Shorthand formula of function words in classical Chinese

1. Chinese college entrance examination 18 function words 18 function words have different rhymes from (and) how, because it is so, and it is also homophonic: Rosa is weak, because it is so, it is also whimsical. The purpose of this formula is to help students remember 18 common function words. When students remember, they should associate it like this: Jin Yong. Explain, because-so-so-how can this be called explanation? This is complete nonsense.

Yu's shorthand formula is homophonic from giving directions to being compared with being compared with being compared with being compared with being compared: since squid and fish are given a guide cup and a pen, students should associate it like this: we are traveling in Hainan, and since the guide took us to buy cheap squid and fish (mainland 100 yuan a catty, Hainan only needs 50 cents a catty), we are very happy. We not only said a lot of thanks, but also sent them to the tour guide when we came back. On a hot day, she bargained for us and gave her a cup to drink before she could drink a mouthful of water.

The reason for sending the pen is that none of us can write a letter of commendation, so we have to ask her to write a letter of commendation in our name and bring it back to the travel company. Interpretation example "Yu" is mainly used as a preposition, combined with noun pronouns or phrases to form object-object phrases, modifying verb adjectives and indicating various combinations.

Translated, it is Zi, Cong, Cause, Wei, Give, Want and Bi. For example: (1) It is said that prison language comes from Shi Gongyun.

("Zuo anecdote" (self, self) 2 industry is good at diligence, waste it in drama, and ruin it in thinking. ("Learning Solution") (Because) 3 Love your son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused! ("Shi Shuo") (Right, right) 4 Take it.

Fight for a long spoon. ("Cao Gui Debate") (2) I will tell the participants.

(The snake catcher said) (Here) 6 Please be ordered to ask General Sun for help. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (to) ⑦ refers to southern Henan and reaches Hanyin.

("Yugong Yishan") (Arrived) 8 I am afraid of being bullied by the King and losing Zhao. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (Quilt) 9 Ice, water is it, but it is colder than water.

(Persuade to Learn) (Compare) Make friends with the participants by shorthand and formula movement, which is homophonic with the reporter's sigh and probing doubts: frozen fish is given to Khan to make friends with him, and students should think like this when recording strange ideas with a detector: In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu always lost the battle. In order to improve relations between the two countries and reduce military confrontation, the Han Dynasty adopted a pro-marriage policy, that is, the princess was married to Shan Yu.

The dowry at that time was very interesting, two things: frozen hairtail and lotus root. Before eating frozen hairtail, it should be thawed, which means the thawing of relations between the two countries.

Lotus root has the same root, which means to be United forever. According to the conclusion drawn by scientists with the help of detectors, the oldest lotus is over 5000 years old. It is estimated that people gave lotus seeds instead of rings when they got married.

Examples of explanation are "He" verbs, conjunctions, prepositions and modal particles. 1, used as a verb, translated as "giving", "participating", "making friends" and "attachment", for example, ① sharing the shoulder with life (hongmen banquet) (giving) ② Uncle Qian's son and teacher.

("Uncle Qian Crys") (Participation) 3 Because of human power, it is not human; I don't know what I've lost ("Candle Fires the Qin Master") (Making friends and attaching myself) 2. Used as conjunction, "same", "harmony" and "succession". Gou Jian is transporting rice and fat on the ship.

(Gou Jian destroys Wu) 3. Used as prepositions, with and with; "Give" and "replace"; "Compare with"; For example: ① Pei Gong's army was dominant, but he didn't meet Xiang Yu. Hongmen Banquet (Harmony, Harmony, Follow) ② When Chen She was young, he tried to farm with his servants. ("Chen She aristocratic family") (give, replace) ③ Who am I and Xu Gongmei's "Zou Ji satirizes the adjustable King of Qi" (compared with ...)

For example: ① Nothing is too much! ("Ji's family will chop the cuckoo") (with a sigh) 2 anticlimactic, turtle jade was destroyed in the rafters, who is to blame? (Ji's attack) (interrogative tone) 3 But why waste time? (History of Qi Huan) (Measuring Tone) How to shorthand the end of a formula sentence is often not translated, but the rhetorical tone is often translated. What is a pronoun? This word is quite Yu Shizhi, how and where.

Homonym: it is often not easy to cut the tail and eat it, but it is not easy to cut the fins and wings. What do you know about thorns? See thorn quite Yu Shizhi, uncle how and where.

