Detailed information about Sumatra

A large island in Southeast Asia and western Indonesia. With an area of 473,000 square kilometers, it is the sixth largest island in the world and the largest island independently owned by Indonesia. With a population of 50 1.8 million, it is the second most populous island in Indonesia. It belongs to the tropical rainforest climate.

Located on the equator, it is one of the four main islands of Greater sunda islands. It faces the Malay Peninsula across the Straits of Malacca in the northeast, the Indian Ocean in the west, the South China Sea in the east, Java Island across the sunda strait in the southeast and andaman islands in the north.

Sumatra Island was called Suva Ladevie Pa (Sanskrit: Golden Island) in ancient China literature, because the mountainous area of Sumatra Island has been rich in gold since ancient times. In the 6th century, its reputation as "golden island" attracted many Portuguese explorers to Sumatra in search of gold.

Basic introduction Chinese name: mbth, Sumatra Island, alias: Jindo area: Indonesia area: ten provinces Geographical location: western Indonesia area: 473,400 square kilometers Population: 50180,000 Climate condition: tropical rain forest climate name source. History, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Western invasion, administrative regions, physical geography, topography, rivers, coasts, climate, biological resources, tsunami and earthquake, volcanic eruption, social economy, population, agriculture, industry, transportation, customs and wildlife. There are two versions about the origin of the name of Sumatra Island: First, the name of Sumatra Island comes from Sanskrit SamudraDvipa. Dvipa means "island", so Sumatra was called Sumutrahumi in ancient times, which means "glorious and beautiful countryside". The synonym of this name is Sumutrahumi, which evolved from Sumatra. Sumatra was called Andalas in ancient times, and this name originated from Arabic. Hundreds of years ago, rubber trees were widely planted on the island, so people called it "Pacija", which means "rubber island" in Indonesian. After Indonesia's independence, the island won the reputation of "Island of Hope". Sumatra is written in Indonesian, and English is used to spelling Sumatra. The name Sumatra has been recorded in Chinese ancient books for a long time, and the earliest record is in yuan dynasty history's Saizuji. It describes the 19th year of Zhiyuan (1282), when Sumudu stabbed the country and sent envoys to Korea. Sumudu thorn is the earliest translation of the island in Chinese historical books, and it was also translated into Sumudu thorn in Yuan History. The propaganda department of Laogang was established here in the Ming Dynasty. Later, its name can often be found in China's official history and many ancient books, but its translation is not uniform. In Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Sumatra, and modern books continue to use this translation. Sumatra Satellite Map History Sumatra Island is located on the main road of the Maritime Silk Road, so the economy is prosperous and some famous trading cities have emerged, mainly in the East. Indian religions, especially Buddhism, have also penetrated into this area. Historically, there are ancient countries in Sumatra, such as Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Brazil, Aceh, the orphan and Dai Li. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China (5th-6th century), there was a kingdom of Gando. In the middle of the 7th century, in the first year of Yonghui in the Tang Dynasty in China (650), Sri Lanka's national subjugation rose, replacing Ganduoli, which is located in the present Dagang area. This Buddhist kingdom ruled one side in the 7th-9th century and spread Malay culture in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and West Borneo through trade and physical conquest. But historians believe that the sphere of influence of this kingdom is limited to the coastal areas, and the inland areas are hardly affected by it. At the end of the 7th century, Yijing, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, visited Sri Lanka in the second year of the Tang Dynasty (67 1) and stayed for six months. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, in the first year of Tang Tianyou (904), it was renamed Sanfoqi, with Bolingbang (now Dagang) as its capital. At the end of 10, in the first year (960), in the second year (96 1), in the third year (962), in December of the third year, King Sanfo Qi sent a tribute to Tan Li in Daxia. 1 1 century, the influence of the Sri Lankan empire expanded to most parts of Sumatra, as well as other islands and mainland areas. In the second year of Song Yuanfeng (1079), on July 3rd, Sanfo Qi occupied the humble envoy to pay tribute to the Party; Yuan You three years (1089), in December to send tribute; Yuan You paid tribute again in September after five years (109 1). At this time, Bulingbang, the old capital of Sanfo Qi, has been occupied by East Java, and all the three Buddhist Qi countries have moved to Zhanbei. The forests of Sumatra were destroyed in the early13rd century. In the Song Dynasty, Quanzhou Shipping Company recommended Zhao Ru to write Zhufanzhi, which was in the first year of Baoqing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1225), and there was a special article describing the Three Buddhist Countries in detail. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/3rd century, Sanfo Qi's expedition to Xilan failed, and his national strength gradually weakened. 1377, the capital of Sanfo Qi fell into the hands of the Majapahit Bashi Empire on Java Island, and the kingdom was never recovered in Sumatra. At the end of 14, in the thirty years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1397), Sanfo Qi was destroyed by King Boyi of Java. Sumatra, Sumatra country, was called "Sumatra country" in Yuan Dynasty. It is located at the mouth of the Pasay River in Sumatra today, and there is also a small village called Sumatra. 1298 Kelpolo once described Samara, the country of Svensdana. Ibn battuta, an Arab traveler, once visited Xuwenda, which he called "Sumatra" (transliteration of "Samudra" in Arabic). However, ibn battuta's Travels did not receive due attention, and it was not rediscovered by western European academic circles until the 9th century. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Venetian traveler Nió Roda Kong Di traveled to Sumatra for one year. In his book Journey, he called Sumatra Shamuttera. /kloc-from the end of 0/3 to the ninth year of Yuan Dynasty (1282), a tribute will be sent to the kingdom of Wenda. It was renamed Sumatra Island in the Ming Dynasty, but it is still not the whole island of Sumatra. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1367), King Sumatra presented gold to Ye Ming, Ma and Fang. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and passed the coast of Sumatra many times. At that time, Ming Chengzu ordered Zheng He to give King Aceh a big clock, which is still displayed in Aceh Museum. In the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1406), Sultan Hanabi, king of Sumatra, sent Ali to pay tribute, and Emperor Zhao sealed Danhanbi as king of Sumatra, giving him seals and gold coins. Yongle sent envoys to pay tribute again in the fifth year. Subsequently, Sumatra was invaded by a lonely country, and the king of Sumatra was killed by a poisonous arrow. Prince Suganla was young, and the princess ordered that if a warrior could avenge the king and defend Sumatra, he would marry him. An old fisherman stepped forward and defeated the lonely country. The princess really married the old fisherman and addressed him as the old king. In the seventh year of Yongle (14 10), the old fisherman Wang came to the capital to pay tribute, and in the tenth year of Yongle (14 13), Ming Chengzu sent envoys to Sumatra. At this time, the former prince Suganla has grown up, corrected the people to kill the old fisherman king, and then corrected the people to flee to the mountains to build a thatched cottage. In the 13th year of Yongle (14 16), Zheng He, the eunuch of Sambo, captured the former Prince Su Ganla and escorted him back to Beijing for trial. The little fisherman Wang was grateful to tears. In the tenth year of Xuande (1436), Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty announced that the son of Little Fisherman Wang had succeeded to the throne. Later, Sumatra was destroyed by the Emirate of Aceh until the 20th century, and Sumatra became the name of the whole island. Since the western invasion in16th century, European powers-Portugal at first, then the Netherlands and Britain-have successively engaged in trade and war with the principality in the coastal areas of Sumatra, and established some fortresses here. The Anglo-Dutch treaties concluded by 1824 and 187 1 revoked Britain's sovereignty in Sumatra, while the Netherlands gradually brought inland areas into its sphere of influence through economic development and administrative means in the19th century. /kloc-In the 9th century, the kingdoms of Sumatra were defeated by Dutch colonists one after another, and only the Emirate of Aceh remained independent. In order to occupy this emirate, the Dutch paid a heavy price and fought the expensive Aceh War (1870-1905). After 30 years of war, the northern part of Aceh province was almost out of Dutch control at the beginning of the 20th century. During World War II, Sumatra was occupied by the Japanese, and 1950 became a part of Indonesia. Since then, Sumatrans have expressed dissatisfaction with the financial problems of the central government from time to time, and often launched rebellion or other regional social movements. One of the most famous is the situation in Aceh. Since 1990, armed conflicts have frequently broken out between Aceh separatists and Indonesian troops. At the end of 2004, Sumatra suffered a natural catastrophe, and the Indian Ocean tsunami (triggered by the strong earthquake along the coast of Aceh) ravaged the low-lying areas along the northwest coast and nearby islands, causing serious casualties and disasters. The whole island is divided into eight provinces, namely North Sumatra, Jambi, Riau, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, Bangka-Buridong, Mingulu and Nambang, and semi-autonomous Aceh province. The main cities are Medan, Dagang and Badong. About 3/5 of the population lives in rural areas; Medan in the northeast of Sumatra is the most densely populated area. In order to relieve overcrowding, Javanese moved to Nampong