors are unhappy, they have to offer more sacrifices and burn more paper money in their spare time. We in China pay the most attention to material interests, and so do the dead. Just like the beautiful "ladies" who built luxurious graves for their ancestors and burned more gold paper after the outbreak of folk fools and vulgar women, there is almost nothing to offer. & gt& gt In fact, Judy's bad influence goes far beyond these. In the late Yongle period, as the capital moved to Beijing, the Ming royal family was far away from the south, which naturally opened the distance with Zhu Jiazu. In addition, the descendants of the royal family lived in the inner palace, pampered and lacked understanding of the hard life experienced by Emperor Mao and his ancestors, so they did not attach great importance to the sacrifice and management of the imperial tombs and ancestral tombs. Judy's son Ming Renzong was born in Fengyang, and he still has some feelings for his hometown. When he was a crown prince, he once offered sacrifices to the imperial tomb. Later, when he became emperor, his time was very short, and he was in poor health and inconvenient to move. However, even so, in March of the first year of Hongxi, he ordered the Crown Prince () to sacrifice to the imperial tomb and the Xiaoling mausoleum and stay in Nanjing. But I didn't know that this dude of Daming royal family never went to Fengyang, but went straight to Nanjing. From then on, there were no more emperors and crown princes bowing to the imperial tomb in Daming history, only the envoys and routine sacrifices of the emperor were left. & gt& gt Without the sacrifice of the emperor and the crown prince, the actual status of the Ming Emperor Mausoleum and the Ming Zuling Mausoleum has greatly declined, but it doesn't matter. The key to the problem lies in the attack and corrosion of natural disasters such as wind and rain, lightning and earthquake, and even the factors of poor management. From Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, problems began to appear in royal buildings in the early Ming Dynasty, such as the Ming Imperial Mausoleum, the Ming Zhongdu Mausoleum and the Ming Zu Mausoleum. In the view of the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Tombs are very important compared with the "unfinished project" of the Ming Dynasty. Because it was the seat of Long Mai, the Ming Empire, the system of repairing tombs was formed very early. "Ming Hui Dian Shan Ling" clearly wrote: "If the ancestral tombs such as Sizhou, Fengyang Mausoleum and Nanjing Xiaoling Mausoleum are restored, they will all belong to Nanjing Ministry of Industry. "This means that the competent government responsible for the renovation project is Nanjing Ministry of Industry, but whether it should be repaired, whether it is overhaul or minor repair or not, such a key issue has to be decided by Emperor Daming. & gt& gt In June of the seventh year of Xuande, Fengyang House played: "The main hall of the imperial tomb and the houses inside and outside the imperial city were damaged and should be repaired. Liu Bei said to him, "This is urgent!" Later, "Zhao Hui, a captain of Ma Xu, was ordered to repair the tomb of Fengyang and the temple in the imperial city", and he also gave an order to Zhao Hui: "We must be cautious and firm." But looking back, he said, "the main hall should be renovated together, and the houses inside and outside the imperial city should be handled with little agricultural gap." ">& gt This is the attitude of the Ming Dynasty towards the imperial tombs and Ming Zhongdu-attaching more importance to the imperial tombs than to the imperial cities. This attitude of the imperial court did not change until Ye Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. In April of the seventeenth year of Jiajing, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty ordered Yuanhou to be the company commander, prefect grain transportation and guard Huai 'an. "After the completion, it was promoted to the right capital of the governor. ">& gt But this practice of Jiajing Dynasty was not inherited later. With the increasingly corrupt politics and the increasingly tense treasury finance, the attitude of the Ming court towards the royal buildings in the early Ming Dynasty, such as the Ming Imperial Mausoleum and the Ming Zhongdu, which were gradually dilapidated, was that they could not be repaired, unless they had to be repaired, only the "Long Mai" Imperial Mausoleum would be repaired, regardless of whether it was abandoned or not. From this, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, which was originally a "unfinished project", was already in ruins, but the building of Ming Taizu Mausoleum was still well preserved as a whole. I never thought that this would be the first disaster in the next eight years. & gt& gt In the early years of Chongzhen, peasant riots were raging all over the country, and the number of peasant troops gathered in the Central Plains could reach 200,000, and they could go south at any time. In the face of such a crisis, Wei Qi Lv, then the minister of Nanjing Ministry of War, said: "Please be prepared to defend against floods, while Fengling is worried about the outside." In other words, he asked the imperial court to send troops south quickly, otherwise the local military forces in Fengyang would be difficult to resist the attack of the peasant army. When Emperor Chongzhen heard that Daming Long Mai was in danger, he called a ministerial meeting to discuss countermeasures. Zhang Fengyi, the minister of the Ministry of War at that time, suggested that the emperor ordered Yang, the governor of Huai 'an and the governor of grain transportation, to head for Fengyang to prevent foreign invasion. Rationally speaking, this plan is very pragmatic and appropriate. Huaian is on the edge of Fengyang, and the governor of grain transportation still has some troops. If it had been carried out, the tragedy might not have happened. However, in such a "national disaster", Yang, the governor of Huai 'an and the governor of grain transportation, was just a man who was afraid of death. After receiving the imperial edict from Emperor Chongzhen, it was delayed on the grounds of physical illness. & gt& gt Yang dared to "resist the imperial edict" because Wang, the examiner in the imperial examination in those days, is now a senior official of the Daming Ritual Department and a university student in Dongge. At that time, the relationship between such candidates and examiners was very special. They are often a faction in the political arena, otherwise they can't get along. Secondly, Wu Zhenying, the governor of Fengyang at that time, was a good friend of Yang, and Wu Zhenying was a fellow villager of Renwucheng, the cabinet style of this dynasty. The relationship between the three people is very good. Third, Yang's direct official titles at that time were Governor of Grain Transportation and Governor of Four Houses in the North of the Yangtze River, but he still hung the history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the right suggestion, and his position was not lower than that of Zhang Fengyi. Why does he have to be pushed around? It is precisely because of this complicated bureaucratic relationship and background that the imperial edict of Emperor Chongzhen is equal to waste paper. Yang stayed in Huai 'an at leisure and delayed sending reinforcements to Fengyang. & gt& gt However, the Northern Peasant Army is unambiguous. In the first month of the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), when they saw that Fengyang Long Mai's troops were empty, they hurried south. At that time, Fengyang people and local grave keepers hated Yang Ze, a greedy and tyrannical eunuch. As soon as they heard that the peasant army was going south, they went to be guides one after another, so the situation in Fengyang suddenly became extremely critical. In this regard, Zhongdu left-behind company stayed in Zhu Yongtang, commanded Cheng Yongning to quickly summon soldiers to defend Fengyang to the death, and led 300 soldiers to set out from Ximen to face the peasant army. I don't know. I just walked for a while, and suddenly there was a dark haze in front of me. The soldiers of the Ming army thought it was a peasant army and fled in succession. Zhu Yongtang assembled down archers and went to Yaoshan. As soon as he went up, he met the advance troops of the peasant army, and the two sides fought a bloody battle. Because the fog covered the sun that day, the battle could not be won for a while. Just then, Wang Yichuan and Wang Taiping, the leaders of the peasant army, came with a large army. Leaving four Ming army soldiers, outnumbered and killed one by one. Zhu Guoxiang, Cheng Yongning and other 4 1 Ming soldiers were killed, and the peasant army "subsequently captured Fengyang, burned the imperial tomb, burned longxing temple, and burned 22,650 houses" and "killed tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians". & gt& gt The peasant army burned down Fengyang's tomb, which really made people hate and