Students should think like this when thinking: I went to my uncle's house today, and he said he would cook fish for me. There are fish in the north, named Kun, which turn into birds and become famous Peng.

It is difficult to eat such a big fish. It is difficult to cut off the tail with a saw. The fin of Kun, which is the long wing of Peng bird in the future, is called shark's fin.

Stop eating the fishtail and cut the fins instead. What? I don't know where there are thorns. How thick are the thorns? Have you seen Teahouse? It is as thick as a tea bowl in Wang Zhanggui, Yu Shizhi.

I said, "Uncle, how to eat? This is not eating shark's fin, it is simply eating a big tree. " There are four usages of "Yan": auxiliary words, pronouns, part-time words and adverbs.

1, used as an auxiliary word, in a sentence or at the end of a sentence, or as an adjective or adverb, is generally not translated; Used in rhetorical mood, translated as "you". For example, I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, or I don't know.

(Shi Shuo) (untranslated in the sentence) So I have a sigh. I laughed and didn't believe it.

(The Story of Shi Zhongshan) 4 Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! ("I want what I want") (hmm) 2. Used as a pronoun, equivalent to "zhi" can be translated as "he" and "it"; Interrogative pronouns, translated as "what" and "where". (1) Eat sincerely and sometimes give.

(The Snake Catcher said) It refers to a snake. (2) What's the matter with you? If we meet through a tunnel where there is no land or spring, who will say no? "("Zheng Boke Duan ") (what) (3) How to set up earthwork? (Yu Gong Yi Shan) (Where) 3. The word "part-time job" is equivalent to "So" and "Yu zhi", which is translated as "In it" and "From here".

For example, a threesome must have a teacher. (The Analects of Confucius) 2 ancestors.

2. Remember the function word formula in the 18th classical Chinese 18? Remember the formulas (and) of function words in classical Chinese. Why is this happening? Why is it so weak in Rosa? Why so weak? Why so weak? Why is Wang Yuyan, the number one beauty in Jin Yong's novel Tian Ba Long Department, so weak? Explain, because-so-so-how can this be called explanation? This is complete nonsense.

1. Since we traveled to Hainan, since the tour guide took us to buy cheap squid and fish (mainland 100 yuan a catty, Hainan only needs 50 cents a catty), we are very happy. We not only said a laundry list of thanks, but also sent the tour guide a cup and a pen when we came back. On a hot day, she bargained for us and gave her a cup to drink before she could drink a mouthful of water.

The reason for sending the pen is that none of us can write a letter of commendation, so we have to ask her to write a letter of commendation in our name and bring it back to the travel company. Interpretation example "Yu" is mainly used as a preposition, combined with noun pronouns or phrases to form object-object phrases, modifying verb adjectives and indicating various combinations.

Translated, it is Zi, Cong, Cause, Wei, Give, Want and Bi. For example: (1) It is said that prison language comes from Shi Gongyun.

("Zuo anecdote" (self, self) 2 industry is good at diligence, waste it in drama, and ruin it in thinking. ("Learning Solution") (Because) 3 Love your son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused! ("Shi Shuo") (Right, right) 4 Take it.

Fight for a long spoon. ("Cao Gui Debate") (2) I will tell the participants.

(The snake catcher said) (Here) 6 Please be ordered to ask General Sun for help. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (to) ⑦ refers to southern Henan and reaches Hanyin.

("Yugong Yishan") (Arrived) 8 I am afraid of being bullied by the King and losing Zhao. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (Quilt) 9 Ice, water is it, but it is colder than water.

("Encouraging Learning") (than) 2. Being involved in making friends with relatives, sighing that Khan tests suspected frozen fish to make friends with relatives, and borrowing the detector of Lotus. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, when the Han Dynasty beat the Huns, it always lost. In order to improve relations between the two countries and reduce military confrontation, the Han Dynasty adopted a pro-marriage policy, that is, the princess was married to Shan Yu.

The dowry at that time was very interesting, two things: frozen hairtail and lotus root. Before eating frozen hairtail, it should be thawed, which means the thawing of relations between the two countries.

Lotus root has the same root, which means to be United forever. According to the conclusion drawn by scientists with the help of detectors, the oldest lotus is over 5000 years old. It is estimated that people gave lotus seeds instead of rings when they got married.