Province in southern Sumatra. The whole island of Sumatra * * * It is divided into nine provinces: administrative divisions Sumatra Aceh capital: Banda Aceh Bangka-Bulidong capital: Bangka Pinglang Mingulu capital: Mingulu Zhanbei. Capital of Nampong Province: capital of Bandar Nampong Riau Province: capital of Beigan Baruliau Province: capital of Tanjung Piong West Sumatra Province: capital of Padang South Sumatra Province: Dagang. G) North Sumatra Province-Capital: Physical geography of Medan Sumatra Island is northwest-southeast, mainly composed of barisan mountains in the west and lowland plains in the east. The western coastal plain is too narrow. Bali Mountain in the western half is a continuation of Cenozoic mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, stretching 1600 km from northwest to southeast, running through the whole island. There are more than 90 volcanoes here, the highest of which is Corinth volcano, with an altitude of 3800 meters. Due to the influence of volcanic ash, some areas are fertile and beneficial to agriculture. There are many lakes, the most famous of which is Doba Lake in the north of the mountain range, with an area of 1 140 square kilometers. It is the largest freshwater lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. Topographic map of Sumatra Island To the east of the mountain range, a powerful river flows down with sediment, forming a vast alluvial plain, which is all over the swamp, with the widest point reaching 100km. Although the eastern plain has less arable land, which is unfavorable to agriculture, its importance to Indonesia's economic development cannot be underestimated, because "oil is produced on the ground and oil is also produced underground": palm oil and oil. There are many rivers, mainly Muxi River, Batayan River, Indra Giri River and Gamba River, which are navigable. Among them, Hari River is the longest, with a navigation distance of 480 kilometers. Although Sumatra has a long coastline, the west coast lacks natural harbors. The reason is that it is often attacked by "Indian Ocean Waves". One kind of high rolling waves is a long row, two rows or three rows, which is strong enough to lift the fishing boat to the top of the wave and then turn it over and fall. Due to the phenomenon of "beating waves in the Indian Ocean", there are almost no natural harbors on the west coast of Sumatra Island. Climate Sumatra Island is crossed by the equator and belongs to the tropical rainforest climate (high temperature and rainy all year round, obvious in dry and wet seasons). Because of the high temperature and rainy all the year round, the temperature difference is not big, but the rainfall is obviously different. The annual precipitation on the west coast is 3000 mm, and it can reach 4500-6000 mm in mountainous areas; The annual precipitation from the eastern slope of the mountain range to the coastal plain is 2000-3000mm, and the annual precipitation at the north and south ends of the island is 1500- 1700mm. Biological resources Sumatra island accounts for 1/4 of Indonesia's territory. This is a veritable biological treasure house. There are only 176 species of mammals on the island. In addition, there are many reptiles and amphibians. The animals on the island include orangutans, various apes, elephants, tapirs, tigers, Sumatra rhinoceros, gibbons, tree shrews, flying foxes, wild boars and civets. In 2004, three national parks on the island (Loise, Klinzi-Seabra and Bukit barisan Seratan) were designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. With the increase of human activities in the local rainforest, biological resources are facing more and more serious threats, and the number of orangutans is less than 5000. According to the statistics of Indonesian Wildlife Conservation Foundation, there were only 132 rhinos in Sumatra in 200 1 year. The ecological and environmental problems in Sumatra have aroused widespread concern. I hope that Sumatra, a natural treasure house of life, will remain the same. Most of Sumatra Island is covered by tropical forests and belongs to the tropical rain forest belt. Except for the highlands, the climate of Sumatra Island is hot and extremely humid. Vegetation includes Sumatra pine, Mexican pine, Raffles, mahogany, bamboo, rhododendron, orchid, palm tree, oak tree, chestnut tree, ebony, ironwood, camphor tree, sandalwood and many other tree species that can be used to make rubber. These forests used to be the habitats of precious animals and plants (orangutans, tigers, tapirs, flowers, etc.). All kinds of tropical plants cover the whole territory and are full of vitality everywhere. Overlapping mountains are submerged by virgin forests, smooth rivers are surrounded by tall and straight coconut trees, and cities, villages, fields and roads are immersed in green oceans. The green ocean and blue sky form a harmonious and beautiful picture, which has become an eternal and beautiful scenery of Sumatra Island, leaving a deep impression on tourists. Unfortunately, the corruption and illegal forest development of Indonesian authorities put these virgin forests in danger of being destroyed. Even the so-called "protected areas" have been cut down. Tsunami and Earthquake At the end of 2004, Sumatra triggered the Indian Ocean tsunami. 