Comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation

1 purpose of investigation

1. 1 Through comprehensive investigation, we can understand the natural conditions, natural resources, social and economic conditions, characteristics of soil erosion and present situation of soil and water conservation (achievements, experiences and problems) within the planning scope.

1.2. The main results of the comprehensive survey should be processed and sorted with words and charts, and included in the planning report of soil and water conservation as an important part; Comprehensively and systematically expound the scientific basis and working basis of planning.

1.3 soil and water conservation planning should be divided into districts and types through comprehensive investigation; According to the different characteristics of each district, different production development directions and prevention measures are adopted respectively.

2 Preparation before investigation

2. 1 Before the investigation, a unified survey outline and corresponding survey forms should be formulated, and the items and contents of the investigation should be arranged closely around the needs of compiling the water and soil conservation plan.

2.2. When the investigation takes a long time and there are many participants, training should be conducted before the investigation as needed. After training, all investigators should be clear about the purpose, requirements, contents and methods of the investigation.

3 survey content

3. 1 Natural conditions: including climate, hydrology, landform, soil, vegetation, etc. Five factors, such as topography, rainfall, wind, soil (ground composition) and vegetation, and other meteorological factors, such as temperature and frost, are mainly considered.

3.② Natural resources: land resources, water resources, biological resources, light and heat resources, mineral resources, etc.

3.3 Socio-economic situation: Focus on population, labor force, land use, rural production, grain and economic income (gross and per capita), fuel, feed, fertilizer, people's living standards, drinking water for people and livestock, etc.

3.4 Soil and water loss: the key points are distribution, quantity (area), degree (erosion amount), harm (to local and downstream), causes (natural factors and human factors), etc.

3.5. Present situation of soil and water conservation: The quantity, quality and benefit of various control measures, the main processes, experiences and lessons of soil and water conservation are mainly introduced.

3.6 Construction of soil and water conservation information base: focusing on information collection, transmission and storage.

3.7 See Appendix A (informative appendix) of this standard for the specific contents and methods of various surveys.

4 investigation requirements

4. 1 We should concentrate our main energy and time on the contents needed in the planning, and collect them comprehensively and completely, without omission; Projects and contents that have nothing to do with planning or have little to do with planning shall not be arranged.

4.2 In the investigation, we should fill in the questionnaire item by item and draw relevant sketches. The information collected in the investigation should be true and reliable.

4.3 Comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation in small watersheds should be based on the investigation items and contents, and the main watersheds, ditches and branches in the watershed should be investigated in detail by slope, ditch and village to obtain first-hand information.

4.4 In the comprehensive survey of soil and water conservation in large and medium-sized river basins (or provinces, autonomous regions and counties), the survey scope should be divided into several different types of regions according to relevant data, and a representative small watershed should be selected in each type of region. According to the above requirements, combined with the general survey of each region, the comprehensive survey results will be obtained (the principles, methods and steps of dividing large and medium-sized river basins will be stipulated in Chapter 5).

4.5. In the comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation planning, we should make full use of the professional investigation results or zoning results of relevant scientific research and business departments. We should analyze the achievements of these departments in large-scale topography, soil (ground composition), plants, meteorology, agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, and absorb their contents related to soil and water conservation planning. At the initial stage of a comprehensive investigation, the above-mentioned relevant results should be provided upon request, or personnel from relevant departments should be invited to participate in the investigation, and the original results should be verified and supplemented during the investigation.

4.6 When inviting professionals from relevant departments (geography, geology, soil, plants, meteorology, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, etc.). ) to participate in a comprehensive survey, it should be carried out in accordance with a unified survey outline; If some departments have special requirements for the investigation content of this major, they can supplement the insufficient part according to the investigation outline and on the basis of individual investigation reports of related majors, drawing lessons from the relevant parts of soil and water conservation.

5 survey results

5. 1 written report, including comprehensive investigation report and special investigation report.

