Geography of Lengshui Town

Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township) is located in the northern corner of the eastern part of Shizhu County, 68 kilometers away from the county seat, and is located at the border of Chongqing City and Hubei Province. Qiju Mountain borders the Baiyangtang Management Area and Zhonglu Town Management Area of ??Wangying Town, Lichuan City, Hubei Province to the east, Jinling Township and Shasha Town of Shizhu County to the south, Zhongyi Township and Huangshui Town to the west, and Maplewood Township.

The government office of Lengshui Town is now located in Liziping (originally on Lengshuixi Street, located at 108°31' east longitude, 30°18' north latitude, with an altitude of 1,310 meters). The altitude within Lengshui Township ranges from 1,150 meters to 1,895 meters. The lowest altitude is Tuanbazi of the Tuanhe Group in Tianhe Village, with an altitude of 1,150 meters. The highest altitude, Taiping Village, is connected to Jiuguling in Hubei, with an altitude of 1,895 meters.

The narrow area from the western edge of Balong Village to the eastern edge of Heyuan Village is 2.1 kilometers, and the length from the northern edge of Balong Village to the southern edge of Yulong Village is 22 kilometers. The township covers an area of ??74 square kilometers and has 9,463 acres of cultivated land, including 2,052 acres of fields and 7,411 acres of soil. The township has a forest area of ??52,700 acres. Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township) belongs to the folded mountain plains of eastern Chongqing. To the southeast is Qiju Mountain and its offshoot hills, and to the west is the offshoot hills of Qiju Mountain. The East-West Mountain Range extends from the northeast to the south and tilts to the west, forming a trough between two mountains. long trough terrain. To the north is Maobi Bridge, another branch of Qiju Mountain. Maobi Bridge meanders from east to west, with its branches undulating and descending from north to south. It converges with the southeastern mountains of Taipingtrough in the south, forming mountains and troughs with overlapping mountains and crisscrossing ravines. Dam and valley terrain.

1. Trough-shaped zone

The long trough zone formed in the northwest of Qiju Mountain is called Taipingtrough. The Taipingtrough starts from Dashuijing of Dashui Formation in the south and ends at the watershed of Baibai in Hubei Province in the north. The boundary of Yangtang is about 20 kilometers long. To the southeast of Taipingtrough is Qigu Mountain. The mountain is high and the slope is steep. The soil is thin, the water source is scarce, and the limestone is mostly exposed on the ground. The hill to the northwest of Taipingtai has thick soil, gentle slopes, many caves, and water sources underground.

2. Shanyuan Zone

Maobi Bridge, a branch of Qijishan Mountain, runs across the north, from Tiechang Yakou of Balong Village to the lawn of Tianhe Village Cao Yard, and its branch mountain ridge Most of them are ridges, extending from north to south, undulating and descending, and converge with the ridges on the western slope of the Taipingtrough hill, forming a mountain plain with steep slopes, narrow ravines, and flat troughs and dams. Qiji Mountain crosses the entire township from north to south to west in Lengshui, with a length of 22 kilometers. It is the main mountain ridge in the township. Its western branch is called a hill. The Maobi Bridge in the west of the hill extends from Yanghe Bay in the east to the west. , extending through the skyscraper and lawn to the main peak of Dafengbao. The Beiyu Mountains within the territory start from Yanghe Bay in the north, pass through Balong Village and turn west to Tianhe Village, becoming the transition zone between Qiju Mountain and Dafengbao, and also the natural dividing line between this township and Zhongyi Township, Huangshui Town and Fengmu Township. Jiuguling, located in Taiping Village, is 1,895 meters above sea level and is the highest peak in Lengshui.

3. Karst caves

There are many karst caves in Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township), among which the larger caves include Shenshui Cave, Baijia Cave, Dayao Cave, and Hongchang Nitrous Cave. Among these caves, the "Baijia Cave" is the largest and the most valuable for tourism development. Baijia Cave is located on the rock of the Jiantianba Formation in Taiping Village, nearly 10 kilometers away from the seat of the government. From the entrance to the cave, you pass through wind tunnels, saltpeter caves, upper and lower talc slabs, Yin River and other places. The stone slabs going up and down are called Changban Slopes. Strange stalactites can be seen everywhere in the cave, allowing people to feel the emptiness and narrowness of the cave, appreciate the ingenious natural landscape, and the excitement and dissatisfaction of not being able to find the end of the Yin River. 1. Temperature

Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township) belongs to the Central Asian humid monsoon climate zone with low temperatures. Its main characteristics are rapid warming in spring and changeable climate, with rain in early summer and drought in late summer and early autumn. There are continuous rains and low temperatures in autumn, and frost and snow are cold in winter. The four seasons are distinct, and the annual average temperature is below 12°C. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of about 0.9°C, and July is the hottest, with an average temperature of about 21.7°C. The average temperature in Lengshui Township is about 11.7°C. Climate change has great harm to crops. There are many cold waves in March and April, continuous rain in May and June and drought in July and August. Temperature often causes heavy rain, hail, strong winds and severe weather in September and October. Low temperature, frost, etc. are unfavorable factors for agricultural production.

