I want to play for a few days. Who can tell me about Shunde Tese Cultural Scenic Spot?

The ancient villages in the Pearl River Delta generally have rich regional cultural characteristics of Guangfu, and most of them are comb-shaped layout and houses with three rooms and two corridors. However, due to the differences in physical geography, unbalanced regional development, different ethnic groups and foreign cultures, different settlement cultural landscapes are formed in the spatial landscape.

In Gaoming, Heshan, northern Sanshui, Huadu, Baiyun District, Conghua, Zengcheng, Dongguan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and other areas, it is the front of the intersection of Guangfu and Hakka cultures. Influenced by Hakka architectural culture, Guangfu villages, such as the villages in the northwest edge of Guanghua Plain in the Pearl River Delta, such as the northeast of Huadu, the northeast of Baiyun District and the south of Conghua, have formed architectural features of Guangfu and Hakka style. The western Guangke front in Dongguan and Shenzhen-Hong Kong areas forms Guangfuwei village; In Wuyi area of the Tanjiang River Basin in the southwest of the Pearl River Delta, due to the struggle of the indigenous ethnic groups, especially influenced by the western architectural culture transplanted by overseas Chinese in modern times, the original comb-shaped houses, Ming-style houses, three rooms and two corridors have been converted into western-style Lu-style houses, and defensive buildings such as watchtowers are all around the village. A large number of modern watchtowers with strong western architectural style have been built in overseas Chinese villages, which have broken through the box of "comb-shaped layout" in layout and are based on defensive functions. Similarly, the newly-built Lu-style houses with western style are increasingly deviating from the uniform roadway scale, or placed in front of the village, behind the village, or even at the edge of the village. Although they still maintain the layout of the ranks, they are always far away from the old houses, forming a unique village landscape of overseas Chinese. [1] The topographical features of Sanshui, the northern South China Sea, the southwest of Huadu and the south-central part are staggered by plains, hills and river branches, which make the villages in this area mostly built by mountains, showing a regular comb layout, with a semi-moon pond in front, forming a "comb layout" village landscape of banyan trees, ponds and cymbals; In the Shatian area, such as the northwest, northeast of Zhongshan and south of Panyu, due to the late development and straight rivers, most of the banks are residential areas of the egg people after landing, forming a settlement landscape of Shatian, Heyong and Maoliao; However, in Shunde, the two banks of the Pearl River back channel and other areas with dense river networks in the west and north rivers and intersections, the regular comb layout has become free, presenting a typical Lingnan water town landscape with banyan trees, rivers and cymbals.

the "lingnan water town" referred to in this paper is a settlement type of China water town, which has existed or existed in the history of the Pearl River Delta region, with contiguous mulberry fish ponds or fruit forests and commercial agricultural areas of flowers as the open external space, and has a strong architectural style of Guangfu ethnic group and the natural landscape characteristics of Lingnan subtropical climate vegetation. The reason why it is named "Lingnan" is convenient to be symmetrical with "Jiangnan water town". During 22-24, the author focused on Xingtan Town, Shunde, and investigated a number of cultural relics of Lingnan water towns in the Pearl River Delta. Now, this article is written by combining the results of field investigation with the records of documents, and briefly discusses the most important aspects in the Pearl River Delta from the aspects of flat terrain, natural conditions intertwined with river networks, regional development and county-level establishment, the prosperity of clan system since Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of culture and education since Song and Ming Dynasties, and the development of commodity pond agriculture since Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1. Landscape features of Lingnan water town in Shunde

