Junior high school geography knowledge points summary geography test sites must be memorized.

Junior high school geography knowledge points inductive summary daquan (boutique)

Full version of compulsory examination

(1) climate

1. temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10.

2. From the equator to two levels, the temperature gradually decreases.

3. The main climate types in the world

(1) tropical climate

① Tropical rain forest ② Tropical grassland ③ Tropical desert ④ Tropical monsoon

(2) Subtropical climate

① Mediterranean Sea ② Subtropical Monsoon ③ Subtropical Humidity ④ Subtropical Desert

(3) Temperate climate

① Temperate ocean ② Temperate monsoon ③ Temperate continental

(4) Sub-frigid climate

(5) Cold climate

① Polar ice sheet ② Polar tundra

4. Climate types in China.

Tropical monsoon, subtropical monsoon, temperate monsoon, plateau mountain, temperate continental, tropical rain forest.

(2) Asia

1. Geographical location

Asia is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Bering Strait and North America in the northeast, Oceania across the sea in the southeast, Suez Canal and Africa in the southwest, and Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Turkish Strait and Europe in the northwest.

2. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

3. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, the three major religions in the world.

5. Topography: The topography of Asia fluctuates greatly, with high in the middle and low around.

6. Best in Asia

(1) The highest plateau in the world: the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

(2) The highest mountain in the world: Mount Everest.

(3) The largest plain in the world: Amazon Plain; The largest plain in Asia: West Siberia Plain.

(4) The largest lake in the world: Caspian Sea.

7. Climate: The Asian continent spans cold zone, warm zone and hot zone. The main features of climate are complex and diverse climate types, typical monsoon climate and obvious continental nature.

8. Asia is the most populous continent in the world, including East Asia. Southeast Asia is a densely populated area.

9. The most populous country in Asia is China, followed by India.

10. Singapore has the highest population density in Asia. The lowest population density is Mongolia.

(3) topography

Step distribution of (1) terrain

The first step: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 4,500 meters.

Step 2: Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Sichuan Basin, with an average elevation of 1000-2000m.

Step 3: The vast plains with hills and low mountains are mostly below 500 meters above sea level. Northeast Plain, North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are distributed from north to south, and the edge of the plain is inlaid with low mountains and hills.

Step 4: The shallow sea area of China continental shelf is in the east, and the water depth is mostly less than 200m.

(2) The influence of topography is high in the west and low in the east.

Influence temperature: The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature.

Impact on precipitation: The mountainous area faces the summer monsoon, forming topographic precipitation, and the leeward slope has less precipitation.

Affect airflow: mountainous areas are easy to hinder airflow movement, so the temperature and precipitation are very different.

Affect the river: limit the flow direction of the river; Affect the river drop

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points 1

Two inland areas and a province in the north.

1. Location, topography and climate

Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu are located in the northwest inland areas, and the terrain is mainly plateau. The main plateaus are Inner Mongolia Plateau and Loess Plateau, which belong to the inland plateau on the second step.

2. Junior high school geography knowledge points summarize animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture.

Animal husbandry plays an important role in this area. Excellent varieties are: Sanhe Horse, Sanhe Cattle, Inner Mongolia Horse, Inner Mongolia Fine Wool Sheep, Ningxia Tan Sheep, etc. It is an important animal husbandry base in China.

Hexi Corridor, Ningxia Plain and Hetao Plain are all arid areas and important irrigated agricultural areas.

3. Rich minerals and Baotou Steel City

The reserves of coal, oil, nickel, rare earth and iron ore in this area occupy an important position in the country. The proven coal reserves in Inner Mongolia are second only to Shanxi, ranking second in the country. The four open-pit coal mines of Yimin River, Huolinhe River, Yuanbaoshan and Junggar are being built as important energy bases. Baotou developed its iron and steel industry by using the coal of Baotou, the iron of Baiyun Obo and the water of the Yellow River, and was called "the city of grassland". Baotou has rare reserves.