2. Precipitation

Lengshui belongs to the Huangshui Mountain original area, with abundant rainfall, many clouds and fog, insufficient sunlight, frequent flash floods in summer, and continuous rain in autumn. The average annual precipitation is 1372.6 mm. Due to uneven seasonal distribution, the rainfall in summer and autumn (April to September) accounts for 85% of the whole year. Snow begins to fall every year in winter (October), and there are often heavy snowfalls that close the mountains.

3. Sunshine

The average annual sunshine hours are 1315.7 hours, with the most sunshine hours in July and August, and the sunshine hours are 434.1 hours, accounting for 33% of the whole year. The least is winter, with 985.4 hours of sunshine, accounting for 11.4% of the whole year.

4. Frost-free period

Due to more clouds and fog and less sunshine, the frost-free period is shorter. The first frost period generally starts around October 20th, and the last frost period is around April 20th. , the frost-free period is about 180 to 185 days. Lengshui Town is full of streams and rivers. The water system belongs to the source of Longhe River in Shizhu County. The mainstream Lengshui River originates from Lijiawan in Tianhe Village. It flows from northwest to southeast to the side of Lengshui Street, then turns south and flows through Hulutang into the sand. The total length of the territory is 11 kilometers. , the average width of the river bed is 3 meters. The tributary creeks include: Zhuziying Creek, which originates from the skyscraper of the township. It flows through the Zhulinkou and joins the Dadonggou stream and flows into Lengshui Creek. The total length is 4.5 kilometers and the average width of the river bed is 2 meters.

Longdong River: Originates from Longdongping in Heyuan Village. It is the spring from the Qigu Mountain Spring Cave. It flows through Caiziba into the Diaojiaolou Group and gradually dives underground. It collects the groundwater at the southern end of Taipingtrough and then flows to the west of Taiping Village. The water tunnel flows out and merges into the lower reaches of Lengshui River, with a total length of 7.5 kilometers and an average river bed width of 1.5 meters.

Shuangping Stream: Originates from Caojiawan of Shuangping Formation and flows northward, passing through Shuangba Formation of Xiaokang Formation and flowing into Fengmu Township. The length of the township is 10 kilometers, and the average river bed width is 7 meters.

In Taiping Village and Yulong Village, there are no obvious streams. Most of them are caves, with running water diving into the ground. Majiaba in Heyuan Village is low-lying, and water from the Long River usually sneaks into the ground here. When the water rises, it takes several days to submerge, often flooding crops and houses. 1. Soil

Lengshui belongs to the Zhongshan yellow-brown soil area and is roughly divided into five types of soil.

(1) Dark purple rice soil. Soil code: 0121, mainly distributed in the trough areas of Tianhe Village, Balong Village, etc. The parent material is purple-gray, dark gray, yellow-brown and other variegated mud from the artesian group. The shale Leikoupo Formation purple-red mud, shale and Feixianguan Formation purple-red mud are developed by the weathering of shale. The soil is thick, dark purple in color, yellow-brown sandy soil, and has complex parent material composition. The main soil species is eel mud field, with a pH value of 5.5-6. It is easy to cultivate, has strong fertilizer conservation and drought resistance. Due to less sunshine, weak radiation, low soil temperature, and immersion in cold springs in the mountains, cold-soaked mud fields are often formed, and rice is easy to sit on.

(2) Mountain yellow brown soil. Soil code: 0911, mainly distributed in Heyuan Village, Taiping Village, and Yulong Village. It is composed of Ordovician, Cambrian, three-series ash, shale, dolomite, and parent material. The soil is thick, heavy loam to clay in texture, dark brown, yellow brown in color, and middle layer of yellow sand soil. The soil type is PH5.0, and the organic matter is 3.2. %, no ammonium acid reaction.

