What are the ethnic minorities in Yunnan? How about the clothes?

Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. According to the distribution data of the Fourth National Population Census in 1990, there are 52 ethnic groups in Yunnan among the 56 ethnic groups in the country, among which there are ethnic groups with a population of more than 5,000. 26, in addition to the Han, there are 25 ethnic minorities. Among them, 15 ethnic minorities, including Bai, Hani, Dai, Naxi, Lisu, Lacai, Wa, Jingpo, Brown, Achang, Nu, Pumi, De'ang, Dulong and Jinuo, are unique to Yunnan Province. Yunnan's long history, numerous ethnic groups, complex topography and changeable three-dimensional climate determine that the costumes and decorations of the Yunnan ethnic groups must be colorful and spectacular. National costumes are the carrier of national culture. National costumes are an important category of national cultural relics. From different costumes, we can identify different ethnic groups and understand their gender, age, occupation, and marital status. We can also see from the national costumes The festivals, weddings and funerals, religious beliefs, etiquette and other customs of various ethnic groups. To exaggerate, a set of ethnic costumes is simply the epitome and small encyclopedia of a peasant ethnic group. . In order to strengthen the internal cohesion of a nation and make its members closer together, each member insists on wearing the traditional costumes passed down by their ancestors. This is one of the effective means to strengthen this kind of feelings and concepts. This kind of traditional clothing that has been passed down to this day and has endured for a long time is the materialization of the tenacious fighting spirit of a nation that has struggled hard for national survival and development during the course of thousands of years of history. It is a symbol of group consciousness and a collective representation of the national spirit. 1. Yi Nationality The clothing of the Yi nationality comes in many varieties and colors, and is a concrete manifestation of the traditional culture and aesthetic consciousness of the Yi nationality. In the long process of historical development, the Yi people living in different regions have created and formed different clothing customs, which occupy an important position in the material folk customs of the Yi people. According to the regional and branch expressions of Yi costume folk customs, Yi costumes can be divided into six types: Liangshan, Wumengshan, Honghe, Southeast Yunnan, West Yunnan, and Chuxiong. Each type can be divided into several styles. Here are some of them. The Liangshan type is mainly prevalent in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and adjacent counties in Sichuan, as well as in the Jinsha River Basin of Yunnan Province. Due to the specific natural geographical environment and the social form of slavery at a specific historical stage caused by the isolation of the large and small Liangshan Mountains, its clothing is simple and unique, and it relatively completely maintains the cultural characteristics of traditional clothing. Men's and women's tops in Liangshan are all right-folded jackets. Men, women, old and young all wear cerva, felt, leggings and felt socks. Men's hair style is the traditional "Tian Bodhisattva", that is, they have a long lock of hair in a bun on the top of their head. Most of them have a long black or dark blue scarf wrapped around their heads, often wrapped into a pointed cone shape and inserted diagonally in front of their forehead, which is called " "Hero's Knot", with honey wax beads, white earrings and other accessories on the left ear. They wear long trousers, which can be divided into large, medium and small trousers due to different languages ??and regions. The most distinctive ornament is the "Tuta", which is worn cross-body on the body. It is woven into a belt with thin beef tendons. The surface is inlaid with white clam slices. Women wear skirts and headscarves, and after giving birth, they wear hats or handkerchiefs. Wear silver, coral, jade, shell and other earrings on both ears, pay attention to the neck decoration, and wear a silver collar. Wearing a pleated long skirt, the adult skirt is divided into three sections, the upper section is the waist, the middle section is tubular, and the lower section is multi-pleated. Usually, a triangular purse is hung around the waist. The surface of the bag is decorated with various patterns, and the lower end is decorated with five-color ribbons for holding items. In addition, they wear mouth strings, syringes and decorated tusks on their chests, which are believed to ward off evil spirits. The traditional clothing materials are mainly self-woven and self-dyed wool and linen fabrics, and