Examples of explanation are "He" verbs, conjunctions, prepositions and modal particles. 1, used as a verb, translated as "giving", "participating", "making friends" and "attachment", for example, ① sharing the shoulder with life (hongmen banquet) (giving) ② Uncle Qian's son and teacher.

("Uncle Qian Crys") (Participation) 3 Because of human power, it is not human; I don't know what I've lost ("Candle Fires the Qin Master") (Making friends and attaching myself) 2. Used as conjunction, "same", "harmony" and "succession". Gou Jian is transporting rice and fat on the ship.

(Gou Jian destroys Wu) 3. Used as prepositions, with and with; "Give" and "replace"; "Compare with"; For example: ① Pei Gong's army was dominant, but he didn't meet Xiang Yu. Hongmen Banquet (Harmony, Harmony, Follow) ② When Chen She was young, he tried to farm with his servants. ("Chen She aristocratic family") (give, replace) ③ Who am I and Xu Gongmei's "Zou Ji satirizes the adjustable King of Qi" (compared with ...)

For example: ① Nothing is too much! ("Ji's family will chop the cuckoo") (with a sigh) 2 anticlimactic, turtle jade was destroyed in the rafters, who is to blame? (Ji's attack) (interrogative tone) 3 But why waste time? (Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi) (Measuring Tone) 3. The end of a sentence is often untranslated. Rhetorical mood is often translated. What is a pronoun? Where are the words? Yu Shizhi, where is the suspect? Fins and wings are often difficult to cut? Do you know where the thorns are? How's Uncle Yu Shizhi? Where is he? Today, I went to my uncle's house My uncle said he would cook fish for me. There are fish in the north, named Kun, which turn into birds and become famous Peng.

It is difficult to eat such a big fish. It is difficult to cut off the tail with a saw. The fin of Kun, which is the long wing of Peng bird in the future, is called shark's fin.

Stop eating the fishtail and cut the fins instead. What? I don't know where there are thorns. How thick are the thorns? Have you seen Teahouse? It is as thick as a tea bowl in Wang Zhanggui, Yu Shizhi.

I said, "Uncle, how to eat? This is not eating shark's fin, it is simply eating a big tree. " There are four usages of "Yan": auxiliary words, pronouns, part-time words and adverbs.

1, used as an auxiliary word, in a sentence or at the end of a sentence, or as an adjective or adverb, is generally not translated; Used in rhetorical mood, translated as "you". For example, I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, or I don't know.

(Shi Shuo) (untranslated in the sentence) So I have a sigh. I laughed and didn't believe it.

(The Story of Shi Zhongshan) 4 Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! ("I want what I want") (hmm) 2. Used as a pronoun, equivalent to "zhi" can be translated as "he" and "it"; Interrogative pronouns, translated as "what" and "where". (1) Eat sincerely and sometimes give.

(The Snake Catcher said) It refers to a snake. (2) What's the matter with you? If we meet through a tunnel where there is no land or spring, who will say no? "("Zheng Boke Duan ") (what) (3) How to set up earthwork? (Yu Gong Yi Shan) (Where) 3. The word "part-time job" is equivalent to "So" and "Yu zhi", which is translated as "In it" and "From here".

For example, a threesome must have a teacher. ("The Analects of Confucius") (among them) 2 ancestors avoided Qin and led their wives to this desperate situation and did not return.

(Peach Blossom Garden) (From here) 4. Used as interrogative adverbs, translated as "how" and "where". For example: ① How to use the dead Zheng to accompany neighbors.

("The Candle Warns the Qin Division") (among them) 4. What is the reason for the definition of an object?

