Who has information about France?

country name: The Republic of France (La Republique France)

National Day: July 14th (in 188, parliamentary legislation confirmed the Bastille Day as the National Day to commemorate the French bourgeois revolution). France celebrated the National Day

National flag: rectangular, with the ratio of length to width of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, which are blue, white and red from left to right. There are many origins of the French national flag, the most representative of which is that during the French bourgeois revolution in 1789, the Paris National Self-Defense Force used blue, white and red flags as its team flag. White is in the middle, representing the king and symbolizing the sacred position of the king; Red and blue are on both sides, representing the citizens of Paris; At the same time, these three colors symbolize the French royal family and the bourgeois alliance in Paris. The tricolor flag was once a symbol of the French Revolution. It is said that tricolor represents freedom, equality and fraternity respectively.

national emblem: France has no official national emblem, but it has traditionally adopted the heraldry of the Great Revolution as the national symbol. The coat of arms is oval, and it is painted with one of the symbols popular during the Great Revolution-the bundle of sticks, which is a symbol of authority used by senior law enforcement officers in ancient Rome. Both sides of the bundle are decorated with olive branches and oak branches, and the ribbon wound between them reads "freedom, equality and fraternity" in French. The whole design is decorated with ribbons with Roman legion medals.

National anthem: La Marseillaise

National flower: iris

National bird: rooster

National stone: pearl

Physical geography: covers an area of 551,62 square kilometers. Located in the western part of Europe, it borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco, faces Britain across the Lamanche Strait in the northwest, and is close to the four major sea areas of the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Corsica on the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The plain accounts for two thirds of the total area. The main mountain ranges are Alps, Pyrenees and Jura Mountains. Mont Blanc on the French-Italian border is 4,81 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Europe. Rivers mainly include the Loire River (11 km), Rhone River (812 km) and Seine River (776 km). Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The total length of the border line is 5695 kilometers, of which the coastline is 27 kilometers, the land line is 28 kilometers, and the inland river line is 195 kilometers. The western part has a marine temperate broad-leaved forest climate, the southern part has a subtropical Mediterranean climate, and the central and eastern parts have a continental climate. The average precipitation increases from 6 mm to over 1 mm from northwest to southeast.

population: 61.4 million (January 23), including 4 million foreign nationals, of whom 1.5 million are from EU countries. Common French. 9% of the residents believe in Catholicism, and there are about 4 million Muslims and a few Protestants, Jews, Buddhists and Orthodox Christians.

capital: Paris, with an urban population of 2.17 million.

administrative divisions: divided into regions, provinces and towns. The province consists of prefectures and counties, but it is not an administrative region. The county is the judicial and electoral unit. The French mainland is divided into 22 regions, 96 provinces, 4 overseas provinces, 4 overseas territories and 2 local administrative regions with special status. There are 36,565 municipalities in China, including 34, with a population of less than 3,5, 231 with a population of over 3, and 37 with a population of over 1,. The 22 regions are: Alsace, aquitaine, Ovigne, Bourgogne, Brittany, Central China, Champagne-Ardennes, Corsica, Franche-Gondai, Paris Region, Languedoc-Roucion, Limzan, Lorraine, Pyrenees Sul, Strait of Northern Calais, basse-normandie, Upper Normandy, Loire, Picardi, and Paris. The four overseas provinces are: GuaDroop, Martinique, French Guiana and Reunion. The four overseas territories are: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, wallis islands and Futuna Islands, French Southern Hemisphere and Antarctic Territory. The two local administrative regions are Mayotte Island, Saint Pierre Island and Miquelon Island.

the birth of the country

the history of France is a collection of people's dribs and drabs for a long time. France's many unique features are the embodiment of its culture. For 2, years, dynasties and their civilizations have left evidence on this land, and today's modern France was finally formed.

prehistoric times

About one million years ago, people who migrated from Eurasia came to the last border-the Atlantic Ocean. Settled down from then on. Sabien people first appeared here from 4, to 8, BC. Many archaeological remains have proved that human civilization existed in prehistory in this land of France.

Gaul

From about 12 BC to 8 BC, the Celts left their hometown in Silesia and began to invade this area between the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time, 9 different tribes lived in this land, which was called Gaul. Gauls established their civilization on the basis of agriculture and highly developed handicrafts. They invented harvesters, wooden barrels, wagons and iron swords.