they like to use colors such as black, red, and yellow. The other patterns are its traditional patterns, which are divided into three styles: Yinuo, Shengcha and Sodi. Wumengshan type clothing used to be mainly made of wool and linen fabrics, but now it is mostly made of fabrics, and the color is still black, mostly green and blue. Its basic style is a long gown with a large front and right folds, and a long trousers. Women's clothing has cross-shoulders and floral decorations on the neckline, placket and skirt edge. It can also be divided into Weining style and Panlong style. Men's clothing of the Honghe type is basically the same everywhere, mostly stand-up collared double-breasted shorts and wide-crotch trousers; women's clothing is colorful, with styles including long shirts, long clothes and short clothes, most of which are jackets, waistcoats, trousers and aprons. . There is a dazzling array of headdresses, especially decorated with silver bubbles or wool threads. It can be divided into Yuanyang style, Jianshui style and Shiping style. Southeast Yunnan type clothing is popular in the Yi areas of southeast Yunnan and Napo, Guangxi and other places. The main styles of women's clothing are right-front and double-breasted tops and trousers, with skirts worn in some areas; men's clothing is double-breasted, with jackets and waistcoats, and wide-crotch trousers underneath. Some Yi people in Napo, Guangxi and Malipo, Yunnan still retain the ancient style of square robes, which are only worn by women during festivals or ceremonies. This type of clothing is mostly based on white, blue, and black, and is often decorated with animal, plant, and geometric patterns. The crafts include embroidery, patchwork, batik and other techniques. Divided into three styles: Lunan, Maitreya, and Wenxi. Generally speaking, the clothing of the Yi people reflects the aesthetics of black respectability and yellow beauty; it reflects the Yi people’s living habits and honor consciousness of “looking at the head”; men’s clothing mostly reflects their heroic and fighting spirit; clothing patterns reflect the Yi people’s respect for nature. understanding and respect. 2. Dai Nationality The Dai nationality has various branches such as Shui Dai, Han Dai, Huayao Dai, etc. Each of them has different costumes, and Shui Dai costumes are the most popular. Dai women are mostly slender and wear light-colored or bright-colored tight-sleeved blouses and floral skirts, which have distinctive ethnic characteristics. Young women generally do not wear buns, but wear their hair in a bun. Middle-aged and elderly women often wear headscarves. Women's clothing is often made of various patterns, colorful silks or floral cloths, with bright and beautiful colors.

Men generally wear collarless jackets with trousers, a blanket in winter, and a white or blue turban on their head, with one end of the turban hanging down on the right side. Women's clothing is the most beautiful in the world. It is like a peacock spreading its tail, colorful, beautiful and breathtaking. Anyone who knows the situation feels that this is not an exaggeration at all. Dai women are generally slim, with pure and delicate faces. They look graceful and graceful, so they are known as the "Golden Peacock". Not only are they beautiful, but they are also good at dressing up, using unique costumes to make themselves look like flowers. Dai women generally like to wear narrow-sleeved shorts and skirts to fully display their slender figures. Wear a white or crimson underwear on top, and a tight-fitting jacket on the outside, with a garden collar and narrow sleeves, with a wide placket or a double placket, and come in a variety of colors such as crimson, light yellow, light green, snow white, sky blue, etc. Nowadays, georgette is mostly used , silk, Liang and other materials. The narrow-sleeved blouse fits the arms tightly, with almost no gaps. Many people also like to use flesh-colored clothing for sewing. If you don’t look carefully, you can’t see the sleeves, front and back. It is just waist-length, tightly wrapped around the body, and a silver belt is used to tie the short-sleeved shirt and skirt. Underneath is a skirt that is as long as the ankles. The waist is slim and small, and the hem is wide. This kind of attire of Dai women fully demonstrates the beauty of women's "measurements" of chest, waist and hips. In addition, the fabrics used are soft and the colors are bright and bright. No matter walking or doing things, they give people a graceful, free and elegant look. Feel. Dai men generally wear collarless shirts with double fronts or large fronts and small sleeves, long trousers, and wrap their heads with white, green or scarlet cloth. Some wear woolen hats to look smart and generous. Dai people, regardless of gender, always