Briefly describe the natural and human factors of Xi’an’s urban development in history

Xi'an, also known as Chang'an in ancient times, was also known as the Western Capital, Xijing, Daxing City, Jingzhao City, Fengyuan City, etc. It is the city with the most capital dynasties and the longest duration in Chinese history. From the Western Zhou Dynasty, when slavery reached its peak, to the Tang Dynasty, when feudal society reached its peak, there were Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, New, Western Jin (Emperor Min), Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang Twelve dynasties established their capitals here for more than 1,100 years. It was also the capital of the peasant uprising regimes such as Chimei, Lulin, Daqi (Huang Chao), and Dashun (Li Zicheng). From about the 11th century BC to the end of the 9th AD, Xi'an was the political, economic and cultural center of ancient China for a long time. of governance. In most dynasties, Xi'an was under the jurisdiction of Jingzhao Prefecture (county), a county-level organization. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingzhao was renamed Anxi Road (later changed to Fengyuan Road). In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369 AD), Fengyuan Road was abolished and established. Xi'an Mansion, Xi'an is named after it. In 1928, Xi'an was established as a city for the first time. In 1948, it was changed from a provincial city to a city under the Executive Yuan of the National Government. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an was once a municipality under the jurisdiction of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, a municipality under the Northwest Administrative Region, a municipality directly under the central government, and a city under separate state planning. Since 1954, it has been the seat of the provincial capital of Shaanxi Province and is now at the sub-provincial level. The city has jurisdiction over the eight districts of Xincheng, Beilin, Lianhu, Baqiao, Weiyang, Yanta, Yanliang and Lintong and the five counties of Chang'an, Lantian, Zhouzhi, Huxian and Gaoling.

Xi'an is located at the junction of China's two major economic regions, Central and Western. It is the gateway and transportation hub from the northwest provinces to the Southwest, Central Plains and East China. It is the second Eurasian Continental Bridge Longhai Lanxin Line. The largest central city, it has an important strategic position in the overall national economic layout, connecting the east to the west and connecting the east to the west. The superior geographical location and profound historical origins make Xi'an the largest commodity circulation center and material distribution center in northern and western China. With a long history and rich cultural resources, Xi'an ranks first among the six ancient capitals in China, one of the four ancient civilized capitals in the world, and a famous tourist center city. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an rapidly developed into China's important industry, especially the national defense industry base, scientific and technological research base and higher education base. Major Historical Events Xi'an is a city with a civilization history of more than 3,000 years. In this ancient land, countless far-reaching historical events have occurred. Around the 11th century BC, King Wen of Zhou established Fengjing on the west bank of the Feng River. After King Wu succeeded to the throne, he conquered Zhou and destroyed the Shang to establish the Western Zhou Dynasty. He also established the capital of Haojing on the east bank of the Feng River, establishing Xi'an as the political, economic and cultural center of ancient China for a long time. historical status. In 841 BC, the "Chinese Rebellion" in Haojing was the earliest large-scale mass riot in Chinese history to expel a king. The "Chengkang Rule" in the early Western Zhou Dynasty marked the heyday of China's slave society. The "Shang Yang Reform" during the reign of Qin Xiaogong was a major social reform when China entered feudal society. The "Government of Zhenguan" and "Government of Kaiyuan" in the Tang Dynasty marked the peak period of Chinese feudal society. In 138 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions to officially open the "Silk Road", starting from Chang'an and connecting Eurasia.

In 582 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty issued an order to build the new capital Daxing City at the site of present-day Xi'an, southeast of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Chang'an. The construction of Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties began in the second year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (AD 582) and was basically completed in the fifth year of Yonghui (AD 654), Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, which lasted 72 years. The city covers an area of ??84.1 square kilometers, with a neat layout and strict symmetry from east to west. It is divided into three parts: the palace city, the imperial city and the outer city. The urban structural layout fully reflects the grandeur of the peak period of feudal society, and has an epoch-making influence in the history of Chinese architecture and cities. During the old democratic revolution, the people of Xi'an fought vigorously to overthrow the decadent and reactionary Qing government. In the first year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1862), Chen Decai's troops of the Taiping Army besieged Xi'an and defeated the Qing army in Sanzhao, Duqu and other places, sowing the seeds of armed uprising in Xi'an. The Shaanxi Hui Uprising broke out subsequently. In the fifth year of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1866), the Western Nian Army entered Shaanxi and defeated the Qing Army in Shilipu, the eastern suburb of Xi'an. These large-scale peasant uprisings echoed the Taiping Rebellion in the south, shaking the rule of the Qing Dynasty in the northwest.