Soon the Roman Empire also noticed this land. In 5 BC, Julius Caesar came here and conquered this area. Gaul-Roman civilization, with its capital in Lyon, ruled for a long time, forming the original blueprint of France today. It was during this period that French began to take shape, and many big cities had already taken shape, and the road network began to appear.

Frankish Kingdom

Since the 5th century, Hans, Vandal, Alamans, Vesgault, Osterloh

Goth and Franks from the East have invaded this area successively, and Gaul-Romans joined forces with Frankish tribes to resist the invasion. Their base is located in the area near Paris, that is, the place where Heaven is called ile-de-france, and this force gradually conquered the whole country.

The rule of Mei Tam and Carolyn in the Frankish dynasty lasted from the 5th century to the 1th century. During this period, Gaul-Roman culture and Germanic culture gradually merged.

Kingdom of France

During the reign of Charlemagne from 768 to 814, he established many schools to promote cultural prosperity and gathered many scholars around him. His country is divided into counties, and the county magistrate (secular regime) and bishop (religious authority) are under the same jurisdiction. Mies was in charge of enforcing imperial laws.

in p>987, hugues capet, Lord of ile-de-france, was crowned king, and the land of Franks (known as France) became the kingdom of France. The newly established French dynasty wanted to extend suzerainty to the whole ruling area.

from the 11th century to the 15th century, 18 kings successively exerted authority on feudal lords, which expanded the kingdom (annexed Brittany and Burgundy) and seized some British territories, such as aquitaine and Normandy. The outstanding characteristics of these centuries are the upsurge of religious enthusiasm and the great development of culture, economy and cities. Bourgeois began to appear in this period, and they formed a new class in society. Cities have also become administrative units.

King louis xi, who ruled France from 1226 to 127, attached great importance to justice and presided over the trial under an oak tree in Vinson. He built many hospitals and churches in his life, participated in two Crusades and became a model among kings. He was later addressed as St. Louis.

from the 16th century to the 18th century, ten kings devoted themselves to strengthening the power of the state and its administration. In the battle against the invasion of enemies from the east and the south, they gradually established the natural borders of the country. During this period, three politicians are particularly worth mentioning:

-Henry IV ended the religious war between Catholicism and Puritans at home and drove the Spanish invaders out of the country. In this way, he consolidated the unity of the country. In addition, he also tried to improve the unfortunate situation of poor French farmers.

-Li Sailiu, prime minister of Louis XIII. He led France to resist Austria's military intervention and strengthened its sovereignty by weakening the power of nobles and Puritans. He also ordered the establishment of the Sorbonne University and contributed to the establishment of the French Academy.

-Colbe, first minister of Louis XIV. He tried to unify the national legal system and promote innovation by establishing large manufacturing and international trading companies. He had placed his hopes on the French colonies of Canada and Louisiana.

several historical changes

the great revolution in 1789

the national assembly in 1789 became a constitutional conference. Feudal power was abolished, a declaration of human rights was promulgated and a parliamentary monarchy was established.

in p>1792, due to the interference of foreign forces, the monarch fled and other events, the monarchy was abolished and the first Republic was declared. From then until 1795, revolutionaries, including robespierre, struggled with counter-revolutionary forces from abroad (Prussia, Austria, Britain and Spain) and at home (Wangdai). In political life, revolutionaries adopted the principles put forward by Montesquieu and Rousseau (separation of powers and people's sovereignty).

from 1799 to 184, the first ruling general Napoleon Bonaparte led the French government. During his reign, he established a powerful centralized bourgeois country, a modern administrative system and codes (the civil code is still valid). The government has also established a high school education system and reformed university education.

Napoleon Empire

Napoleon was crowned emperor in p>184, and he tried to build a huge European empire during his 12-year rule until 1815. In the past 1 years, the French army has been constantly competing with some powerful alliances throughout the European continent. There was a time when France's territory expanded rapidly. It was only in 1815 that its borders returned to the state of 1789.