5.2 See Appendix A (informative appendix) for the attached table and attached drawings.

5.3 Photos, videos and recordings.

Second, understanding and implementation

In the part of comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation, the purpose, preparation before investigation, investigation content, investigation requirements and investigation results of comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation are introduced, which provides basis for comprehensive management planning of soil and water conservation. The differences between the new standard and the original standard are as follows:

(1) Compared with the original standard, the new standard has not changed much, mainly because of the adjustment of some words, which makes the content more concise and accurate. For example, the new standard 4. 2.2, 4.4.3 and 4. 4.6. Compared with the corresponding part in the original standard (not listed here), the content is basically the same, but the language expression in the new standard is more accurate and logical than that in the original standard.

(2) The new standard deletes "as the basis of soil and water conservation planning in the original standard 4. 1, so as to make the soil and water conservation planning conform to the objective reality, better follow the natural and socio-economic laws, be conducive to implementation, and achieve the expected target benefits" and "so as not to distract forces and affect the work process" in the original standard 4. 4. 1.

(3) Compared with the original standard 4.3. 1, the new standard 4.3. 1 adds the key investigation elements of "including climate, hydrology, landform, soil, vegetation, etc.". The original standard was changed from 4 to 5, and the original standard "agricultural meteorology" was changed to "meteorological factors".

(4) A new interpretation clause has been added to the new standard: the investigation content of the new standard 4.3 (the original standard 4.3.6 was changed to the new standard 4.3.7) has been added with "4.3.6 Construction of soil and water conservation information base, with emphasis on information collection, transmission and storage". Informatization is the inevitable choice for China to accelerate industrialization and modernization. With the progress of the times, it has become an important strategic task to promote the modernization of soil and water conservation by informationization. In order to ensure the timeliness and accuracy of planning, the comprehensive survey of soil and water conservation needs to collect, transmit and store a large number of basic data such as resources, environment, social economy and so on. The construction of soil and water conservation information database provides convenience for this work, which can be investigated and updated in time, laying a solid foundation for planning work. This clause is written into the standard to meet the actual needs, which is appropriate and reasonable.

Third, examples.

Taking the second and third chapters of the 11th Five-Year Plan for Soil and Water Conservation in Jiashan County as an example, it is briefly summarized as follows:

1. Natural environmental conditions, natural resources and socio-economic conditions in Jiashan County (Chapter II of the original plan)

(1) Natural conditions.

1) Location: Jiashan County is located in the Hangjiahu Plain of Taihu Lake Basin, at the junction of Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province and Shanghai, with the east longitude of120 44' 22 "~121'45". It is adjacent to Qingpu District and Jinshan District of Shanghai in the east, Pinghu District and Nanhu District of Ang Lee of Jiaxing City in the south, Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City in the west, Wujiang City of Jiangsu Province and Qingpu District of Shanghai in the north. The total area of the county is 506.59 square kilometers, of which land accounts for 85.7 1% and water accounts for 14.29%. Tang Wei Town is a county town, 90km east of Shanghai, 0km west of Hangzhou110km, 35km south of Zhapu Port and 9 1 km north of Suzhou, which is the center of the Yangtze River Delta.

2) Terrain: The outline of the territory is field-like, with the terrain high in the south and low in the north, with an average elevation of 1.83m(85 national elevation, the same below) from southeast to northwest. Datong and Dayun areas in the southeast are relatively high, and the ground elevation is generally around 2.46m; Tianning, Hongxi and Tao Zhuang areas in the northwest are low-lying, the ground elevation is only about 1.36m, and the ground elevation difference of the county town is less than1.2m. Generally speaking, the ground slope of the county town is less than 3, which is relatively flat.

3) Geology: Jiashan County is located in the east of Hangjiahu Plain, which belongs to the long-term subsidence area of neotectonic movement, and a thick Quaternary system has been deposited in this area. Quaternary loose sediments are widely distributed, with a thickness of 50 ~ 300 m, and the lithofacies and lithology change greatly, and gradually increase from southwest to northeast as a whole.

4) Hydrometeorology: Jiashan County belongs to subtropical monsoon region, with warm and humid climate, abundant sunshine and rainfall, and distinct four seasons. Annual average temperature 15.5℃, extreme maximum temperature 38.2℃, extreme minimum temperature-10.8℃. 65438+ 10 is the most Leng Yue in the whole year, with an average monthly temperature of 3.5℃ for many years, and July is the hottest month in the whole year, with an average monthly temperature of 27.7℃. The annual average frost-free period is 233.6 days, the first frost period is generally in the middle of 165438+ 10, the last frost period is around the end of March, and the annual sunshine hours are 2008.2 hours. The average wind speed is 2.6 ~ 3.4m/s, with little difference from month to month, and the annual wind direction frequency is the largest in E and NW.