(3) Cold sand and yellow mud. Soil code: 0411, mainly distributed in areas such as Majiayuan and Longtianchang in Tianhe Village, and areas such as Fengxiang Bay, Hulutang and Datianchang in Tianhe Village. The soil types are cold sand soil, loess soil, flat sand soil, gray mud soil, etc. The parent materials are mainly Xujiahe Formation black brown mud, carbonaceous shale and gray-white massive, feldspar quartz sandstone, slope sediments developed by weathering , the soil is thin, grayish-yellow in color, dark yellow in color, dark brown in texture from sandy soil to clay soil, without carbonate reaction, PH is 5.0, organic matter is 0.64%, lack of effective nutrients, acidic, cold, lean and weak in water and fertility retention.

(4) Gray brown purple soil. The soil code is 0312, which is mainly distributed in parts of Taiping and Yulong villages. The soil is sandy soil, sandy soil, purple-yellow soil, big fat mud, douban soil, stone bone soil, etc. The parent material is the weathered slope deposits of purple-grey, gray-yellow sandstone and blue-gray quartz sandstone of the Upper and Lower Shaximiao Formation. The soil layer is thinner at the slope waist and thicker at the slope foot. The top of the slope is mostly stony soil with gray-brown color. The texture is mostly sandy soil, slightly acidic, with little to no carbonate reaction. The main soil types are half sand and half mud, with a pH value of 5.5 to 7.5. It has good permeability, is dry and easy to cultivate, and has coordinated water, air, and heat. It has strong water and fertilizer retention capacity and high fertility.

(5) Humic yellow-brown soil. The soil code is 0914, which is mainly distributed in the mountain source areas of evergreen deciduous and multi-shrub forests in Tianhe, Balong and Yulong villages. The soil is a humus yellow-brown soil with little cultivated land, thin soil layer, light soil texture, dark brown upper layer and yellow lower layer. The acid pH is 5.5, organic matter is 3.2%, and there is no carbonate reaction. It is suitable for paint, metasequoia forest trees and The growth of cash crops such as Coptis chinensis and Gastrodia elata.

2. Rocks

The rocks in the territory can be divided into two categories: First, the Qigu Mountains in the Taipingtrough and the hills to the west are lime layers, and the rocks are hard and brittle. , can be used for processing gravel and lime, and is one of the raw materials for making cement. Second, most of Shuangba and Shuangping in Maobi Bridge and Tianhe Village to the west of Lengshui Stream are made of sand and gravel and can only be used for construction purposes. 1. Mineral deposits

(1) Coal: The Qijishan Coalfield in the Qijiu Mountain System within the town is distributed in the original coal seams produced in the Liangshan Formation of the Permian System. The thickness of the coal seam is 40 to 90 cm, and the general moisture content is 0.57 -1.34%, ash content 24.57-28.4%, volatile matter 7.14-9.24%, fixed carbon 67.72-58.84%. The sulfur content is 5.8-7.43%, and the content is 6945-5890 kcal/kg. It is anthracite coal, suitable for making cement, making briquettes and other domestic coal. There are now three major coal mines in Lengshui Town, namely Hongfeng Coal Mine, Guoba Coal Mine and Mahuanggou Coal Mine. These three coal mines have abundant coal reserves and an annual output of 85,000 tons. They are among the larger coal mines in the Qiyao Mountains. Its coal quality is good and it is an excellent fuel for farmers and industrial coal.

(2) Limestone: Limestone in the territory is distributed in Heyuan Village, Taiping Village, and Yulong Village in Taipingchao in the Qigu Mountains. It has abundant reserves and high content of active ingredients. It is currently mined for smelting lime and making limestone. gravel. Limestone is one of the raw materials for manufacturing cement, calcium carbide and glass.

(3) Iron ore: The iron ore in the territory is distributed in Balong Village. The ore is composed of minerals such as oil iron ore and hematite, with an iron content of about 25%. After experts conducted tests and demonstrations on the iron ore in Lengshui, they believed that the iron ore in Lengshuibei has a high iron content and is very rich in mineral deposits, and is expected to be invested and developed.

2. Biology

(1) Animals: The mountainous plains and mountains in the territory are covered with vegetation, suitable for birds and beasts to inhabit and livestock grazing. The existing animals are divided into wild beasts: jackals, wild boars, Fox, hedgehog, roe deer, deer, native pig, spotted pig, mink, lynx, coypu, weasel, mercury otter, bamboo ox, hare, etc.; domestic animals include cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, cats, etc.; Birds: woodpeckers, pheasants, pheasants, thrushes, eagles, owls, herons, golden pheasants, rails, turtle doves, magpies, crows, pigeons, sparrows, cranes, etc.; migratory birds include swallows, cuckoos, cuckoos, etc.; poultry include: chickens , ducks, geese, etc.; aquatic fish: crabs, frogs, snails, shrimps, stone frogs, etc., reptiles: snakes, toads, earthworms, insects, scorpions, cows, etc.

