The merits and demerits of Hongdi.

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding minority politician and reformer.

He advocated Chinese culture, practiced sinicization, banned Hu Fu and Hu Yu, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed surnames and banned burial, which improved the cultural level of Xianbei people. It is the summary of ethnic integration after the northwest ethnic groups entered the Central Plains one after another, and it has played an important role in China.

Vigorously promoting the sinicization policy has promoted national integration.

Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in Northern Wei Dynasty

(1) Formulate the salary system for officials and rectify the management of officials.

In the old society, officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty had no salary, and the central officials obtained the property and labor obtained in the war according to their grades. As long as local officials pay a certain amount of taxes and silks, they can search the people at will. As a result, the bureaucracy was dark and corruption was prevalent, which caused very serious consequences and directly threatened the stability of the Northern Wei regime. In order to clarify the official management and consolidate the rule, in 484, the salary system was implemented. The imperial edict said, "Therefore, the Old Testament chapter is the beginning of the key link. Families add three horses, and Gu Yingjiu fights, thinking that the lawsuit will be rewarded. They are all pre-adjusted, that is, they are also commercial. " ("Shu Wei Gao Zuji") The salary system is a unified rent adjustment levied by the state, which raises Lu Yin and distributes it to officials according to their levels. Officials are not allowed to raise money by themselves. At the same time, the class salary is closely linked to the heavy penalty of bribery, which stipulates the heavy penalty measure of "the horse thief dies after the trip". The salary system implemented by Emperor Xiaowen, as well as the closely related rectification of bureaucracy and punishment of corruption, made the bureaucratic situation of the Northern Wei Dynasty start to improve obviously, provided a favorable political situation for the Northern Wei regime to carry out various reforms, and became an important factor to promote the prosperity of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The history books once praised the era of Emperor Xiaowen, which was in line with the actual situation at that time, that is, "the Ming Dynasty should be preserved, rewards and punishments must be done, the old track must be changed, and the law should be served at that time" (preface to the biography of Shu Wei's good officials).

(2) Implement the land equalization system.

Since the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, people have been exiled, resulting in "smoke-free thousands of miles", a large number of land abandoned, and the government controlled a large number of uninhabited wasteland, making it possible to implement the equal land system. In order to ease social contradictions, develop agricultural production and increase national tax revenue, in 485, Feng Taihou and Emperor Xiaowen adopted the suggestion of Wang Anshi, the minister, and issued an order of land equalization to implement the land equalization system. That is to say, according to certain standards, the land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming on average, and land may not be bought or sold. If not, it will be taken back by the government. At the same time, encourage the reclamation of wasteland and develop production. The implementation of the land equalization system has a far-reaching impact: first, the landless peasants have obtained the ownerless wasteland to a certain extent, and farmers have the possibility to live and work in peace and contentment, and their enthusiasm for production has increased. At the same time, a large area of wasteland has been reclaimed, and the grain output has been increasing, which has actively promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy; Secondly, the land equalization system is the land ownership system of feudal countries, which does not touch the interests of feudal landlords. On the one hand, it is beneficial for the state to collect taxes and corvee, on the other hand, it promotes the feudalization of the Northern Wei regime and fundamentally consolidates the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Thirdly, the implementation of the equal land system greatly promoted the transformation of backward nomadic life of all ethnic groups in the north to feudal farmers, and promoted the emergence of the climax of great ethnic integration in the north during this period; In addition, the farmland equalization system had a great influence on the farmland system of later generations, which was adopted in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty for more than 300 years. The choice and implementation of this system laid a solid material foundation for the emergence of China's feudal heyday.

(3) Establish a three-long system

In 486, in order to cooperate with the implementation of the equal land system and strengthen local control, the imperial court adopted the suggestion of Minister Li Chong and implemented the three-long system. Regulations: five households and one neighbor; Five neighbors and one mile long; Set up a party leader in Wuli and choose a person who is "strong and sincere" in his hometown as the party leader. The "three-long system" was the grass-roots administrative organization in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Its duties are to check the household registration, collect taxes, call up for military service and corvee, and implement the system of land equalization. The implementation of the "three-long system" has improved the administrative system from the central government to the local government, ensured the effective control of the people by the state, and is conducive to the implementation of the land equalization system.

(4) Implementing new rent modulation

At the same time of implementing the three-long system, a new land rent modulation adapted to the land equalization system was promulgated. It is stipulated that a couple should pay a piece of millet stone, silk or cloth to the government every year. This system has greatly reduced the burden on farmers, and many farmers sheltered by powerful people have taken refuge in the government, becoming citizens of the country and increasing the government's income.

These reform measures are aimed at developing production, easing contradictions and consolidating political power, forming a whole set of political and economic systems with the equal land system as the core. These systems influenced and interacted with each other, which effectively promoted the economic recovery and development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, consolidated the political power of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the deeper reform of Emperor Xiaowen in his later period.

In 490, Feng Taihou died of illness, Emperor Xiaowen came to power, and the reform of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered a new stage. In order to continue the reform, Emperor Xiaowen first decided to move the capital to Luoyang.

The capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty is a city of peace, which is not conducive to the needs of social development. First of all, politically, Pingcheng is a place where Xianbei nobles are concentrated, with strong conservative forces and deep ethnic barriers. In order to strengthen the rule of the Central Plains, the cooperation of Han landlords is urgently needed. Therefore, in the old capital Pingcheng, the further development of reform will inevitably encounter many obstacles; Secondly, economically, the northern part of Pingcheng is cold, and snowstorms and sandstorms often occur in June. At that time, someone wrote a poem "Sad City of Peace", saying: "Sad City of Peace, driving horses into the clouds, often snowing in cloudy mountains, no wind stops." The popular ballad goes like this: "If you freeze the birds to death at the top of the mountain (now east of Datong City, Shanxi Province), why not fly and play!" The harsh climate and environment make it difficult to adapt to economic development and there is no land and water transportation. With the increase of population, food supply is often difficult. Thirdly, militarily, compared with Rouran in the north, it is often harassed and unsafe; Moreover, geographically, the position north of Pingcheng is even more unfavorable to the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule over the whole Central Plains. Based on the above understanding, Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In order to ensure the smooth progress of moving the capital, Emperor Xiaowen carefully arranged to move the capital in the name of "Southern Expedition". In 495, the Northern Wei Dynasty officially moved its capital to Luoyang.

With the move of the capital, a large number of Xianbei people poured into the mainland, and the Northern Wei government faced many new problems: the custom of Xianbei people was to knit left-handed trousers, men wore trousers and women led small sleeve, most of them could not speak Chinese, which was not in line with the custom of the Central Plains; Moreover, the newcomers came to Luoyang for the first time, living without a house and rafters, unable to eat enough, not good at agriculture and nostalgic for the old days. If these problems are not solved in time, it will seriously hinder the exchanges between ethnic groups and the development of economy and culture, which is not conducive to the consolidation of the Northern Wei regime. With the support of Wang Su, Li Chong, Li Biao, Gao Lv and other Han scholars, Emperor Xiaowen immediately set out to reform Xianbei old customs, and made every effort to promote Sinicization. The main measures are:

Simple clothes. 4951February 2, the imperial edict forbade the gentry to wear Hu clothes, and stipulated that Xianbei people and other northern ethnic minorities should all wear Han clothes. Emperor Xiaowen himself took the lead in wearing Hanfu, and when he met the minister, "the class gave him a crown suit." It is suggested that teachers use two pictures in the textbook "Warrior Zhang Heng of Northern Wei Dynasty" and "Civil Servant and Military Commander of Northern Wei Dynasty" to make students compare and point out what changes have taken place in the dress style of Xianbei people, and what is the significance of this change? Let students start with the perceptual knowledge of Xianbei people's clothing changes, and then form a rational understanding of Emperor Xiaowen's reform measures of "changing clothes". These reform measures have a powerful role in promoting the transformation and development of Xianbei people to the farming civilization in the Central Plains.

Speak Chinese. Emperor Xiaowen declared Chinese as "orthography". Calling Xianbei language "Northern Language" requires courtiers to "break the Northern Language and follow the correct pronunciation". In June, the imperial edict was officially issued: "No dialogue with the imperial court in Beiguan language is allowed. If you break the law, you will be exempted from official residence. " Ordered officials to speak Chinese in court, but officials over the age of 30 were hard to change for a while, but they still spoke Xianbei dialect and were not punished for the time being; Officials under the age of 30 must strictly enforce laws and regulations, otherwise they will be demoted.

Change Chinese surname. In the first month of the 20th year of Taihe (496), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the compound surname of Xianbei to be changed into monosyllabic Chinese surname. In the imperial edict, he said: "The name or copy of the old family of heroes who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang should be changed." So, at that time, he took the lead in changing Tuoba's family name to Yuanshi County, because the northerners called Tutuo, which was later called postscript, and Wei Zhu thought that their ancestors were the Yellow Emperor and the soil was king, so he took Tuoba's family name. And the earth is yellow, which is the yuan of all things, so it was renamed yuan. Other Xianbei surnames were also changed to Han surnames. After the change of surname, the surname of Xianbei nationality is exactly the same as that of Han nationality. He also referred to the practice of determining the rank of Xianbei nationality by the Han people's gate valve system, and selected talents and appointed officials according to the rank.

Get married. In order to further integrate the Xianbei and Han nationalities, Emperor Xiaowen also strongly advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. He took the lead in using the daughters of Cui Zongbo in Qinghe, Zheng in Xingyang, Taiyuan and Shaanxi as harem, and personally sublet rooms for his six younger brothers. Among the six princesses, except for the second brother's wife, who was born in Xianbei, the rest were famous Han gentry in the Central Plains. Through this kind of marriage, the interests and destiny of the rulers of the two nationalities are closely linked to consolidate their rule. It is suggested that teachers guide students to compare the "pro-marriage" policy in Han Dynasty, and further deepen their understanding of the far-reaching influence of this reform measure on strengthening ethnic ties, easing ethnic contradictions and promoting ethnic integration. Then understand that "political marriage" is an important strategy to deal with ethnic relations and political contradictions.

Change your native place. Emperor Xiaowen issued an imperial edict stipulating that Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang were buried in Henan after their death, but not in Pingcheng. As a result, Xianbei people who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang began to manage small plots of land and build several houses, and gradually became individual farmers in the Central Plains. Since Emperor Xiaowen established Luoyang as the capital, four Northern Wei emperors have been buried in Mangshan area in the northern suburb of Luoyang, namely, Emperor Xiaowen's Changling, Xuan Wudi Jingling, Ming Di Dingling and Xiao Zhuang Jingling.

Emperor Xiaowen advocated Chinese culture, practiced sinicization, banned Hu Fu and Hu Yu, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed his surname and banned burial, which improved the cultural level of Xianbei people. It is a national fusion after the northwest nationalities entered the Central Plains one after another, which played an important role in the formation and development of the Chinese nation.