The ancient bridge is the key element of the water town. Shunde has a complicated river network and numerous bridges since ancient times. You can go out to cross the bridge and board the boat. According to statistics, there are 4 Song Bridges, 4 Ming Bridges and 8 Qing Bridges in Shunde, all of which are stone bridges. The well-preserved ones are: Xingtan Town: Jin Ao Bridge, Juji Bridge and Mingyuan Bridge in fengjian village; Gulang Village spans Aoqiao Bridge, Yinlong Bridge and Qifeng Bridge; Liji Bridge and Yong 'an Bridge in Beishui Village; Love Day Bridge in Gufen Village; Yuelong Bridge in Shangdi Village; Gaozan (East) Village Civilization Bridge; Lunjiao Town: Ziyang Bridge in Beihai Village; Continent Wei Yubo Bridge; Ronggui Town: Luoyang Bridge in the township; Siji Village Xiuqiao; Chencun Town: Old Xuniangquan Bridge and Hongqiao Bridge; Leliu town: Lingyun Bridge in Fulu Village; [2] As can be seen from the history, most of the existing ancient bridges are located in Xingtan town, and Xingtan town in Shunde has become the best area in the Pearl River Delta to preserve the landscape of Lingnan water town. "Another potential regional function of Shunde is to develop regional leisure tourism represented by the water town landscape with Lingnan characteristics ... The agricultural landscape of Jitang and the water town village landscape have gradually disappeared in the developed areas of the Pearl River Delta, but they still have this resource in the central and southern areas of Shunde, which has become a landscape resource that needs protection and rational utilization." [3]

Most of the ancient villages in Shunde are water towns, and the ancient towns in Longjiang, Longshan, Rongqi and Guizhou have been replaced by modern towns. Chencun, one of the four famous towns in Guangdong in the past, became a settlement in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was named after Chen Lin, a local citizen, was recruited as Taiwei in Jian 'an. Xianfeng's "Shunde County Records" says that "it has been a long time since the Han Dynasty presented longan and litchi, and the Song Dynasty dedicated different flowers" [4]. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chencun set up the inspection department of Duning, "all kinds of flowers and fruits flow all over the world." [5] In particular, chencun waterway, which connects all parts of the Pearl River Delta, passed through the town, which strongly promoted its development. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, through the development of river trade and commercial agriculture, the ancient town created a vast town area, with three markets and six cities. In the 13th year of Qing Qianlong (1748), it opened a new market, and soon developed into a "merchant-like" da shi. [6] Qu Dajun has a special liking for the scenery of its ancient water town:

"Shunde has a water town called Chencun. Weeks back to more than forty miles. Water gushes and flows through the tide. There are twists and turns There is not a garden that can't be reached. There are many water pines on the shore. The big one embraces. The branches droop. Green smoke comes out from time to time. Bridges vary in length. Everywhere is connected. Those who enter the boat get lost. Thought it was. It's just that the number of flowers is heavy. Most people live in longan cultivation. Endless ... Chencun's water taste is weak and powerful, so "take it as Gaotou Doujiu, which can sell ten thousand jars every year, and other villagers also come to fetch water and return it by boat ..." [7]

1. Settlement layout conforming to the water situation

The rivers of Lingnan water town in Shunde are the natural boundaries of settlement groups, and the settlements are generally divided into different plates by rivers. There are also built around the hills, and the streets surrounded by rivers are radially distributed.

The surnames and houses in Shunde water town are separated from each other by the river, and each group has its own fixed land gods (also known as "clubs"), such as sixteen clubs (now called "streets") in fengjian village, Shunde: Jianlong, Cungen, Tantou, Mingyuan, Backstreet, Gaoshe, Maishe, Wuqiao, Jiahou, Gaoxiang and Gaoxiang. [8] Shunde Lingnan Water Town has its own social gods and piers in each community, and the distinction is very strict. Each house, ethnic group, family and individual use different piers.

in the Qing dynasty, "every township had a social altar, which built a place for villagers to sacrifice to the people and to compete. The family is a big club, or a village. Its bricklaying stone can only be counted several feet, offering a stone, and it is only pious in the morning and evening. There are also people who rely on trees for the altar. " [9] There was no unified plan for rural construction in the Pearl River Delta during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but in the process of construction in economically developed rural areas, the layout of the lanes and alleys in the same village with "land", "social public" and other gods maintained a very strict relationship, and the residents were Fang Zhong, and at the same time they were "social public" dedicated to a certain "social public". These rural constructions are regulated by the same culture, so they have a relatively uniform cultural landscape. This kind of attachment not only makes the community life orderly, but also is conducive to the integration of the community, and is highly in tune with the economic environment requirements of the Pearl River Delta at that time. [1] Therefore, the local landscape of Lingnan Water Village in Shunde still continues the traditional "comb structure" pattern prevailing in the Pearl River Delta region, which reflects the cultural norms and integration of the "social public" god culture on the social groups and settlement communities in the water village group: structurally, the lanes are uniform and well-regulated, and the villagers have three houses with two corridors one after another, forming a neat, horizontal and vertical layout; [11] Upward, local buildings such as houses and ancestral halls face the river, and the alley formed by the building is perpendicular to the river and directly faces the small pier. (For example, around Xihua Street in Longtan Village, Xingtan Town)