3. How to infer the meaning of the function words in classical Chinese is difficult to read, largely because the function words in classical Chinese are difficult to grasp. Because function words in classical Chinese are mostly borrowed from content words, a word in classical Chinese is sometimes a function word and sometimes a content word. This is a difficult point to distinguish and confirm function words. In addition, the same function word can have different interpretations under specific language conditions. As a preposition, "one" has the meanings of "use", "take", "rely on", "depend on", "cause", "be" and "obey". As conjunctions, there are meanings such as "you" and "he" and "used" and "because"; The word "one" can also be passed by "already", which means "stop" and "already". So, how can we accurately distinguish the meaning and usage of function words in classical Chinese? Here are some ways to introduce you: 1. Analyze usage according to grammatical function and distinguish meaning according to usage. Look at the following examples: ① It's Lang, and two men robbed him. ("Zhao Guanghan handles the case") 2 His mother will learn from it. (Fan Pang Biemu) (3) Only adults can cut off the unbearable grace. ("Fan Pang Biemu") (4) Not as good as even Li Po and Mu Zhi. Judging the meaning of the word "zhi" in the above cases, we can identify its usage according to grammar knowledge, so as to find a breakthrough. For example, in ①, "two people" is the subject and "robbery" is the predicate, then "zhi" is the object, and the object is often a noun and pronoun, so the word "zhi" in this sentence is a pronoun. "Jiu" and "He" can only be adverbials, so "He" seems to be only a prepositional structure. "Zhi" should be the object of the preposition "He" as a pronoun. In the sentence, "ke" is the predicate, the object part is "unbearable grace", the head word is "grace" and "unbearable" is "grace". However, it has not been translated. ⑤ In the sentence, "righteousness" means "virtue". If "the grandeur of Chu" is understood as "the strength of Chu people" or "the strength of Chu people", the connection with the next sentence is not smooth enough. It is much better to translate "big" into "powerful Chu" As the attributive of Chu, the central words should be "the grandeur of Chu" and "Zhi". It only plays a role in adjusting syllables. It is a syllable auxiliary word, which is meaningless and does not translate. If you use "Zhi" as verbs "Dao" and "Dao", it is easy to understand with grammatical knowledge, such as "Ceng Zi's wife's city". In this sentence, "wife" is the subject, "city" is the object, and the second "zhi" is the second. Look at the function words again. 2. Look at changes by deletion and replacement, and distinguish meanings by comparison. Please look at the following example: ⑦ Your father wanted it all his life. ("Liu Anshi as a remonstrance") ⑧ The military title is all decided outside: replay ("On Feng Tang") ⑨ Everyone knows the king * * and you are also a horse. ("even inch. (Wife of Yang Lezi) 1 1 Prince Lu Wei applied for return. ("Sun Fat Zhi Dou") __ 12 Kill people to flatter others, I won't do it. (The Biography of Zhou Jiao) _ 13 Joined the army and went to Ezhou to remove thorns. If we delete the word "he" from sentences 7 to 10, it will still read smoothly, and the expression of sentence meaning will have no effect. This shows that "he" is a conjunction in a sentence, and this result will only appear if the conjunction is deleted. We use transposition again, that is, the words before and after the connection of "He" are switched to one place to distinguish the differences in meaning of these "He". This shows that the word "he" in this sentence is a coordinate conjunction. The other three words are replaced by the common sense of "he", but "he" can be used in sentence ⑦, "JIU" can be used in sentence ⑧ and "di" can be used in sentence ⑩. "A trace" is an adverbial of "tired". "The sentence112 is feasible, but the sentence 13 is not. This shows that "to" in the sentence112 is a conjunction, with "to" before and "to" after. Obviously, "going" means taking on and "killing". "Yi" and "Gong" constitute a prepositional structure, and its meaning can be determined by replacing them with "because" and "because". Look forward and analyze the context. Look at the following example according to the position and meaning of the words. 14 My concubine only eats wheat. (Let it be) She was educated on her knees. Farewell. (My mother Fan Pang) 16 The emperor set up examinations to encourage officials. (What an easy book) 17 This 17 sergeant took wine from the city and stabbed the wine Weng with a knife. (Qiu Rebellion) 18 Please use carved jade as a coffin. (Dressed up in a dream) 000 0006 (Law Enforcement) The 20th Emperor suddenly said nothing. ("Kou Zhun as Prime Minister") 2 1 and so on, but it is based on disobedience. ("Zhang Shizhi Law Enforcement") 22 What is the shame of forming an alliance with Wan Qi? ("Kou Zhun as Prime Minister") 23 The dignity of a gentleman should be correct. (Tao Kan in Guangzhou) How to accurately identify the meanings of the above words? We can observe the position of this word through context analysis, and then judge its usage and meaning through its position. The word "er" in 14 sentence cannot be used as a conjunction or pronoun, but only as a modal particle, which can be extended. However, the word "er" in 15 sentence can only be used between two consecutive verbs. The word "one" in 16 17 is used before the verb, which is a conjunction (usually like this) and means "used". It is used in front of nouns to form a prepositional structure with nouns, followed by verbs as predicates, which are adverbials. Therefore, the word "one" in 17 is a preposition "you".