4. Junior high school geography knowledge points summarize traffic and important cities.

The main railway lines in this area are: Bao Jing, Baolan, Lan Xin, Longhai, Jiji, Jingtong, Binzhou and Lanqing. Lanzhou is the most important railway transportation center in northwest China, Yinchuan has been known as a famous city on the frontier since ancient times, Hohhot is the political, economic and cultural center of Inner Mongolia, and there is a tomb of Zhaojun in the south of the city.

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points II

Yunnan Province

Yunnan is located in the southwest frontier of the motherland, bordering Guangxi and Guizhou in the east, Sichuan and Tibet in the north, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the southwest and south. It covers an area of about 394,000 square kilometers, ranking eighth in the country.

Yunnan province has a high terrain in the northwest and a low terrain in the southeast, which is generally stepped. Kage Peak is the highest peak in the province, with an altitude of 6740 meters, while the Yuanjiang exit in Hekou County is only 764 meters, which is the lowest point in the province. From west to east, Gaoligong Mountain and Robbie Snow Mountain-Nushan Mountain and Yunling Mountain are arranged, and Nujiang River, Lancang River and Jinsha River are sandwiched between high mountains, which is called "Three Parallel Rivers".

There are more than 600 rivers in Yunnan, which are rich in hydropower resources. According to estimates, the annual power generation can reach 400 billion kWh.

Yunnan's climate is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, with obvious vertical changes, but no obvious temperature changes. From the northwest to the Yuanjiang River Basin, the annual average temperature rose from 7℃ to 22℃. Precipitation varies greatly, generally less in the central and northern parts, and more in the southeast and southwest.

Affected by the three-dimensional climate and complex terrain, Yunnan's crops are diversified, including rice, wheat, jade and other major food crops and tea, tobacco, rape, sugarcane, cotton and other cash crops.

There are many kinds of animals and plants in the province, which is known as "animal kingdom" and "plant kingdom". Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points There are about 40,000 species of plants in China and about 20,000 species in Yunnan, accounting for more than half of the country. There are more than 0/600 species of wild vertebrates, accounting for 56% of the national total. There are 250,000 species of insects listed in China, and there are more than 1,000 species of/kloc-0 in Yunnan.

The province has many kinds of mineral deposits and large reserves, so it has the reputation of "Kingdom of Nonferrous Metals".

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points Kunming is a developing tourist city, with picturesque scenery, frequent spring scenery and numerous places of interest, and has the reputation of "Spring City".

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points 3

The main problems of regional development.

1. Desertification Control in Northwest China

(1) The causes of desertification are: ① natural factors. The surface of northwest China is covered with deep and loose sandy sediments except mountains and hills, and the strong winds are frequent and concentrated, which provides conditions for sandstorm activities. Northwest China has less precipitation all the year round, and the drought lasts for a long time, which promotes the development of desertification. Excessive logging and overgrazing have seriously damaged resources; Improper use of water; Irrational farming and extensive management, as well as other human activities.

(2) Desertification control and its main measures: ① Establish control objectives, implement national laws on environment and resources, and realize the coordination of ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits; According to different natural conditions and the nature of various external forces, adjust measures to local conditions; ③ Establish and improve the control implementation system.

2. Summary of junior high school geography knowledge of soil erosion prevention and control

(1) Causes of soil erosion

At present, the situation of soil erosion in China is very serious, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square kilometers. Soil erosion has occurred in the Yellow River basin, the Yangtze River basin, the hilly mountainous areas in the south and the rocky mountainous areas in the north.

Soil erosion is influenced by many natural factors, such as precipitation, wind, topography, soil and vegetation cover. But human factors are the main reasons for the loss of modern water resources, mainly referring to the destruction of vegetation, unreasonable farming system and mining.

(2) Methods and approaches to comprehensively control soil erosion.