20 10, 10125 October, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred in Sumatra, Indonesia, which subsequently triggered a huge tsunami. 201April 1 1, 16:38, an earthquake of magnitude 8.9 occurred on the west coast of North Sumatra. The focal depth is 33 kilometers. 19 At 00: 34 on March, an earthquake of magnitude 5.3 occurred in northern Sumatra (north latitude 1. 10 degrees, 98.75 degrees east longitude) with a focal depth of 80 kilometers. Main entry: 3. 12 Sumatra Earthquake Volcano Eruption 2012 On September 26th, Mount Merapi erupted in Sumatra, Indonesia, and a large amount of volcanic ash was sprayed to the west of the crater 1.5km ... The socio-economic population of Sumatra Island is about 37 million, and the population density is not high (85 people /㎞ 2). The densely populated areas include the central highlands of North Sumatra and West Sumatra, and the largest urban areas are concentrated in Dagang and Medan. Local residents speak 52 different languages, all belonging to Austronesian language family, and their cultures are very similar. In the east, Malay is the most common language, but in other areas, different ethnic groups use other languages: Nampong and Minangkabau are spoken in the south and middle, Bartak is spoken in the northern mountainous areas, and Aceh is spoken in the northernmost coastal areas. In urban areas, there are also overseas Chinese who use the Minnan language of Chinese. Most people in Sumatra believe in Islam, but the Bataks believe in Christianity (a religion spread by the Dutch). Besides, there are Hindus, Buddhists and Catholics. Agricultural products are mainly rice, coffee, rubber, tea, oil palm, tobacco and coconut. Export agricultural products include rubber, tobacco, tea, coffee, palm oil, ramie fiber, agarwood, dried coconut, betel nut, kapok, peanut and pepper. Vegetables for export are planted in the highlands of North Sumatra. The subsistence crops are corn, root crops, vegetables and rice. About13 of Indonesia's wood comes from Sumatra forest, which also produces various oils and fibers. Industry includes oil refining, mining, machinery, chemicals and food processing. Important cities include Medan, Badong and Dagang. The island's mountains, plains and northern coastal swamps are alternately distributed, making it the largest cash crop planting park in Indonesia. In addition to mineral resources such as tin and oil, various tropical cash crops such as rubber and coffee are mainly planted here. The export of this island accounts for more than 60% of Indonesia's products, which shows the importance of Sumatra in Indonesia's economy. Sumatra and its adjacent islands contain oil, natural gas, tin, bauxite, coal, gold, silver and other minerals. Umbilin coalfield near Sawahlunto covers an area of about 100 square kilometers. Other coalfields include deposits in Mount Ascen and South Sumatra. In the Dumai area of Riau province, Indonesia, there are several oil wells with the highest production; Dagang and Pangkalan Brandan also have oil fields. There is a perfect road network in the northeast of Sumatra, Padang Plateau and the south of Sumatra, and other places can only be accessed through mountain roads and rivers. The Northwest-Southeast Sumatra Highway was completed in1980s ... There are independent and unconnected railway networks in northern, central and southern Sumatra. An Indonesian airline has flights to and from major cities. Including the adjacent islands, the area is 482,393 ㎞ 2. Population: 43,309,707, including neighboring islands (2000). The language of Sumatra belongs to Austronesian family (Malay-Polynesian family). Aceh people live in the northwest, Gajo people and Alas people live in the north-central mountainous area, Batak people live around and south of Lake Doba, and Minangkabao people (the largest ethnic group in the area) live in Badong Highland. The west coast of southeast Pakistan is inhabited by Redjang, Lebong mountain people and coastal residents of Nampong. Malays living along the coast and the river are the majority on the east coast and the vast southern plain, and speak Malay (Indonesian language family), the common language of Indonesia. Minangkabau and Batak are best at receiving western education. Most Sumatrans are Muslims, but some residents are Christians and animists. Sumatra is also known as Minangkaba Island, which means "Buffalo's Victory". There is an interesting story about the origin of this name. 1500 years ago, Java and Malaya had a dispute over the ownership of Sumatra. In order to avoid bloody conflict, the two sides came up with a wonderful way: each side chooses a buffalo that can represent its own, let them fight, and decide the ownership of Sumatra island by winning or losing. Sumatra was named "Minangkaba Island" from then on, and the custom of bullfighting is still circulating in Indonesia. Bataks in Sumatra are forbidden to talk directly with their father-in-law and daughter-in-law. When they have something to say, they must go through an intermediary. If the father-in-law wants to ask his daughter-in-law if there are any eggs at home, he has to ask, "Muhammad, ask my daughter-in-law if there are any eggs at home." Daughter-in-law must also answer like this: "Muhammad, please tell my father-in-law that I just bought a big