The Academic Significance of Huizhou Culture

Huizhou culture is a regional culture with local characteristics. Its content is extensive and profound, and it has the characteristics of a whole series. It profoundly reveals the mystery of oriental social culture, and the hologram contains the basic contents of folk economy, society, life and culture in the late feudal society of China. Known as a typical specimen of the late feudal society in China. The academic circles have studied it for at least half a century, and it has become more and more intense since 1980s, and gradually formed a relatively independent local school-Huizhou Studies, which is regarded as one of the three prominent local schools in China, which are going to the world side by side with Dunhuang Studies and Tibetan Studies.

Huizhou, located at the foot of Huangshan Mountain, was called Xin 'an in ancient times. Huizhou House was built in the third year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 12 1), hence the name. The scope includes Shexian County, yi county County, Xiuning County, Qimen County, Tunxi District, Huizhou District and a part of huangshan district, as well as Jixi County, which belongs to Xuanzhou District of Anhui Province, and Wuyuan County, which belongs to Jiangxi Province. Huizhou social culture rose after the Southern Song Dynasty, reached its peak and prosperity in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and declined after the late Qing Dynasty. There are various schools and schools in history, covering almost every field of culture. Its style of writing is prosperous, education is developed, and talents come forth in large numbers. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, there were more than 260 academies and houses in Huizhou. There were 462 social studies in the early Ming Dynasty and 562 in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are many private schools, including remote mountains and deep valleys. Where people live, there are teachers, books and history. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were only 996 people in Huizhou Imperial Examination, and 6 18 were Jinshi. The number of top scholars in Qing Dynasty was only 18, along with Zhu, Cheng Dawei, Wang Daokun, Jiang Yong, Dai Zhen, Yu, Wang Maoyin, Hu Shi and Tao Xingzhi. Appeared. More influential Huizhou merchants have become an enduring research topic. Huizhou culture has far-reaching influence, and the author thinks it has four academic meanings.

1. Textual research on the real feelings of rural feudal society in China can be used by local historians to record history. Although most of them are fair or honest, they are somewhat embellished or branded with personal subjective opinions, and are mostly described as upper-class events, national and ethnic events or local and regional events, and the affairs of the people and ordinary people are rarely asked. Even upright literati, learned scholars, and scholars who describe some events in the lower classes are inevitably biased or limited by the unconscious influence inherent in China's traditional culture and feudal social values. Therefore, in China, a big agricultural country in the world, there are few materials reflecting the social culture and reality of rural grassroots, and some of them have added choices and decorations, which is precisely the space for Huizhou society and culture to exist. Huizhou is located among thousands of mountains, just like a paradise. Except for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, there are few wars and rich cultures in history, and it is known as Southeast Zou Lu, a country of etiquette and a sea of cultural relics. In addition, Huizhou people have high cultural quality and strong awareness of cultural relics protection. Even during the ten-year catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution, many historical relics were protected. There are nearly 5,000 ancient Huizhou ground cultural relics such as ancient archways, ancestral halls, ancient houses, ancient bridges and ancient pagodas in Huangshan City alone. In particular, the preservation and discovery of a large number of documents in ancient Huizhou is a miracle. Museums, libraries, universities and research institutes have collected more than 100,000 pieces. In 1950s, when these documents were discovered in large quantities, they were once regarded as one of the five major discoveries in China, which were as famous as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Han bamboo slips, Dunhuang documents and archives of the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is estimated that at least 100000 undiscovered documents are scattered among the people, and there are more than1000 in the author's collection alone. These Huizhou documents, such as various contracts, genealogy, official books, family books, fish scale atlas, etc. , can be traced back to the Song Dynasty, down to the early liberation. They are extremely precious historical relics, mostly formed by Huizhou folk because of their own vital interests, with strong firsthand and true reliability, large quantity, wide coverage and rich content. Studying them can truly understand and reproduce the real situation of Huizhou rural society at that time, including the real life, labor, interpersonal communication and social structure, land relations, management and cultural development of ordinary people. In addition, there are not only historical documents and archives, but also villages, villages, ancestral temples, folk houses, original objects and descendants of the parties who have almost preserved their original appearance. The content is vivid and of high academic value, which effectively fills the gap in domestic history and sociology research.