(1) compression of agricultural land, focusing on the construction of Sichuan land, tableland, dam land and gentle slope terraces, fully tapping water resources, improving local land productivity, and gradually building high-yield and stable-yield basic farmland; ② Expand the planting area of forest and grass; (3) Improve the natural grassland vegetation and appropriately reduce the number of livestock in places where grazing is overloaded; Implement rotational grazing to protect grassland in order to facilitate soil and water conservation; ④ Store topsoil in a planned way.

3. Cross-regional allocation of junior high school geography knowledge summary resources

(1) South-to-North Water Transfer Project

① Distribution of water resources in China.

The regional distribution of water resources in China is very uneven. The general trend is basically consistent with precipitation, decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. The Yangtze River basin and its south rivers account for more than 80% of the country's runoff, and the cultivated land area is less than 40% of the country's, belonging to water-rich areas. However, the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and Northwest China account for 50% of the country's area, 45% of the cultivated land and 36% of the population, and the total water resources are only 12% of the country, which belongs to water-deficient areas. The lack of water resources in northwest and north China has become a restrictive factor for local economic development.

(2) Specific measures of "South-to-North Water Transfer"

In order to alleviate the pressure of water shortage in the northern region, China has implemented the "South-to-North Water Transfer Project", which divides the Yangtze River into three lines: east, middle and west.

The East Line Project is to take water from the Yangtze River near Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, use and expand the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and its parallel rivers, gradually lift water northward, pass through Hongze Lake, Lake, Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake, cross the Yellow River near Weishan, and then pass through the adjacent canals, Wei Canal and South Canal, and flow to Tianjin by itself. The purpose of the East Route Water Diversion Project is to solve the water shortage problem in the eastern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

The mid-line water transfer project takes water from Danjiangkou Reservoir of Hanjiang River, a tributary of the north bank of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, along the Funiu Mountain and the piedmont plain of Taihang Mountain, and crosses the four major river basins of Jiang, Huai, Huang and Hai to Beijing and Tianjin. The purpose of the middle route water transfer project is to solve the water shortage problem in Beijing and Tianjin, the western part of North China Plain and parts of Hubei and Henan along the route.

The west route water transfer project transfers water from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The water diversion project builds dams and reservoirs on the main tributaries of Tongtian River, Yalong River and Dadu River respectively, and uses water diversion to the Yellow River. The purpose of the West Line Water Transfer Project is to solve the water shortage problem in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces.

(2) Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points: West-East gas transmission.

① Distribution of natural gas resources in China.

China has abundant natural gas reserves on the continental shelf and offshore. The land areas are mainly concentrated in Sichuan, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, Qaidam Basin and Tarim Basin. The overall pattern is more in the west and less in the east, and more in the north and less in the south. 1999, the annual output of natural gas in Sichuan, Chongqing, Xinjiang, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and Qinghai provinces reached 654.38+0.2 billion cubic meters, accounting for 52% of the national natural gas output.

② Specific measures for West-to-East Gas Transmission

"West Gas" mainly refers to the natural gas produced in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan and Chongqing and Ordos. "East transmission" mainly refers to the transportation of natural gas from the above areas to the Yangtze River Delta, as well as Xining, Lanzhou, Beijing, Tianjin, Hunan and Hubei.

(3) Power transmission from west to east

① Distribution of power resources in China.

The existing reserves of coal resources in western China account for 62% of the country, mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Yunnan, Ningxia and other places, which has laid a good foundation for vigorously developing thermal power industry in this region.

The western region of China is rich in hydropower resources, and the exploitable hydropower resources account for 72% of the whole country.

There is a big gap in the demand for electricity and energy in eastern China.

(2) Specific measures for the project of "Power Transmission from West to East".

China's "Power Transmission from West to East" project is divided into three channels: north, middle and south.

The northern passage is mainly concentrated in North China and Northwest China. The main task is to transport the electricity from the coal-fired power bases in the three western regions (namely, western Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Shaanxi) and hydropower stations in the upper reaches of the Yellow River to the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region.