like to carry a satchel (tongpa) made of woven cotton on their shoulders when going out. The satchel has bright colors and simple style, with strong color of life and national characteristics. The patterns include rare birds and animals, trees, flowers or geometric figures, which are realistic and lifelike. Each pattern contains specific content, such as: red and green are to commemorate ancestors; peacock pattern. Among the Dai costumes, men's clothing is relatively simple and elegant. They wear collarless, double-breasted or large-breasted shorts with small sleeves on the upper body, solid-color trousers on the lower body, and white or cyan cloth headbands. This kind of clothing is light and comfortable when working in farming, and makes the wearer look fit and healthy when dancing. Dai women's costumes are colorful, fully demonstrating their vitality and sexiness. Dai women wear various tight-fitting underwear, light-colored coats with large or double-breasted narrow sleeves, and colorful skirts with various patterns woven on them. Dai women like to tie their long hair into a bun and comb it diagonally. They wear hairpins or flowers for decoration, and like to wear gold and silver jewelry, and tie a delicate silver belt around their waist. Such costumes make them look charming, graceful and graceful. They are like beautiful peacocks, elegant and quiet. The Dai people are an ethnic minority found in Yunnan Province. They are mainly distributed in the valley and Pingba areas in the south and west of Yunnan Province. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture are the main residential areas of the Dai people. The places where the Dai people live are in tropical and subtropical areas, where the climate is warm, the mountains and forests are dense, and the products are rich. Dai costumes fully reflect these geographical characteristics. Dai costumes not only give people a strong sense of beauty, but also have a strong national style. 3. Naxi Nationality The Naxi nationality is scattered in northwest Yunnan. The Naxi nationality in Lijiang area. The men's clothing is similar to that of the Han nationality, mainly consisting of double-breasted tops and trousers. Women wear long gowns, leather or cloth waistcoats, trousers and pleated aprons. What is particularly outstanding is the wool shawl worn by women. The shawl is decorated with seven stars, hence the name "Seven-Star Shawl". The Naxi people in the Jinsha River Basin wear clothing similar to that of the Tibetan people. They wear narrow hairbands with contrasting colors and black robes. The edges are decorated with two wide edges of different colors. Some have geometric patterns embroidered on the edges. Use colored strips of fabric to make a belt. Naxi women's clothing is divided into two categories: the first type is mainly distributed in Lijiang area and is worn by more people. They have their hair braided and wear hats or kerchiefs. Generally, the upper body wears a right-hand jacket with a stand collar, short at the front, long at the back, cloth buttons, wide waist, and long sleeves. The outer cover is a right jacket, round neck waistcoat made of cotton or woolen cloth or corduroy. Wear an apron or skirt, and a seven-star sheepskin back; wear dark trousers, embroidered shoes, cloth shoes or rubber shoes. The second type is seen in local Naxi women in Zhongdian. They keep their hair long, tied back or braided, and decorated with round silver medals with patterns. He wears a long slit white linen coat with a placket on the upper body. The hem is black with colorful embroidery. The waist is tied with a black belt embroidered with colorful checks and woolen tassels. Wear trousers and a long pleated skirt with colorful stripes, white wool goatskin on the back, and boots or felt boots. Naxi women also generally like to wear jewelry, such as earrings, rings, bracelets, etc. Also known as "Phi Stars and Dai Yue" and "Seven Stars Sheep Phi", it is made of sheep skin. First, tan the skin to make it soft and white, then cut it into the shape of a frog body and the size of a human back, with the "frog head" facing down, sew a piece of black velvet one meter long and more than 30 centimeters wide directly above it, under the shawl At the place where the straps are connected, there are two circular patterns about 3 inches in diameter sewn on, and seven circular patterns about 1 inch in diameter are embroidered with colorful silk thread on the lower few inches, called "Seven Stars", with a nail in the center of the seven stars. Two thin strips. Then a pair of 17 cm long and 5 cm wide pieces of white cloth embroidered with butterfly patterns are used as straps to create a unique sheepskin back decoration. There are different legends about the formation of the sheepskin back pattern.