bamboo basket yesterday." In this question and answer, Muhammad, as a middleman, can stay out of it and ignore what the two are talking about, because the father-in-law and daughter-in-law can hear each other and don't need others to convey. If my father-in-law and daughter-in-law meet outside, and both of them want to say hello out of courtesy, and there is no third party next to them, then stones and trees on the roadside can act as "middlemen". On the southwest coast of Sumatra, there are a series of islands called mentawai islands. There are tribal men living on this island who like tattoos. People call them "flower people". Because the natural environment here is closed, flower people have always maintained the habit of tattooing. Tattooists boil the dye with palm tree juice and charcoal, then stab the tattooed person into various patterns with a needle, and then dye it with color juice, so that the tattoo pattern on the body will be preserved for life. This tattoo was done in a solemn and simple ceremony, not once. Everyone has to do it several times in his life, usually from an early age, and finally he can finish the tattoo work. They think this is a beautification of a person. Because they basically wear clothes, they just wrap some leaves or tie a piece of cloth at the lower part of their waist, so the beauty of their patterns can be seen at a glance. According to the National Geographic website, from 2004 to 2009, researchers from Wildlife Conservation International (FFI) and Derel Institute of Biological Conservation and Ecology of the University of Kent in the United Kingdom conducted a five-year research project in Klinesebrat National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia. They captured many rare species with automatic cameras installed in the park, including Sumatra tigers and Sunda clouded leopards. 1. Sumatran Tiger In May 2007, a Sumatran tiger walked in the direction of an automatic camera in Klinsebrat National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia. Sumatran tiger is listed as an "extremely endangered" species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Klinsisblatt National Park is also one of the last shelters for Sumatran tigers. From 2004 to 2009, a research team installed an automatic camera in this national park to capture every move of Sumatran tigers. Conservationists say it is also one of the largest projects of its kind in history. Biological Resources in Sumatra During the implementation of this project, a research team composed of researchers from Wildlife Conservation International (FFI) and Derel Institute of Biological Conservation and Ecology of Kent University in the United Kingdom took photos of 35 Sumatran tigers. It is estimated that the total number of Sumatran tigers may be only about 500. Wildlife Conservation International released the first photos of Sumatran tigers and other forest species captured in this project last week. Mike Linkie of the International Wildlife Conservation Organization said that unlike the well-known Bengal tigers and Siberian tigers, Sumatran tigers "have not gained international fame, in part because they always hide in the dense evergreen tropical rain forest, which is very difficult to record." Ringer said that two other tiger species in Indonesia, the Bali tiger and the Java tiger, have become extinct, and the Sumatran tiger "is very likely to follow in their footsteps and become history" because it was illegally hunted in Sumatra. However, he said, the international community has not given up hope of saving the Sumatran tiger. For example, the International Wildlife Conservation Organization has set up five anti-poaching teams in Klintseblatt National Park. 2. Sunda clouded leopard In this photo taken in 65438+February 2006, a Sunda clouded leopard is foraging around. In 2007, scientists discovered that Sunda clouded leopards in Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia are actually different species. Before that, Sunda clouded leopard was considered to belong to the same species as mainland clouded leopard. Due to deforestation, the number of Sunda clouded leopards has been decreasing, and now it is less than 1 1,000, which is listed as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. 3. In May 2006, 90 years after the disappearance of the Sumatran cuckoo, the automatic camera finally captured the figure of the Sumatran cuckoo. The last time people saw this bird was when it was first discovered in 19 16. Ringer said that automatic cameras accidentally caught poachers looking for Sumatran ground cuckoos in the park. In one set of photos, a hunter "obviously found the flash, because in the next photo, he passed the camera from the same direction, but the camera still caught him wearing shorts and holding a cigarette in his mouth." 4. Asian tapirs In September 2006, two Asian tapirs appeared in Blatter National Park in Klines under the cover of night. Asian tapirs, also known as Malai tapirs, are listed as endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In the past 30 years, their numbers in Southeast Asia have been declining. According to IUCN, the decrease of tapirs in Asia is mainly due to the conversion of forests into palm oil plantations and habitat loss caused by other human activities.