In my opinion, the settlement groups in these water towns were probably clan communities dominated by single surnames in the early stage of their development, showing a regular layout of "comb structure" isomorphic to the settlement communities in the delta plain in the lower reaches of the Beijiang River, and they were widely distributed along the rivers in Shunde and other places with the densest river network in the middle of the Pearl River Delta. Later, with the population multiplication and settlement expansion, the neighboring small villages gradually became one piece, and the relationship between surnames became increasingly close. Gradually, in addition to the original social workers, there may also be geographical gods, such as the formation process of the "Northern Emperor Sacrifice System" in Shawan, a famous town in the Pearl River Delta studied by Liu Zhiwei, which is probably the process of integrating the villages with surnames in Shawan into a unified community ... In fact, the surname of He controlled the Northern Emperor in most years. [13] Some later-formed, multi-surname, large-scale water towns in Shunde (such as Fengjian, Shajiao, etc.), when their surnames first settled, generally they lived together and multiplied, and the emergence of conditions such as population reproduction, settlement expansion, geographical worship of gods, dense river network, developed water transportation lines, and the formation of regional markets is likely to be the integration of these surnames groups living together into settlements.

2. Elegant, transparent and heavy vernacular architecture

Tone:

Different from the "white walls and plain tiles" in Jiangnan water town, Guangfu vernacular architecture in Shunde Lingnan water town is gray and turbid in tone, with "blue walls, tiles and white ground". The buildings are usually grey mashi street, grey mashi foot and grey brick walls (there were also many oysters in the early days) At the junction of eaves and roofs, black borders are often applied, and white grass is painted, so the outline is eye-catching. Under the strong sunlight, it enriches the elevation changes and shows the rhythm and sense of rhythm of architectural modeling. The black and white feet are quite striking and fresh, which can reduce heat radiation and glare.

Modeling:

The buildings (residential houses and ancestral halls) in Lingnan Water Town, Shunde, are characterized by the unique modeling of the Feng Volcano Wall, that is, like the ears of a wok, which is called the "wok-eared House". In the Ming Dynasty, Zhong Er's modeling was interpreted as a two-ear modeling symbolizing the official hat of the Ming Dynasty, and it was stipulated that only those who had achieved fame in the imperial examination were qualified to build such a house. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, with the development of the commodity economy in the Pearl River Delta and the popularization of clans, the style of the Feng volcano wall was widely used by the people, and it was closely related to the development of social economy and culture, and became a common gable shape in Lingnan water town architecture.

The decorations on the edge of the gables in Yong 'er are often patterns of aquatic plants and grass dragons with a black background, which is commonly called "sweeping the grass tail of Cigarette Cards", which is related to the vertical and horizontal water network and the living environment of Lingnan near the river and the sea. The grass tail on the gable has beautiful decorative lines. Against the background of black, the white grass tail is full of vitality, which is an indispensable decorative pattern on the gable of Guangfu folk traditional houses. The Bell House is also called "Aoyu House". That is to say, the top of the main ridge of the big house likes to play with pearls in the middle, and the opposite decorative fish at both ends are commonly used as ridge ornaments in the Pearl River Delta basin. It is said that the octopus is a kind of hydrophilic totem of ethnic groups in the Xijiang River basin, and then it has been transformed into dragon mother belief and dragon totem worship. It is said that the octopus is favored by people because it is fond of swallowing fire and rain. The gable of the ear and the ridge of the fish can also be regarded as a kind of hydrophilic building. The roof of the traditional building is decorated with Kui Wen, commonly known as "Bo Gu", which is said to be an abstract change from the dragon pattern of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. This is also an architectural vocabulary in which the south is still water in the five elements, and endowed with far-reaching cultural origins. [14]

In addition, the dragon boat ridge, custom colored paintings, pottery sculptures, gray sculptures, brick carvings and wood carvings around the shrine, exquisite brick carvings on the head of the ancestral temple, wooden carvings of bucket arches on the beams, etc. all imply rural simple emotional themes such as good luck, long life and prosperity.