worry. However, we contemporary people who don't know the truth always like to play the board on the peasant army. As a matter of fact, it was the highest authorities of the Ming Dynasty who really started the trouble. In the early years of Chongzhen, the peasant army was huge, which seriously threatened the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Under such circumstances, Emperor Chongzhen, who took "Zhongxing" Daming as his own responsibility, may have inherited the gene of ancestors Ming digging ancestral graves, and sent people to Mizhi, Shaanxi Province to raze Li Zicheng's ancestral graves, in order to cut off the emperor's arrogance of Li Zicheng's rising stars. Tit for tat, the peasant army captured Fengyang, and of course it would not miss such an opportunity for revenge. They killed the eunuch guarding the tomb in Fengyang, smashed the "First Mountain" monument erected by Zhu Yuanzhang, and dug a deep hole at the top of the tomb of Zhu Wusi couple to vent their anger. Later, the soldiers arrived in Linhuai. Because the local defenders were well prepared, they failed to capture it. They immediately burned Xiguan and led the army back. & gt& gt This is the first time that the Ming Imperial Mausoleum and the Ming Dynasty both suffered from extinction, or "the change of Fengyang". According to the inventory of relevant people afterwards, in this catastrophe, there were "three houses burned down; * * * 265 cases, today 174 cases; 594 offices of the left-behind company were destroyed; Burning 67 rooms in Gulou and longxing temple; 22,652 houses were destroyed; Six officers were killed, two were lost and 20 were lost; 66 students were killed; Lingbi team killed 2284 people; Gao Jiangjun196; 755 elite soldiers; Cao Cao has an army of more than 800 people "and" burning the imperial tomb and the main hall to the utmost, loosening 300 thousand plants and killing more than 60 eunuchs of Sixiang ". & gt& gt The second disaster in Ming Taizu Mausoleum and Ming Zhongdu was more than 30 years after the "Fengyang Revolution", which is often referred to as the "Kangxi Prosperous Age". According to the records of Qing history, in the ninth, tenth and eleventh years of Qing Emperor Kangxi, "seven states, such as Anqing in the south of the Yangtze River, and three states, such as Chuzhou, suffered from floods and locusts year after year", and there was a tragic scene of "all the wheat died and people ate the bark". Hungry people go out begging and wandering to survive. Fengyang Zhongducheng and Ming Imperial Mausoleum, once the fundamental places of the Ming royal family, have now changed dynasties. Who is a fool who is full and supports the management of a overthrown dynasty "Long Mai"? So those "free" Ming official buildings that survived the "Fengyang Change" became the best refuge for refugees. Zhang Yiqian, the local magistrate of Fengyang during the reign of Kangxi, watched the refugees destroy the royal architecture of Daming, but turned a blind eye to their own career and the "peace" of one side. The whole building in Huangling area was destroyed, leaving only stone men, stone beasts, huabiao, Huangling monument and so on. & gt& gt Almost at the same time that the Ming Imperial Mausoleum experienced the second catastrophe, the Ming Zu Mausoleum where Zhu Yuanzhang's grandfather, great-grandfather and great-grandfather were buried also suffered a catastrophe. What the hell is going on here? Things have to start with the construction of the Ming Zuling. & gt& gt Sizhou (Xuyi) Ming Zu Mausoleum-The second Maiming Zu Mausoleum is the second royal mausoleum built in the early Ming Dynasty, and its owners are Zhu Yuanzhang's grandfather, great-grandfather and great-grandfather. & gt& gt As we mentioned earlier, Zhu Yuanzhang's life experience, he is the youngest son in the family. When he was born, his father Zhu was over 40 years old, and he was a little old man in the countryside. Grandfather Zhu Chuyi died one year before Zhu Yuanzhang was born. According to the notes of Wang Wenlu and other scholars, Zhu Chuyi died in Sizhou, the Yangjiadun area in Xuyi County today, and was buried here. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang's father, Zhu and his mother, Chen, probably just had a good time after farm work and started intense bed sports, but they never thought that six months later, they were pregnant with a real "dragon". It can be seen that Zhu Yuanzhang and his grandfather have never met, let alone have no feelings, let alone his great-grandfather and great-grandfather.