Those things during pregnancy

Pregnancy is a happy and anxious thing. The arrival of the baby adds hope to the small family, but all kinds of discomfort during pregnancy and the numerous checkpoints of pregnancy test are challenging the pregnant mother.

This article mainly summarizes some common problems encountered during pregnancy, so you don't have to go online to check all kinds of information every time you encounter a problem ~

1. About pregnancy examination;

2. Early pregnancy diagnosis and taking C14； before pregnancy;

3. Shanghai community hospital should set up a small card;

4. Shanghai Maternity Hospital should build a large card;

5. NT inspection;

6. Tang sieve, non-invasive DNA and sheep piercing;

7, about the big exclusion;

8. Examination of glucose tolerance and coping methods of gestational diabetes;

9. Books suitable for early reading during pregnancy.

Let's get down to business. The article is rather long. Those who have passed the gestational age or are not interested can skip it directly.

The content of pregnancy examination shows that the diagnosis of early pregnancy in 5-7 weeks of pregnancy usually goes to the hospital because of delayed menstrual period or physical discomfort. It is confirmed that the gestational age is in this range when pregnant, and the fetal heart can be detected in 7 weeks of pregnancy. embryo bud is 8-1 weeks pregnant. Generally, it is required to build a small card in the community before going to the delivery hospital for filing (Shanghai is required to build a small card). For the first obstetric visit in 8-1 weeks of pregnancy, there will be requirements for this first visit to the hospital that makes an appointment for the delivery check. In fact, there is no examination, that is, to know the basic information through consultation and make an appointment for the next examination of NT, ECG and whole blood at 12-13 weeks of pregnancy. The first chromosome abnormality screening was carried out through abdominal B-ultrasound (the relevant content of NT examination is attached), and the ECG confirmed that the pregnant mother's heart function was intact. And confirm whether the pregnant mother has symptoms such as infection, anemia and calcium deficiency through whole blood examination. At the 16th week of pregnancy, Jiandaka and Tangshai/non-invasive DNA/ amniocentesis were filed in the delivery hospital, and at the same time, the second chromosome abnormality screening was carried out through the mode of one of three choices (the choice of one of three choices is attached later). Routine examination at the 2th week of pregnancy, routine weight, blood pressure and urine test, and other abnormalities at the 22nd and 23rd weeks of pregnancy, which are commonly known as big exclusion. Screening for larger malformations by abdominal B-ultrasound (OGTT) The fasting with 75 grams of glucose and the venous blood glucose measurement with 1 hour after meals and 2 hours after meals are the watershed of whether pregnant mothers can continue to enjoy desserts in the second and third trimesters. After 28 weeks of growth monitoring for 28-3 weeks of pregnancy, the frequency of birth check-ups will be increased to 2 weeks. Routine B-ultrasound examination, weight, blood pressure, urine test, uterine height test, blood test at 32-34 weeks of pregnancy, and partial malformation investigation. Whole blood test is conducted again to eliminate infection, anemia, calcium deficiency, etc., as well as the items that cannot be detected by small ovulation supplementary examination. After 36-4 weeks of pregnancy, the frequency of fetal heart monitoring (NST) is increased to once a week, and the baby may start at any time. Always pay attention to fetal movement and the physical condition of pregnant mothers. Stay in hospital for 4-41 weeks of pregnancy. After 4 weeks of delivery, you can arrange hospitalization and wait for delivery. < P > Although the general prenatal check-up arrangement is as above, different doctors in different hospitals will have different arrangements, and all kinds of tests will be slightly adjusted within a certain time range. Pregnant mothers should not worry.

When pregnancy diagnosis is made due to delayed menstrual period or discomfort in gynecology, urine test and blood test (without fasting) are generally used to confirm pregnancy, but blood test can only confirm pregnancy, and can't rule out dangerous pregnancy such as ectopic pregnancy. Therefore, it is best to ask the doctor to make a B-ultrasound checklist to confirm the position of fetal sac and rule out ectopic pregnancy (if the gestational age is too small, B-ultrasound may not show it).

both the diagnosis of early pregnancy and the diagnosis of fetal heart embryo bud need to be carried out by Yin Chao, so it is best to empty urine before B-ultrasound. If the fetal heart embryo bud is not seen by B-ultrasound at the 6th week of pregnancy, don't worry, maybe the fertilized egg is not fully developed after implantation, but if the fetal heart embryo bud is not detected at the 8th week of pregnancy, you should be prepared for fetal suspension.