One of them believes that the large circle pattern embellished on the sheepskin, the left circle represents the sun, the right circle represents the moon, and the seven small circles represent the seven stars, so it is called "wearing stars and wearing moon". It reflects the hard work of Naxi women. The second is that the Naxi Dongba Sutra and folk oral legends show that the Naxi people worshiped frogs in ancient times and regarded them as the totems of their own nation. They cut sheepskin into the shape of frog bodies, which shows the Naxi people's attachment to totems. Faith worship. At the same time, frogs have strong fertility, which is reflected in the clothing and emphasizes women's view of fertility. Naxi men dress simply and can be roughly divided into two situations. Naxi men in Lijiang have short hair and wear felt hats or buns. Wear linen or cotton clothes on the upper body, a sheepskin vest or wool felt on the outside, dark trousers, a belt, and cloth shoes or leather shoes. Naxi men in the Sanba area of ??Zhongdian wear right-sided jackets or double-breasted long-sleeved clothes that reach their abdomen, with red cloth buns wrapped around their heads, and linen trousers underneath. "Wearing stars and wearing moon" clothes is a symbol of Naxi women's hardworking, kind and beautiful qualities. In ancient times, most Naxi men went out to do business, and the burden of production work fell entirely on the shoulders of Naxi women. They worked early in the morning and worked late at night, but they still couldn't finish the work, so they embroidered the stars and the moon on their shawls, so that people could "star". The moon lives forever and is busy day and night." When you see Naxi women wearing "Wearing Stars and Wearing Moon" clothes, do you think they are beautiful and hard-working? The Naxi people are an ancient ethnic group living in Lijiang, Yunnan Province. The most distinctive of their costumes is the "Wearing Stars and Wearing Moon" clothing. Naxi women wear long coats that are longer than the knees, with a wide waist and large sleeves, a pleated apron, long trousers, and a ragged back. This kind of shawl is made of sheepskin, which is dehaired, washed, whitened, and then sewn. Then two white cloth straps are embroidered on the shawl. During work, the cloth straps of the shawl are pulled to the chest and tied crosswise. It looks like seven shining stars surrounding a bright moon. People call this kind of clothing "wearing stars and wearing moon". The clothing of the Naxi people has strong ethnic characteristics, especially the sheepskin back ornaments in women's clothing, which is unique to the Naxi people. Naxi clothing was first made of sheepskin and animal skin. According to "Lijiang Prefecture Chronicles" written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, "a Naxi man wears his hair tied in two buns, with his hair shaved off the sides, and is called Sandatou. He has green beads in his earrings, a short knife at his waist, felt pieces wrapped around his knees, and he wears sheep fur all the time. The woman wears a high bun on her head, a pointed hat, large earrings, short clothes, a long skirt, covered with sheepskin, and is decorated with brocade and gold beads to show off. Men shave their heads and wear hats, long-collared cloth clothes, women wear high buns or black pointed hats, short clothes and long skirts." In the long process of development, the costumes are also constantly changing. These facts show that, on the whole, the traditional costumes of all ethnic groups in my country maintain their own distinct personalities. Even those fraternal ethnic groups that have been neighbors and lived together for a long time have very similar costumes and their differences are so subtle that outsiders cannot detect them. Their respective characteristics are also very clear. The distinctive traditional costumes of a nation are a sign of distinction for other nations; but for this nation, they are a flag of mutual recognition and a bond that forms a whole. And all of these are collective unconscious cultural patterns formed due to the inheritance of human history. This cohesion is the instinct for a nation to survive and develop.

It is inconceivable that without this kind of cohesion, how could a nation, especially a weak nation, go through the long and arduous historical process and survive tenaciously under the conditions of a forest of strong tribes?