Average annual rainfall for many years 1 150.5mm, and annual rainfall days 135.2 days. The maximum precipitation year is 1999, the precipitation reaches 175 1.4mm, and the minimum precipitation appears at 1978, which is 685.5 mm The rainy season and typhoon season are the two high points of annual precipitation, accounting for about half of the whole year.

According to the measured data after 1956, the highest water level in Jiashan Station (Tang Wei Town) is 2.32 m (typhoon type 1962), followed by 2.27m (meiyu type 1999), and the lowest water level is197000.04 m.

5) Water system: Jiashan County is located in the river network area of Hangjiahu Plain in Taihu Lake Basin and belongs to the canal water system. Rivers and ports crisscross the territory, flowing from southwest to northeast, into Huangpu River and then into the East China Sea, which is a tidal river. Hundreds of tributaries meander from end to end, dividing the county into thousands of polder areas, which have been called "water villages" since ancient times.

The total length of rivers in the county is 1693.7km, and there are 59 large lakes. The river flow rate is gentle, and the water level changes obviously seasonally. Typhoons and rainstorms in summer and autumn often cause the river to surge, while the water level is low in winter. The general trend of river network drainage is from southwest to northeast, to Jinshan and Qingpu in Shanghai, and to Huangpu River.

The rivers in this county have the following characteristics: ① The rivers are densely distributed but unevenly distributed, with disorderly trends; ② The river width is different, with serious siltation and small cross section; ③ The slope of the river bottom is gentle, the velocity is slow and the flow is small; ④ The flow direction of the river is greatly disturbed by natural and human activities; ⑤ The water environmental capacity is small, the self-purification ability is poor, and the river pollution is generally serious.

6) Soil: According to the Statistical Yearbook of Jiashan County (2007), the total area of the county is 506.59km2, of which the cultivated land area is 269. 19km2. The county belongs to alluvial plain. According to the differences of soil genetic types and lithological characteristics, soil can be divided into 2 soil types, 4 subtypes, 7 soil genera and 19 soil types.

The soil in this county is characterized by deep soil layer, high content of all kinds of organic matter, high soil bearing capacity, good bearing layer and many kinds of soil, which is suitable for the growth of various plants and fruit trees.

7) Vegetation: The county belongs to the vegetation area of Taihu Plain, and most of it is covered by artificially cultivated plants, mainly including evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest. The main fruit trees planted are peach trees, pear trees, grapes, citrus, loquat and so on. Crops include: rice, barley, wheat, rape, corn, broad beans, peas and various vegetables; Green vegetation mainly includes Metasequoia glyptostroboides, willow, Pinus elliottii, Populus euramericana, osmanthus fragrans, camphor tree, elm and so on. There are all kinds of natural vegetation, such as green bristlegrass and dandelion. There are also all kinds of artificially planted flowers and plants.

(2) Natural resources.

1) Land resources: Jiashan County, with a total area of 506.59km2, is a plain river network area with a per capita land area of about 2.0 mu; The county's * * * cultivated land area is 269. 19km2, and the per capita cultivated land is 1.06 mu, which is 1.63 mu according to the agricultural population.

2) Water resources: According to the statistical analysis of Comprehensive Water Resources Planning of Jiashan County, from 1956 to 2000, the average local water resources in this county for many years was 236 million m3. The per capita water resources is only 6 19m3, which is less than 30% of the per capita water resources in the whole province (2 100m3). The county is rich in transit water resources, but affected by rainfall and upstream development and utilization, the transit water volume changes greatly year by year.

The annual distribution of precipitation and surface runoff is relatively concentrated, and the peak value appears in May, June and September. During the flood season (May ~ 10), the runoff accounts for about 60% of the annual runoff, and the maximum runoff accounts for about 50% of the annual runoff for four consecutive months, which changes greatly during the year, easily causing floods and low water in plain river networks and causing floods and droughts.