Generally speaking, pregnant mothers who are pregnant will not have a CT examination or a Helicobacter pylori examination (C14) during pregnancy preparation, but pregnant mothers who are pregnant for health reasons or accidents may experience these two situations.

According to modern medical statistics, CT irradiation and C14 administration have no definite teratogenic conclusion (teratogenicity here refers to fetal malformation after birth), which is generally the result of or 1 of fertilized eggs. That is to say, if embryo bud with fetal heart can develop normally, then CT irradiation and C14 administration have no negative effects. If they do, the fertilized egg will be blocked in the development process and naturally stop bearing, that is, biochemical pregnancy (physiological abortion) will occur. Therefore, if pregnant mothers can see that the baby is in daily growing, they can basically forget about the contact with CT and C14 before pregnancy!

things to be prepared: embryo bud's B-ultrasound list with fetal heart, pregnant mother's ID card, household registration book (or residence permit).

Time of seeing a doctor: Although many community hospitals are open on Saturdays, the obstetrics and gynecology department with a small card is generally available only from Monday to Friday morning. It is best to call in advance or go to the nurse's desk to confirm the time to avoid a trip in vain.

Check in the community hospital: routine urine test, routine blood test (no fasting), syphilis and AIDS test (the results will be obtained after one week), and leucorrhea test (you can give up automatically).

get a small card: according to the inspection report, fill in the basic information form required by the community hospital, and you can get a small card (Shanghai Maternal Health Handbook, a pink notebook, which is something you must bring in the future check-up).

things to be prepared: husband and wife's ID card, marriage certificate, pregnant woman's household registration book, small card handled by community hospital, and inspection report of the last inspection.

Establish a big card: confirm the risk coefficient of pregnant women through the small card information and the previous inspection report, and then file the basic information of husband and wife in the delivery hospital. After the establishment of the big card, there is no special material for pregnant women.

By abdominal B-ultrasound, pregnant mothers do not need to hold their urine or deliberately urinate. NT examination measures the thickest part of the anechoic transparent layer under the skin of the fetal neck, which is used to assess the risk of Down syndrome. The gestational age range for NT examination is 11 weeks to 13 weeks and 6 days.

The normal value of NT is less than 3mm. If it is greater than 3 mm, it is generally recommended to do non-invasive DNA or amniocentesis for further detection. If it is greater than 6mm, there is a great risk of Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities.

It is up to the pregnant mother to decide which method to use for the first chromosome abnormality examination.

Tang sieve: The risk of Down syndrome can be inferred by taking pregnant mother's serum from venous blood and detecting the concentrations of alpha fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin and free estriol. Generally, the price is relatively cheap, about 2-3, and the accuracy rate is about 75%. For pregnant mothers younger than 16 years old and older than 35 years old, it is generally not recommended to choose the ordinary Tang sieve method.

non-invasive DNA: pregnant mother's blood is extracted from venous blood, and besides blood hormones, three pairs of fetal DNA (trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and trisomy 21) are extracted for testing. The general price is about 2, yuan, and the accuracy rate is 95%. However, it is not applicable to pregnant mothers with definite chromosomal abnormalities or malignant tumors during pregnancy, as well as structural abnormalities detected by ultrasound.

amniocentesis: 26 weeks ago, 2ml of amniotic fluid can be extracted from the pregnant mother's abdomen, and the cells that the fetus has fallen off in amniotic fluid can be cultured for chromosome analysis. The general price is about 4, yuan, and the accuracy rate can be close to 1%. However, sheep puncture has risks such as infection, amniotic fluid leakage and abortion.

To sum up, pregnant mothers can choose according to their own physical conditions, doctors' advice and economic conditions.

The gestational age for macroovulation is 2-28 weeks. The fetal body is uncomfortable and the amniotic fluid volume is moderate, so we can clearly see the basic development of the fetus. Large-scale deformity can check the development of fetal facial features, heart, abdomen, limbs and brain, but some developmental defects can not be detected by large-scale deformity, such as abnormal vision, hearing and intelligence, mild cleft lip, fingers, toes, bones and joints, etc.

Before the large ovulation, we will see that many pregnant mothers are very nervous about the large ovulation, because the posture of the baby will affect the B-ultrasound detection. Many pregnant mothers have to toss and turn for B-ultrasound detection several times because of their posture mismatch, which is very hard. However, in most cases, you can talk to your baby more and communicate with your baby with your mind before you go for an examination, and you can still pass it smoothly.