The heavy casualties of the French army in the Russian campaign led to Napoleon's downfall and exile. He later ruled France again, but only a hundred days later, he abdicated again because of the defeat of the Battle of Waterloo.

restoration of monarchy

two kings from p>1815 to 183 both wanted to maintain some progressive measures during the revolution and Napoleon's empire under the restored old monarchy. The colonial empire of France continued to expand in North Africa.

Louis Philippe, the last king of France, was given the title "King of the French". From 183 to 1848, the trade and commercial bourgeoisie appeared, the industrial revolution began, and the socialist and federalist movements began to rise. The economic crisis and social unrest finally led France to the Great Revolution in 1848, which led to the final collapse of the monarchy.

Universal suffrage in the Second Republic and the Second Empire

Freedom of the press and fear of working-class uprising gave Napoleon I's nephew Louis Napoléon Bonaparte a chance to become French president. After a period of autocratic presidential rule, Louis Napoleon became emperor by referendum and coup, known as Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. His government advocates radical economic reform policies and carries out a large number of important economic plans aimed at rebuilding the national capital. The second Reich is characterized by industrial expansion. The Franco-German War broke out (187) just as the government changed to a parliamentary system. The failure of France in Sudan led to the fall of the Second Empire.

The Third Republic

In p>1871, the Republic was established and the national defense government was established. France was defeated, and France ceded Alsace and Lorraine provinces in the peace treaty with Germany. In the same year, the famous Paris commune uprising took place, but it was brutally suppressed.

The parliamentary system of government in the Republic of China established a series of important laws on public freedoms from 1871 to 1914, which proved its own value. Prime Minister Jules Fari (in office from 186 to 1885) had a great influence on the establishment of freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of the press, and he also made a great contribution to the establishment of the non-church free compulsory primary education system.

French colonies in Asia and Africa continue to expand, but at the same time, social unrest and disputes between religion and schools (separation of church and state) shake social rule.

World War I (1914-1918) caused France to lose one tenth of its workforce. December 1917 was the turning point of the war. George Clemenceau led France and the Allies to win together, and Germany was defeated. Arthas and Lorraine returned to France.

Shortly after the post-war reconstruction, France, like other countries in the world, was severely hit by the Great Crisis of 1929. Extensive strikes and left-wing alliances brought France the People's Front government in 1936, which set the obligation to establish basic social laws in the national plan.

Around France, Nazism, Italian fascism and the Spanish Civil War all indicate that the Second World War is coming.

With the end of the famous so-called "strange war", France declared a truce in 194 and became a German-occupied area. The French economy is in an unstable state. The whole country is divided into two parts: on the one hand, the Vichy government, which cooperates with the occupying power, and on the other hand, the London-based "Free France" government in exile and the resistance movement. After five years of war, France was liberated by the allied forces in 1944.

the fourth Republic

Charles de Gaulle was recognized as the leader and symbol of the French resistance movement after he delivered a radio speech on June 18th, 194. He was the head of government from 1944 to 1946, established the French social security system and gave women the right to vote. However, due to the failure of the parliamentary system to clearly provide political direction, the government was reorganized, and the fourth Republic was passively shaken. From 1945 to 1958, France was busy rebuilding the country and developing its economy. The sharp decolonization problem (Indian-zhina and Algerian wars) means the end of weak administrative power.

The Fifth Republic of China

In p>1958, General Charles de Gaulle returned to the historical stage. He designed and established the fifth Republic system to strengthen the executive power. That is, the presidential system of universal suffrage was established. France has since entered a period of modernization and sustained economic growth. The student movement and social unrest in May 1968 reflected the anxiety of the younger generation, the lack of social order and the excessive centralization of state power, so General de Gaulle was forced to resign. However, the right-wing government still holds power. Georges Pompidou was president until his death in 1974. His successor, Valery Giscard d'Estaing, served seven years, but was defeated by francois mitterrand, the first left-wing president of the fifth Republic in 1981. Mitterrand was re-elected in 1988. On the whole, however, the French political arena in this period was characterized by the left-wing and right-wing governments taking turns to govern.

The establishment of a unified European market began

On December 1, 1993, the European Union was born on the basis of the European economic unity.

Jacques Chirac was elected President of the Republic of China

In May p>1995, Jacques Chirac was elected President of the Republic of China. On April 21, 1997, the National Assembly was dissolved. On May 25th and June 1st, the withdrawal was made.