The middle passage will be developed along the Yangtze River, which is a deep valley passage and can develop 22 hydropower stations. With the development and construction of cascade hydropower stations centered on the Three Gorges Project, tens of thousands of kilowatts of powerful electricity will be continuously sent to Central China, East China, Fujian, Guangdong and other regions.

Nantong Road mainly develops hydropower in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi, supplemented by thermal power in Guizhou and other places, and sends electricity to eastern power load centers such as Guangdong.

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points 4

Development of western China

(1) the significance of western development

From the overall strategy, the development of the four regions has a very significant strategic position in the long-term social and economic development of China.

The western part of China borders more than a dozen countries, and there are more than 50 ethnic minorities living there, accounting for 70% of the national minority population. Therefore, the development of the western region is related to social stability, national unity and border defense consolidation.

(2) The western region is located in the upper reaches of major rivers in China. Serious eco-environmental problems such as soil erosion, soil desertification and geological disasters in this area not only hinder its own economic and social development, but also pose a serious threat to the economic and social development of the middle and lower reaches of the eastern region. Therefore, it is of great significance to revitalize the western economy, strengthen the comprehensive management of the ecological environment and form a virtuous circle of economic and ecological development.

(3) The western region is China's future reserve and supply of energy, minerals and raw materials, and its development is the need to realize China's strategic security.

(4) The development of the western region is conducive to adjusting the economic structure of China, providing new development space for the industrial upgrading and the transfer of capital, technology and talents in the eastern region, thus helping to improve the overall economic strength of China.

The western region has great market potential, which is beneficial to the economic prosperity of China.

Accelerating the development and opening up of the western border areas is conducive to further deepening China's opening up.

(2) the advantages of the western region

① There are abundant land resources such as barren hills suitable for forest and available natural grasslands in the west.

(2) The western region is rich in mineral resources with complete varieties, and many minerals occupy an important position in the country. There are many rich minerals in it, which is very beneficial to exploration and development, and it is a strategic replacement area for China's future resources. In addition, the western region is also the region with concentrated hydropower resources in China. The exploitable hydraulic resources account for 72% of the national total.

③ The natural tourism resources in the western region are abundant, numerous and widely distributed. By the end of 1997, there were 385 nature reserves in the western region, accounting for 4 1.58% of the national total, and the area of nature reserves accounted for 83. 15% of the national total. In addition, the western region is rich in cultural relics and unique ethnic customs.

④ The Western Regions are located in the inland frontier, bordering 14 countries, with a border of nearly 20,000 kilometers. It has long-standing political, economic and cultural ties with neighboring countries and regions, and has a good foundation for economic and technological cooperation. The western region is an important gateway for China to develop westward.

(3) Junior high school geography knowledge points summarize the problems faced by the western development.

① The infrastructure is seriously inadequate. Traffic and communication facilities are weak, and water conservancy facilities are seriously inadequate.

(2) The ecological environment is seriously deteriorated, with dry climate, sparse vegetation, extensive soil erosion and serious grassland degradation, desertification and alkalization.

It is obvious that the industrial structure is unreasonable.

Science and technology education is backward and high-quality talents are lacking.

(4) Junior high school geography knowledge points summarize the main measures of the western development.

(1) At present, priority should be given to infrastructure construction. All regions should focus on highway construction, strengthen the construction of railways, airports and natural gas pipelines, strengthen the construction of power grids, communications, factory radio and television and facilities in large and medium-sized cities, and especially put the rational development of water resources and water-saving work in a prominent position.

(2) Doing a good job in ecological environment protection and construction has become the fundamental task of western development, and comprehensive measures such as "returning farmland to forests, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, replacing food with relief, and individual contracting" should be taken.

(3) Actively seek measures and methods to optimize and upgrade the industrial structure. First, strengthen the basic position of agriculture, optimize the agricultural structure and increase farmers' income; Second, rationally develop and protect resources and promote the transformation of resource advantages into advantages; Third, accelerate the pace of industrial restructuring, restructuring and transformation; Fourth, vigorously develop the tertiary industry such as tourism.

Vigorously develop science and technology and education.