Housing:

Most poor families in Shunde Lingnan Water Village live in straight houses, that is, single-room cabins; Most small and medium-sized families live in Mingzi House and three two corridors. Mingzi House is a double-open room, the main room is a hall, and the second room is a room. There is a patio in front of the hall and a kitchen behind the house, which is a single-family house, suitable for a well-off world with a small population; The basic pattern of large and medium-sized houses is mainly "three rooms and two corridors". The so-called three rooms, that is, a house with three rooms hanging from the top of the mountain, with a hall in the open room and bedrooms on both sides. The patio in front of the house has two corridors on both sides. The patio is enclosed by a wall. The plane of the whole house is a regular rectangle. Of the two corridors, the right corridor opens to the street, which is generally a concierge; The left porch is mostly used as a kitchen. Generally, the doors of residential houses adopt foot doors, stiles and wooden doors, commonly known as "three-piece heads". The "three-head" gate not only keeps the privacy of the living room, but also is conducive to ventilation. It can not only observe the outside of the door, but also has a good defense function, and it also has high artistic value. This is an image example of Lingnan architecture being realistic and transparent. Some have built a shrine behind the three rooms, and there is a shrine on the side of the hall upstairs for placing ancestral tablets. This residential model is the most common and typical standard residence in rural areas of the Pearl River Delta, including Shunde [15]. The settlements of Shunde water towns are separated by rivers, and still take three corridors as the basic unit, and they are expanded in parallel into multi-entry and multi-way large courtyards. With three rooms and two corridors as the basic format, there can be many additions and deletions.

Ancestral Temple:

Most of the rural ancestral temples in the Pearl River Delta, including Shunde Water Town, were built after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and their site selection often pays attention to geomantic omen, so they often face a special angle designated by geomantic omen instead of due south. Generally speaking, its layout is very similar, with square base, negative yin and yang, and the back of the mountain and water, which conforms to the basic principle and pattern of site selection of houses, villages and towns in Feng Shui concept. In front of the ancestral hall is Little Square, where people can get together and hold various celebrations. On the other hand, the open flat ground also sets off the majestic momentum of the ancestral hall.

The entrance to the ancestral hall is a porch-style layout. On both sides of the gate, there are often sumitomo desks. In the past, whenever there was a festival, musicians played here. After entering the gate, it is a screen door to enhance privacy, also known as "middle door" or "blocking the middle" to form the hall, which is a common layout form and design technique of traditional Guangfu ancestral hall; Behind the hall is the patio. The elevation of patio floor is slightly lower, generally paved with granite strips, with open drains. There are side rooms or eaves galleries on the left and right sides of the patio, and the sloping roofs on the four sides form the trend of "four waters are unified". Behind the patio is the main body of the whole building, namely, the Zhongjin Chamber, which is usually called the "XXX Hall" with three bays. This is the largest single building in the whole ancestral hall, which meets the function of gathering and discussing people, and screens are set in the Ming room to block the line of sight from the discussion to the Sanjin ancestral hall. After entering China, there is a narrow backyard, which is a relatively simple back seat. The Ming room is dedicated to the ancestors of all generations of Changfang, and on both sides are the ancestral temples of Peixian and Peixiang, which are dedicated to the ancestors who have won the family name and the ancestors who have made contributions to the construction and repair of the ancestral temple. In other small ancestral halls and study rooms (so-called "private partners"), the traditional door-to-door style of Guangfu folk houses is adopted as the entrance shape. Generally, the plane is a three-bay, with doors in the open room and bricks on both sides, without columns. The structure is simple and the contrast between reality and reality is strong.