2. The research value of typical specimens of social and cultural development in the late feudal society of China. The center of China's economic and cultural development moved to the south of the Yangtze River with the crossing of Jingkang in the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, Jiangnan has become the most active and representative area in China's economic, cultural and social development. It was after the Southern Song Dynasty that Huizhou culture rose in an all-round way after the accumulation of Xin 'an culture for more than a thousand years, and reached the peak of China feudal culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. As a typical representative of China's late feudal culture in these fields, various schools and schools at that time had specimen significance. For example, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism, as one of the most important schools of Huizhou culture, is a typical projection of Confucian culture in Huizhou after experiencing the classic stage of Confucius and Mencius, the theological stage of Dong Zhongshu and the Neo-Confucianism stage of Song Dynasty. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were the founders of Neo-Confucianism, who were from Ruodun, Shexian County, and Zhu Zu was originally from Wuyuan. Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism, that is, Zhuxue, has a long history and represents the true nature of Neo-Confucianism, aiming at maintaining, inheriting and developing Zhuxue. Daoguang's "Xiuning County Records" contains: Zhu Zhixue in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the best in the world, but he is familiar with it, detailed and solid, and only pushes Xin' an people. Therefore, the study of Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism is a typical specimen study of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. Another example is the Hui School's Pu Xue, that is, the Anhui School of Ganjia School, which started a generation of ethos in the academic history of China. It has a prominent position in the academic history of China for nearly three or four hundred years. It not only dominated at that time, but also influenced the May 4th New Culture Movement, at least deeply influenced Hu Shi. Therefore, the study of Hui School's Pu Xue has the typical value of China's modern academic thought, especially the study of Confucian classics. Another example is Xin 'an Painting School, which is also the highest representative of China's painting art after the Song Dynasty. It began to enter the all-round development stage of landscape painting art. Studying Xin 'an Painting School can study the development of China painting after the Song Dynasty, and its inheritance and influence have been so far. Therefore, the study of Huizhou is actually the study of typical specimens of late feudal culture in China, which can be seen from individuals. Huixue is Huixue, which is short for Huixue.

Historically, Fu Xue in Huizhou was once called "Huizhou Studies", and some Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism and Huizhou Studies were also called "Huizhou Studies", but this title is only temporary or individual, not a concept, which is different from the concept of Huizhou Studies.

Huizhou study is not Huizhou study, and Huizhou opera belongs to Huizhou local opera, not Huizhou opera; Huizhou seal cutting is a local seal cutting school in Huizhou, not Anhui seal cutting. Similarly, Huizhou merchants are uneasy about Huizhou merchants, but Huizhou merchants. As a discipline, Huizhou Studies has three foundations.

First, a large number of historical documents and documents. According to statistics, there are more than 4,000 kinds of characters and about 400,000 documents in Huizhou. The large number, wide coverage and high academic quality of Huizhou literature are extremely rare in China. Huizhou documents are regarded as "the fifth discovery of China's history and culture" after Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Han and Jin bamboo slips, Dunhuang documents and cabinet files in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Literature or document is a history recorded in written form, or called written material. The second academic foundation of Huizhou studies is a large number of cultural remains. Cultural remains are not in the form of words, but materials preserved in the form of objects. According to statistics, there are more than 5,000 cultural relics in six counties of Huizhou prefecture. In addition, there are nearly 200,000 pieces of various collections. These cultural remains are called material and cultural materials. These material and cultural materials can supplement the shortage of written materials and are also one of the important sources of Huizhou studies. The research on Huizhou architecture, Huizhou villages, Xin 'an painting school and Huizhou crafts often depends on these material and cultural materials. Moreover, the records of many documents and documents can also be verified through these cultural relics to distinguish authenticity.