After the Revolution of 1911 broke out in Wuchang in 1911, Xi'an was one of the first provincial capital cities to respond to the revolution. Shaanxi revolutionaries united with the Ge Laohui to launch an uprising on October 22. After two days of fierce fighting, they took control of Xi'an. They not only overthrew the Qing Dynasty's rule in Shaanxi, but also effectively supported the Wuchang Uprising and broke the Qing Dynasty's attempt to use the northwest as a base. The dream of counterattack also promoted the arrival of the climax of the northern revolution. In 1919, the May 4th Movement ushered in the new democratic revolution. When the news reached Xi'an, patriotic students rose up to respond, held demonstrations, organized speeches, aroused the public, promoted a boycott of Japanese goods, established the Shaanxi Student Federation, and sent representatives to Beijing to petition, loudly shouting, "We Shaanxi students, who have always been called patriotic and hold high the flag of righteousness, how can we Descendants! Stand up and pledge to support the students in Beijing; shout from the heights to call for the loyalty of the people." The student movement in Xi'an strongly responded to and supported the student movement in Beijing.

In the first climax of the New Democratic Revolution from 1924 to 1927, the National Army supporting Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary regime expelled the warlord Liu Zhenhua from Shaanxi in 1925 and took control of Xi'an. October 1925.

The first Chinese Communist Party organization in Xi'an, a special branch of the Chinese Communist Party, was born. When the Beiyang warlords counterattacked against the National Army, Liu Zhenhua led the Zhensong Army to besiege Xi'an for eight months. Under the leadership of Li Huchen and Yang Hucheng, the soldiers and civilians of Xi'an overcame the serious difficulties of lack of food and cooking, fought hard and fought to the death to preserve the revolutionary position of Xi'an. When the Northern Expedition advanced to central China, the National Army coalition troops stationed in Xi'an. With the cooperative efforts of the Communist Party of China and the leftists of the Kuomintang, the revolutionary movement in Xi'an was surging. In early 1927, Communists Liu Hanchu, Shi Kexuan, and Deng Xiaoping founded Zhongshan College and Zhongshan Military School in Xi'an to train a large number of revolutionary backbones. The peasant movement near Xi'an also flourished, leaving a glorious page in the history of China's modern revolution.

After the "September 18th" incident, Northeast China fell, and Japanese militarism stepped forward step by step and stepped up its aggression against China. At a critical moment when the survival of the nation depended on an attack, on December 12, 1936, patriotic generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, with national justice as their top priority, resolutely launched the "Xi'an Incident" that shocked China and the world. They issued military remonstrances to Chiang Kai-shek, demanding "stop the civil war and unify foreign". This awe-inspiring spirit full of patriotic enthusiasm has powerfully inspired the national spirit of the people across the country to save themselves from the nation. The peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident promoted the second Kuomintang cooperation, laid the foundation for the unity of the entire nation to resist Japan, and became a major turning point in China's modern history.

During the Anti-Japanese War, the Xi'an local organization of the Communist Party of China and the staff of the Eighth Route Army's Xi'an office overcame numerous obstacles and continuously consolidated and expanded the Anti-Japanese National United Front, making important contributions to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. .

On May 20, 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army liberated Xi'an. On May 24, the Xi'an Military Control Commission of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was established, with He Long as director and Jia Tuofu, Zhao Shoushan and Gan Siqi as deputy directors. On May 25, the Xi'an Municipal People's Government was established, with Jia Tuofu as mayor, Fang Zhongru as first deputy mayor, and Zhang Fengbo as second deputy mayor.

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the People's Government, Xi'an has entered a new historical stage