3) Biological resources:

A. Plant resources: The county belongs to the vegetation in the lower reaches of Qiantang River and Taihu Plain. Most of them are covered by cultivated plants. Grain crops are mainly rice, barley and wheat, and cash crops are mainly rape, mulberry, vegetables, melons and medicinal plants. Peaches and pears are suitable for growing anywhere. There are more than 200 kinds of flowers such as camellia, rhododendron, gerbera, lily, bird of paradise, pomegranate, pine needle, rose, begonia, plum blossom, peach blossom and peony.

B. Animal resources: Jiaxing Black Pig is the dominant species of local livestock and poultry in the county, including Jinhua Pig, Duroc and Yorkshire. Cattle include black and white cattle, Wenzhou buffalo, Haizi buffalo and so on. Rabbits are from Britain, France and Denmark, and German angora rabbits are the most popular. Poultry is mainly chickens, ducks and geese. The local varieties are Xiaoshan Chicken, Pudong Chicken and Wangdian Chicken, and the imported varieties are Bailuoke, Ross, Huang Zhe Chicken and Hongyu. Ducks are mainly Ma duck and Beijing duck; The geese are mainly Taihu White Goose, a few grey geese and East Zhejiang White Goose. Freshwater aquaculture animals are mainly freshwater fish, shrimp and crab.

4) Light and heat resources: Jiashan County is rich in light and heat resources, with an annual sunshine of 2008.2 hours, which is one of the areas with high sunshine value in the province. 1~ February at least, 125 hours or less; The longest time is July-August, more than 230 hours; From mid-April to mid-May, the average sunshine for many years is 224.5 hours, and the average daily sunshine is 5.6 hours. In midsummer July, the average sunshine for many years is 233 hours, and the average daily sunshine is 7.5 hours. From late September to 65438+1mid-October, the average sunshine for many years is 1 19.3 hours, and the average daily sunshine is 5.3 hours. The annual sunshine percentage is 45%, the highest in August is 6 1%, and the lowest in March is only 35%.

The annual average temperature in the county is 65438 05.5℃, and the regional difference is not obvious, but the difference is only 65438 0℃. The average frost-free period for many years is 233.6 days, and the annual active accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is 4950℃ ~ 5039℃, with an interval of 232 ~ 236 days, which appears in early April ~165438+1mid-October.

5) Scenic tourism resources: Jiashan has a long history, rich human resources and beautiful natural scenery, and is one of the birthplaces of ancient Wuyue culture. Jiashan is rich in tourism resources. The water town is like a dream, the ancient town is picturesque and the countryside is poetic. There is a thousand-year-old town-Xitang; There is a village tour of Shili Rongxi River-Dayun Eco-tourism Zone; There is a feeling of wuyue's famous water town in the south of the Yangtze River-planning Hu Fen tourist resort and so on.

(3) Social economy.

1) Administrative Division: Jiashan County has 1 1 Town: Tang Wei, Xitang, Yao Gan, Tao Zhuang, Tianning, Dayun, Dingzha, Hongxi, Yaozhuang, Yangmiao, Huimin, 26 communities (neighborhood committees),16544. The total population of the county is 380,700.

2) Land use structure: Jiashan County has a total area of 506.59km2, with cultivated land as the main area, accounting for 53. 1% of the total area, followed by residential areas and industrial and mining land, as shown in table 1- 1.

Table 1- 1 Jiashan County Land Use Status Table

3) Socio-economic situation: Since the reform and opening up, Jiashan County has witnessed rapid socio-economic development and continuous optimization of industrial structure. With the acceleration of industrialization, China's comprehensive economic strength has been continuously enhanced. According to statistics, in 2006, the county's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1.5 1.32 billion yuan, and the per capita GDP reached 39,748 yuan. In 2006, the fixed assets investment of the whole society was 8.7/kloc-0.40 billion yuan, the total fiscal revenue was/kloc-0.87 billion yuan, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was/kloc-0.8204 yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 8,887 yuan. The income ratio of urban and rural residents is about 2∶ 1, which is far less than the national 3∶ 1, indicating that the living standard of rural residents in Jiashan County is relatively high, which has laid the foundation for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and the construction of a harmonious society. See table 1-2 for the added value of "three industries" in Jiashan county.