4. Do the function words and parts of speech in classical Chinese in senior high school use their backs flexibly? Classical Chinese occupies half of the Chinese reading part of the college entrance examination, which is equally divided with modern Chinese reading. With the comprehensive promotion and deepening of the second phase of curriculum reform, the investigation of classical Chinese will gradually increase. Classical Chinese reading is more difficult than modern Chinese, and it is also the part where students lose the most points, which is easy for students to widen the gap. Many high school students are confused about reviewing classical Chinese. In this regard, I suggest you be familiar with the test sites. The exam notes clearly state that they can explain common classical Chinese words, identify common classical Chinese sentences and translate classical Chinese sentences in modern Chinese. You can recite a certain number of famous sentences in classical Chinese. "Explaining common classical Chinese words is the classical Chinese words that often appear in our texts. The so-called" explaining common classical Chinese words "mainly refers to real words. At present, there are three versions of H, S and new textbooks in Shanghai, but no matter which version, traditional classic titles are always required, and there are common classical Chinese content words in traditional classic titles. To achieve migration, the so-called interpretation of the content words in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination paper is nothing more than the common content words in classical texts. According to statistics, there are 120 common notional words in classical Chinese: love, security, quilt, times, this, lightness, soldier, illness, inspection, Korea, Zeng, cheng, sincerity, division, words, obedience, danger, death, morality, degree, negation, repetition and cover. If, good, less, involved, win, know, make, is, appropriate, book, which, genus, number, rate, say, private, vegetarian, soup, tears, acts, death, king, hope, evil, micro, informed, phase, thank you, letter, xing, line, auspicious. Flexible and diverse, it is difficult to distinguish and grasp. There are 18 commonly used function words in classical Chinese, which are: knowing, starting, second, then, meaning, nai, Yu, zhe, cause, leaf, Hu, speech, harmony, behavior, if and so on. Identify common classical Chinese sentence patterns, including judgmental sentences and. The probability of being investigated is relatively high. Students can classify the sentences in the text according to the characteristics of various sentence patterns, so as to be familiar with the text (so-called dragnet review) and identify and master common classical Chinese sentences. Translating classical Chinese sentences in Chinese is actually to examine candidates' comprehensive ability to use classical Chinese, including both content words and function words. Not only the flexible use of parts of speech (nouns as verbs, verbs as nouns, adjectives as verbs, adjectives as nouns, causative usage, intentional usage, etc.). ), including the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, and the ability of candidates to use modern Chinese to organize language. Translation of classical Chinese sentences generally depends on the setting of scores and how many points to give. Generally, one point is 65438+. Then judge which key notional words must be explained and which special grammatical phenomena the sentence contains, which must be reflected through translation. Otherwise, you won't win much. Can recite famous sentences in classical Chinese, usually four out of five sentences, 4 points. Attention should be paid to both in and out of class. Pay attention to the three versions of cross-reciting items in class. The cross-recited topics of the three versions are: Shi Shuo, Drinking, Pipa Journey (the second paragraph), Dream of Mount Tianmu, Ji Xiang Xuan Zhi (the first paragraph) and Six Kingdoms. After class, there are mainly well-known famous sentences. We must pay attention to the phenomenon of multiple words, missing words and changing words.

5. Read the following classical Chinese and answer the following questions: Question 2:B, Question 3:( 1) Carry forward (2) Once (3) to (to) Question 4:( 1) Translation: This is really (indeed) a critical moment (moment, period, juncture).

(2) Translation: If the emperor blames you for coming late, what should he say? . Question 5: Loyalty to ministers 1: drinking/humanity/bullying the monarch/courtiers.

Question 1: Analysis of test questions: This is actually a test question to examine sentence breaks in classical Chinese. Sentence breaking is a traditional way to examine classical Chinese, and it is also a basic skill to learn classical Chinese.

The most basic thing of sentence breaking in classical Chinese is to understand the whole article. Therefore, we should read through the article several times before breaking sentences, and have an overall perception of the content of the full text. What can be broken should be broken first, and then the scope should be gradually narrowed, and then we should concentrate on analyzing difficult sentences and make corresponding adjustments according to the relationship with the context.

Don't look at it at the same time, it is easy to misunderstand and misinterpret. In addition, we should also pay attention to the genre and language style of the article when breaking sentences.

Where punctuation is needed, the use and writing of punctuation should be standardized. When studying at ordinary times, we should strengthen reading training and enhance our sense of language.