There are many forms of B-ultrasound for large-scale abnormality, such as two-dimensional, three-dimensional and four-dimensional. At present, most maternity check-up hospitals will choose three-dimensional or four-dimensional for inspection, and the obtained inspection images are more stereoscopic and intuitive, so even pregnant mothers can see the appearance of the baby from the images. However, if you encounter a hospital where two-dimensional B-ultrasound is used for large-scale abnormality examination, don't think that the hospital is too backward or deliberately saves costs. In fact, two-dimensional B-ultrasound tests the professionalism of doctors, and can accurately see the development of the baby as well as three-dimensional and four-dimensional ones, and will not even be disturbed by computer synthesis technology. At the same time, compared with three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound, two-dimensional ultrasound is much less, and the interference and influence on the fetus is weaker during the examination for twenty or thirty minutes or even longer.

PS: pregnant mothers should not worry too much if a single index is abnormal and the doctor can't give a definite diagnosis or advice. If the doctor lets us make our own choices, we should believe that our baby will be born healthily and safely through natural selection of survival of the fittest.

If there is no history of diabetes before pregnancy, gestational diabetes usually develops after 24 weeks, so the hospital will generally arrange a glucose tolerance test from 24 to 28.

sugar tolerance test process: go to the hospital on an empty stomach in the morning to draw the first needle of venous blood, then take 75g of glucose to 3g of water and drink it within 5 minutes. The venous blood was drawn twice at 6 minutes and 12 minutes after taking the first mouthful of glucose water. The requirement of fasting is not to eat after 8 o'clock the night before. Some hospitals will give glucose water to pregnant mothers after mixing it, and some hospitals will receive glucose concentrated solution during the last prenatal check-up, and bring it back at home on the day of the check-up, depending on the hospital arrangement. In order to ensure the accuracy of the test, the diet should be normalized as much as possible a few days before the sugar tolerance. After taking glucose water, try not to exercise, and it is not recommended to drink a lot of water to dilute the blood sugar in the body.

The general glucose tolerance test results can be obtained on the same day, and the normal upper limits are: fasting 5.1mmol/L, 1 hour 1.mmol/L, 2 hours 8.5mmol/L (different hospitals may have slight deviations in the determination standards). Any one of stepping on the line or exceeding the upper limit is considered gestational diabetes, and the one that exceeds the range is abnormal glucose tolerance, which can be controlled by diet and exercise; Those who are out of range will be hospitalized for insulin.

Gestational diabetes, as its name implies, is a kind of diabetes acquired during pregnancy. It is different from type I diabetes and type II diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a manifestation that insulin resistance is enhanced due to the influence of hormones during pregnancy, which makes recessive diabetes explicit. Most people can return to normal blood sugar after delivery, but the probability of becoming type II diabetes later is higher than that of normal people.

gestational diabetes mellitus is very harmful to pregnant mothers and their babies, and it may cause pregnancy-induced hypertension, abortion, fetal malformation, neonatal respiratory distress, neonatal hypoglycemia and other problems, so it is very important to control sugar during pregnancy.

Before the sugar tolerance test, we can actually be vigilant according to several manifestations: pregnant mother's parents have a history of hyperglycemia, pregnant mother's urine ketone body is high on an empty stomach, symptoms of excessive drinking, polyphagia and polyuria during pregnancy, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, itchy skin during pregnancy, polyhydramnios and so on. If you are a pregnant mother with a second or third child and have had gestational diabetes before, then the risk of this pregnancy is also higher.

After the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus, the nutrition department of the general delivery hospital will intervene. If you have reached the standard of insulin treatment in hospital, then you should receive treatment according to the doctor's instructions. The key is to keep a good attitude and not affect your mental state, which will lead to even worse pregnancy. If you are still at the level of impaired glucose tolerance, you can control it by eating and exercising, get the nutrition recipe given by the doctor, and then you can control sugar better by combining the following suggestions:

The mood during pregnancy is very important, and you must not be depressed because of gestational diabetes. In fact, gestational diabetes is not so bad, and most things can still be eaten, as long as you find the right way to eat; If you find a hidden danger of diabetes during pregnancy, you can avoid turning into type II diabetes to the greatest extent if you pay a little attention in your later life, and be vigilant as soon as possible. It is also a blessing in misfortune, isn't it?

The more professional ones are "Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing" and "Pediatric Nursing"

The easy-to-understand ones are "Listening to Duan Tao about Pregnancy" and "Gynecology and Obstetrics Male Doctors Tell You".