Table 1-2 Table of Added Value of "Three Industries" in Jiashan County

4) Population and urbanization process: At the end of 2006, the total population of the county was 380,700, of which the non-agricultural population was 6,543,800+033,300; Total number of households in the county 123600. After planning and construction in recent years, Jiashan County has fully implemented the Outline of the Urban-Rural Integration Development Plan of Jiashan County, implemented the urban-rural integration strategy, intensified the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, and strived to narrow the differences between urban and rural areas and between workers and peasants, thus forming a new situation of urban-rural integration development.

5) Economic development trend: According to the related forecast of Jiaxing City Master Plan (2005-2020), the total population of Jiashan will reach 400,000 by the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan. According to the requirements of the Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development in Jiashan County, the goal of the county's economic and social development during the Eleventh Five-year Plan period is to accelerate the promotion of enriching the people and strengthening the county and basically realize a well-off society in an all-round way. It is estimated that by the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan, the county's GDP will reach 24 billion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of more than 12%, per capita GDP exceeding 60,000 yuan and urbanization level exceeding 60%.

2. Present situation of soil erosion and soil and water conservation (Chapter III of the original plan)

(1) Present situation of soil erosion.

1) Soil erosion type. According to the analysis of water resources and water conservancy zoning in Jiaxing City, in 2006 1985, the regulation and storage capacity of the county's river network (under normal water level) was159.95 million m3, and according to the results of Jiaxing's water investigation report, it was153.03 million m3 in 2006, and the accumulated siltation of the river network was about 6.9 million m3 (excluding).

The type of soil erosion in Jiashan County is hydraulic erosion.

2) Distribution of soil erosion. Soil erosion is distributed in the county in three States: point, line and area, mainly distributed in non-point source soil erosion areas on both sides of rivers and in rural areas, as well as directly and indirectly affected areas of various development and construction projects such as real estate development projects, various park development and construction, urban municipal construction, highway and pipeline construction.

3) Causes of soil erosion. First, natural factors. The county is located in Hangjiahu Plain in Taihu Lake Basin, with warm climate, abundant rainfall, large and concentrated rainfall, large surface runoff and frequent typhoons and rainstorms, which provide the driving force for soil erosion. Due to the high water content and low shear strength of soil along the river bank, and the lack of bank protection on both sides of most rivers, under the frequent impact of waves, the embankment foot is easy to peel off and sag inward. The upper soil remains intact because it has not been washed by waves or less, and becomes an unstable steep slope. After a certain degree of development, the upper soil collapsed due to instability and the soil collapsed into the river.

When the waves scour the dam, water and rain also scour the earth dam. After a rainstorm, the surface runoff swept through the loose soil on the surface, carrying a large number of soil particles into the river and depositing them in the river, forming criss-crossing ditch marks on the ground.

Second, human factors. Human factors mainly include the following five aspects:

A. Waterways and water transportation are often affected by ship traveling waves, resulting in river bank erosion. For the river sections that have been revetment, some of them were built earlier, resulting in foundation erosion and collapse; Soil erosion is serious in the reach without revetment, and a large amount of soil collapses into the river.

B all kinds of development and construction projects in this county lack awareness of soil and water conservation in the process of construction and implementation, and no soil and water conservation plan and measures have been worked out. In addition, the loose soil that has not been restored in time after construction and lost the protection of ground vegetation is easily lost under the erosion of rain.

C. There is no special dumping site for the waste soil and slag produced during the construction, and some of them are even directly dumped into the river, which aggravates the soil erosion.

D. Man-made soil erosion exists not only on the surface, but also underground. The exploitation of a large number of groundwater resources leads to the continuous subsidence of the ground, which aggravates the occurrence of floods and the degree of soil erosion.

E. In the process of development and construction, water areas, rivers and banks are occupied at will, which reduces the water area of the plot and causes soil erosion.