Because this question is a sentence in classical Chinese in class, it is simple and has a sense of language. Question 2: Test analysis: This question examines the usage of the function word "zhi" in classical Chinese.

The usage of the word "zhi" can be remembered by the following formula: the representative of this army went to a restaurant for a buffet. Interpretation of the formula: "this" means "zhi" and can be used as a demonstrative pronoun "this", such as "it is better to take negative Qin Le than to take two measures"; "Zhi" refers to the function word "Zhi"; "Military representative" means that "branch" can be used as a pronoun, such as "government branch"; "Dao" means that you can use the verb "Dao, Dao", such as "on the ridge of a field that has been ploughed out"; "Hotel" refers to a symbol that can be used as the object of a preposition, such as "What's the matter?" "What's Song's crime?" ; The meaning of "eating buffet" can be used as auxiliary words, such as "the meaning of drunkenness is not wine" and "the special experience of chasing the former emperor"

So choose B for this question. Question 3: Analysis of test questions: The interpretation of words in classical Chinese is generally intended to examine six classical Chinese knowledge: the meaning of key entity words, polysemy, different meanings in ancient and modern times, interchangeable words, flexible use of parts of speech, and functional words in classical Chinese.

The examination of the definition of classical Chinese words in class is relatively simple. As long as we strengthen the classified memory every day, we will not lose points. If it is the explanation of words in extracurricular classical Chinese, it is necessary to infer its meaning according to the specific context.

Question 4: Analysis of test questions: This is a question to examine the translation of classical Chinese. When answering, first go back to the context, understand the overall meaning of the sentence according to the context, and then think about the assignment point that the proposer may determine. First of all, we should find out the key content words and function words, check whether there are any special sentence patterns, and use the methods of "leaving", "deleting", "changing" and "supplementing", with literal translation as the main and free translation as the auxiliary.

And according to the norms of modern Chinese, the content of translation will be adjusted appropriately to make the words and sentences smooth. Candidates should pay special attention.

Reading more classical Chinese prose at ordinary times can accumulate a sense of language. The word "autumn" in the sentence (1) belongs to ancient and modern synonyms, so we should pay attention to it when translating.

Question 5: Analysis of test questions: This is an extra-curricular problem of character analysis in classical Chinese. To grasp the characters, we can start with the following points: (1) Analyze the characters' language. It is easy to see a person's personality characteristics from the characters' own language.

(2) Analyze the actions and behaviors of the characters. Sometimes, language can be deliberately disguised, but actions and actions can easily reveal their own characteristics, and they are often manifested in details.

(3) Pay attention to profile description (contrast). What a person does is easy to arouse others' reactions (comments). Writing about other people's reactions and opinions is called profile description (contrast). For example, Gong Yu's behavior in "One Mountain in Gong Yu" has aroused the strong support of the mother, son and neighbors in Beijing.

(4) Pay attention to the expression of the characters. (5) Specific analysis of specific events.

What character does the incident reflect? For example, The Peach Blossom Spring shows the author's social darkness and his dissatisfaction with the dark reality through the experience of fishermen in the Peach Blossom Spring. After reading the selected articles carefully, it is not difficult to find that all paragraphs have written about Lu Zongdao's deception to Song Zhenzong, mainly using language description, such as "the first one is true"

"It is also a great sin for drunkards to bully the monarch and his subjects." And at the end of the article, there is a comment on Lu Zongdao: "The emperor thinks loyalty can be of great use." Based on this, we can get what kind of person Lu Zongdao is.

This question is very simple, and the failure rate of students should not be high.

6. What are the translation methods of classical Chinese? First, basic methods: literal translation and free translation. There are two basic methods to translate classical Chinese. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as relative as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of each word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word for word. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods are: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change. "Leaving" means retaining. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials and countries. That is, delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Fan Kuai, Pei Gong's bodyguard. "This is also" is an ending auxiliary word. If "complement" is not translated, it is addition. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, such as" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, we can make relevant words vivid. For example, "no smoke without fire" can make them "calm on the lake". Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, connect with the following sentences, carefully consider the tone, be as reasonable as possible, and have close ties between words. If there are omissions, brackets indicate the gain. Names and place names don't need to be translated, just personal titles. There are rules. Content words, function words, definitions and sensitive language sense vary from sentence to sentence. After translation, be sure to compare carefully sentence by sentence, understand the tone and make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.