(2) Plants:

Trees, metasequoia, pine, fir, cypress, ginkgo, lacquer, green bar, chestnut, hemp willow, magnolia bark, acacia, cypress willow, Chunjian and various miscellaneous trees and fruit trees. There are many rare tree species in Lengshui Town, and eighteen species have been listed. Among them, yew is the most famous. Yew is a tree species listed as a first-level protected tree. Its fruit (red) is edible, and the leaves and skin can be soaked in water and drunk. Can fight cancer. Among them, the largest one in the country is in Lengshui, which brings another beautiful scenery to Lengshui's tourism industry.

Bamboos: spotted bamboo, water bamboo, golden bamboo, white bamboo, oil bamboo, arrow bamboo, spiny bamboo, etc.;

Flowers: peony, chrysanthemum, morning glory, peony, color Flowers, dream flowers, wildflowers, flat flowers, catkins, azaleas, crabapples, purple gold flowers, etc.;

Crops: rice, corn, various beans, potatoes, wheat , sorghum and various vegetables;

Economic crops: tobacco, sea pepper, water shield, etc.;

Medicinal materials: There are many kinds of medicinal materials in Lengshui, including coptis, gastrodia, fritillary, and dangshen , Atractylodes, Angelica, rhubarb, Niuxi, Ziwan, lentils, Dipsacus, etc. Among them, coptis, eucommia, cork, magnolia officinalis, and dogwood are the most common. And Coptis chinensis is a backbone project of the cold water economy. Every year, 800 acres of Coptis chinensis are added to the township, producing 320,000 jins of Coptis chinensis, and farmers’ income is 4.8 million yuan, which greatly improves farmers’ lives and living environment and lays a solid foundation for building a well-off society in an all-round way. the basis of.

Grass: various wild grasses, duckweed, moss and artificially planted white clover and black ink grass.

(3) Hot springs

The hot spring resort in Lengshui Town, Shizhu County is located next to the Yuanliang Station on Lengshuixi Street, with an altitude of more than 1,450 meters. It lasts for about 40 days from December to January of the following year. It's snowfall season. At present, the hot spring is drilled to a depth of 2,000 meters and the temperature reaches about 40°C. Visitors can enjoy the snow scenery while soaking in the hot spring.

(4) Grassland

The grassland in Lengshui Town is very wide. As long as you climb to the top of Qiyao Mountain, you will see the endless grassland of Qianye. The scenery is beautiful and charming, with undulating small hills. The hills are like yurts, enchanting you with the vastness and tranquility of the prairie. The herds of cattle and sheep are picturesque and extremely beautiful. Outside the grassland, there are masson pine scattered by airplanes, which is a good place for people to rest and play; there are also moso bamboos dotted among them, which not only add to the ornamental value, but also add a delicious dish to people's lives.

(5) Forest

Lengshui Town has a greening rate of over 75%. It is full of forests, grasslands and wetlands, with fresh air, good vegetation and charming scenery. Cold water is a natural disaster caused by disastrous weather such as heavy rain, drought, cold wave, low temperature, hail, etc. It is mainly water and drought, followed by wind and hail.

1. Floods: Cold water floods are more frequent. In addition to the damage caused by rain, Tianhe, Balong, and Taiping villages are often washed away by floods and submerge crops. In 1997, widespread rainfall caused serious damage, especially to flue-cured tobacco production.

2. Drought: The cold water altitude is high, the temperature is low, and there are many cold-soaked and cold sand fields. Drought in summer and autumn is beneficial to rice flowering and fruiting. If you encounter "hand-drying" in May and June (after transplanting rice seedlings) Only when the sky is dry) or the drought lasts for a long time can disasters be caused.

3. Wind and hail disasters: They mostly occur in areas with complex mountain topography and move with the direction of the mountains. Most of the hailstones formed in May and June move from Hubei to the west of Lengshui via the Taiping Trough. Hail formed in July and August mostly moves from Lixin to Yulong. In August 2002, the two villages of Yucao and Xuelong (now Yulong Village) were hit by wind and hail disasters that had not been seen for many years. There were 225 households in five groups at that time. 1,950 acres of flue-cured tobacco were affected, 1,700 acres were damaged, and 1,300 acres failed to be harvested. The direct economic loss was 1.5 million yuan.