4) Soil erosion hazards. Soil erosion has caused serious harm to the natural environment, not only caused the destruction and loss of land resources, but also aggravated the flood and drought disasters, which seriously restricted the sustainable development of economy and society. Mainly manifested in:

A. The topsoil of cultivated land, garden and forest land is lost, and the soil fertility decreases year by year, and the soil layer becomes thinner and the soil texture becomes thicker, which leads to the decline of land productivity and the weakening of water conservation and ecological protection functions, which has an adverse impact on the sustainable development of agricultural and forestry production.

B. The riverbank is seriously collapsed due to the ship's traveling wave erosion, and the value of land development and utilization is declining, which leads to the destruction of vegetation and the deterioration of resources and ecological environment.

C. A large amount of sediment and organic matter carried by soil erosion silted rivers and lakes, which reduced the flood discharge and storage capacity of rivers, aggravated the flood disaster, reduced the navigation capacity and self-purification capacity of rivers, and directly affected the effective utilization of water resources.

D soil erosion, as a carrier of non-point source pollutants, is one of the reasons for the deterioration of water quality in rivers and lakes. River water bodies in the county are generally seriously polluted. According to the annual average evaluation report on the quality of surface water resources in Jiashan County in 2006, 1.000% of the water bodies exceeded the standard, of which 46% were Class V and worse than Class V, especially worse than Class V, accounting for more than 40%.

E. Soil erosion not only causes land degradation and vegetation destruction, but also causes rivers and lakes to shrink, wildlife habitats to decrease, biological community structure and natural environment to be destroyed, reproduction rate and survival rate to decline, and even threatens the survival of populations, which greatly damages the ecological environment, affects the stability and safety of ecosystems, and has a serious impact on the living environment of urban and rural people.

(2) Present situation of soil and water conservation. The government has always attached great importance to soil and water conservation, especially since the promulgation and implementation of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Soil and Water Conservation on June 29th, 199 1. All sectors of society have a more comprehensive understanding of soil and water loss, and their awareness of soil and water conservation has been further enhanced and improved. Jiashan county government pays more attention to soil and water conservation, and the investment in soil and water conservation capital construction is increasing, which maintains and improves the ecological environment of the county. In recent years, the county has implemented the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Soil and Water Conservation and carried out ecological environment construction of soil and water conservation, mainly in the following aspects:

1) soil erosion control.

A from 2003 to 2007, the county dredged 800 kilometers of rivers and dredged about 6 million cubic meters of earth; Newly built revetment ***300km.

B. Irrigation area reconstruction project, with cumulative control area 150km2.

C. Eliminate small earth kilns and clay brick wheel kilns by stages and batches. Among them, 22 small earth kilns and 8 clay kiln enterprises have been eliminated and closed in 2007.

2) soil and water conservation publicity and supervision and law enforcement.

A. increase publicity. Through radio and television, posting slogans and banners, holding publicity meetings on water law and soil and water conservation law in towns and villages, taking to the streets to carry out publicity and consultation activities on water law and soil and water conservation law, and distributing brochures and materials, the laws and regulations on soil and water conservation are widely publicized to enhance the awareness of soil and water conservation in the whole society.

B. Strengthen supervision. County soil and water conservation supervisors take measures such as inspection and supervision. According to the Notice of Jiashan County People's Government [2005] No.82 on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Opinions on Clay Brick and Tile Industry Rectification in Jiashan County, after three years' efforts, the structural adjustment of brick and tile industry in the county has been basically completed. The county's soil and water conservation supervisor took measures such as inspection and supervision, which ensured the implementation of soil and water conservation laws and regulations such as People's Republic of China (PRC) Soil and Water Conservation Law, and enhanced the consciousness of preventing and controlling soil erosion.

C. strengthening law enforcement. In order to promote the development of supervision and law enforcement of soil and water conservation in the county, the production units and individuals who cause soil erosion and do not control it. By investigating and handling cases, it has played a social effect of "investigating one and affecting one".

(3) There is a problem.

1) The awareness of soil and water conservation and the concept of legal system need to be improved urgently. Since the promulgation and implementation of People's Republic of China (PRC) Soil and Water Conservation Law and other laws and regulations on soil and water conservation, leaders, citizens and legal persons at all levels have improved their awareness of soil and water conservation and legal concepts. However, some units and individuals lack understanding of soil erosion, the number one environmental problem in China, the importance and urgency of soil and water conservation, and the basic national policy awareness and legal concepts of soil and water conservation are not strong, and there are problems such as non-compliance with laws, lax enforcement and failure to investigate violations.