The third academic foundation of Huizhou studies is the intangible cultural heritage preserved in the form of oral and singing. Such as Nuo dance, Mulian opera, Huizhou opera, folk entertainment, traditional crafts, folk customs, dialects and so on. The research of Huizhou opera, Huizhou folk custom, folk craft, folk art, Huizhou dialect and other topics mainly depends on this kind of information. 1. Huizhou culture provides a model for studying the rural social reality in the late feudal society of China. Huizhou has preserved more than 5,000 ground cultural relics, more than 4,000 kinds of documents and more than 400,000 documents, spanning thousands of years, covering political, economic, cultural and other fields, especially ground cultural relics, intangible cultural heritage and documents and archives, which are first-hand materials and rare materials for people to understand the rural social reality in the late feudal society of China, creating unprecedented favorable conditions for comprehensive realistic research based on the original historical features. Mr. Zhou Shaoquan from the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences pointed out that it will be the academic trend of our times to study history and social reality comprehensively with Huizhou documents as the main materials.

2. Huizhou culture is a typical representative of traditional culture in the late feudal society of China. Huizhou cultural schools are colorful and unique, and they are in a leading position in many fields. For example, Huizhou seal cutting is the mainstream of China literati school seal cutting, and the study of Huizhou seal cutting is actually the study of China literati seal cutting history; Huizhou prints represent the highest achievement of China traditional prints. The study of Huizhou prints is also the study of China traditional prints. Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism and Huipai Puxue are two peaks in the history of academic thought since the Song Dynasty, which have typical specimen research value and so on. Therefore, the study of Hui studies is actually the study of the traditional culture of China in the late feudal period, which has universal academic significance.

3. Huizhou culture has the anthropological research value of geographical and cultural units. Huizhou is surrounded by mountains. As an independent natural geographical unit, it has beautiful scenery, and people's aesthetics are naturally influenced by the landscape environment. Huizhou Four Carvings Art, Four Treasures of the Study, Huizhou Bonsai Art, Xin 'an Painting School and Huizhou Prints are the products of the combination of Huizhou's natural environment and Huizhou people's aesthetics. The formation of Xin 'an medicine, Huizhou cuisine and Huizhou dialect is related to Huizhou's unique natural geographical environment and resources, and the social composition and village structure of Huizhou clan are also related to Huizhou's geographical environment, which has anthropological research value of geographical and cultural units.

Fourth, it has the value of studying the law of cultural integration. Huizhou culture is a kind of immigrant culture. First of all, Huizhou's society, population and culture are originally formed by immigrants, which determines that many phenomena and characteristics of its society and culture are determined and influenced by immigrants. Secondly, the prosperity and development of Huizhou culture itself has the problem of Huizhou immigrants, which has an impact on the culture of overseas Chinese. For example, Huizhou Pu Xue, Huizhou Opera, Huizhou Garden Art, Architectural Art, Huizhou Seal Carving, Huizhou Seal Carving and Huizhou Cuisine all infiltrated and influenced Yangzhou School, Peking Opera, Jiangnan Garden, China Printmaking, Seal Carving and Cuisine. Through the study of Huizhou culture, we can obtain the general and individual laws of the integration of Chinese culture with national culture and local culture, and make contributions to the prosperity of Chinese culture. There are two main practical significance of Huizhou studies:

First, for Huangshan City, it is a cross-century development strategy to establish a city through tourism, and to "play the Huangshan brand well and do a good job in emblem". As a prefecture-level city, there are two world heritages, which are rare in the world. This is the achievement of Huizhou culture. Studying Huizhou culture is helpful to introduce Huizhou culture to the world with high level and high quality, transform Huizhou culture into valuable tourism resources and promote the development of Huangshan tourism economy.

Secondly, Huizhou culture is an important part of China traditional culture, which embodies a spirit of keeping pace with the times. At present, with the popularization of computers and the opening of the Internet, China has been integrated into the world economic and cultural circle. Western culture has been eroding and occupying the China market, and some young people have lost interest in the traditional culture of China. They not only pursue western styles in cultural interest, but also mix Chinese and western languages, and network languages are mixed with everyday languages. At this time, it is particularly important to carry forward and publicize the traditional culture of China. As a part of China traditional culture, Huizhou culture embodies the essence of China traditional culture in many aspects. For example, at present, "rule by virtue" in politics is strongly advocated, and "honesty" in management is the essence of Huizhou culture. To deeply study Huizhou culture and carry forward its essence is to make China traditional culture "stand forever in the forest of world culture".