2) The task of soil erosion control is arduous. The county is located in Hangjiahu Plain with dense river network, and the lost soil flows into rivers and lakes with surface runoff. Therefore, the control of soil erosion involves a wide range and a large amount, and the control measures are relatively simple.

3) The newly added soil erosion in development and construction projects is serious. In the process of development and construction, people unilaterally pursue immediate interests and local interests, and human activities sometimes cause new soil erosion. In some places, treatment is accompanied by destruction, and even destruction is greater than treatment; One governance, multiple destruction; In point control, surface damage still exists, and man-made soil erosion in some places is still expanding. In the development and construction activities such as transportation, land development and utilization, development zones, industrial parks, municipal facilities construction and real estate, a large number of earthwork excavation and filling have caused serious damage to the surface vegetation, and the excavation surface, filling surface, yard and slag yard have not been protected, and the water and soil conservation plan has been implemented at will, resulting in soil erosion above intensity, which has become the main reason for new soil erosion. The completion acceptance work needs to be further strengthened.

4) Insufficient investment in soil and water conservation. Article 7 of the Soil and Water Conservation Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that the people's governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the tasks defined in the soil and water conservation plan into the national economic and social development plan, arrange special funds and organize their implementation. However, at present, the county finance has no fixed investment channels, no special funds for soil and water conservation, and the annual capital investment is small, which does not match the task of soil erosion prevention and control. At present, the compensation for soil and water conservation facilities in construction and development projects is not in place.

(Source: Jiashan County Government Information Open Network/art/2008/7/2/art _ 200 _ 21.html)

Soil and water conservation involves many factors, such as soil, atmosphere, landform, vegetation and human activities, and its information has obvious temporal and spatial characteristics, while traditional data collection and analysis methods have affected the full play of soil and water conservation benefits. With the wide application of new technologies such as automation control technology, computer network technology, database technology, wireless communication technology, 3S technology and computer-aided design, water and soil conservation has also achieved automation, digitization and high efficiency. For example, RS can record the spatial information and various change parameters of river basin in real time and quickly, and has become the main means to obtain river basin information; Geographic information system (GIS) has powerful data processing and analysis capabilities, and is a necessary tool for small watershed management planning. Real-time processing and comprehensive analysis of digital information can make small watershed management planning more standardized and scientific.

At present, many comprehensive surveys of soil and water conservation involve the construction of soil and water conservation information base. Many provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have achieved fruitful results in the construction of basic information resources for soil and water conservation. 200 1 In order to make the comprehensive management of soil and water loss more scientific, Xizang Autonomous Region started the construction of a soil and water conservation monitoring network with an investment of more than 60 million yuan to comprehensively monitor soil and water loss in the whole region. At the end of 20001,Xizang Autonomous Region formulated a number of comprehensive control plans for soil and water conservation and soil erosion, such as Tibet Soil and Water Conservation Plan, and promulgated the Management Measures for Soil and Water Conservation Projects in Xizang Autonomous Region, which made the comprehensive control of soil and water loss in Tibet remarkable.

200 1, Shenzhen urban soil and water conservation management information system was completed and put into operation. The system is a management information system based on information base, with network as the medium, analysis and management as the means, and aiming at the application of urban soil and water conservation. The system serves for soil and water conservation management; Integrate and quickly process all kinds of soil erosion data; Realize the networking of soil and water conservation information transmission; Realize the online office of soil and water conservation departments in the city and gradually transition to paperless office.

In 2004, Beijing Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Station completed the construction of the basic information database of soil and water conservation in small watershed in mountainous areas of Beijing. On the basis of 1∶ 1 000 DEM, the geographic information database of small watershed in mountainous areas of Beijing was established, and the standardized coding of small watershed was completed, which has been adopted by Beijing Municipal Planning Commission and has become the basic spatial information standard of Beijing.

In order to adapt to and popularize the advanced information management system, the new standard adds 4.3.6 soil and water conservation information base construction: emphasizing information collection, transmission and storage.