Ask for some political and economic education policies about the United States.

American education: In the United States, education management is the responsibility of state or local governments, not the federal government. However, the Federal Ministry of Education can exert a certain degree of influence by controlling education funds. Students have the legal obligation to receive education from primary school to 12 grade in public schools; That is, five years of primary school, three years of junior high school and four years of senior high school are divided into public and private schools, most of which are public schools, and the system of free and compulsory education is implemented. In addition, primary and secondary schools generally provide free or half-fee lunches, and students are picked up by school buses. Usually 18 years old can graduate, but many States allow students over 16 years old to leave school. In addition to attending public schools, parents can also choose to educate their children at home or send their children to church or private schools. After graduating from high school, students can choose to attend public or private universities. Public universities receive funds from the federal or state governments and other channels, but most students still have to repay their student loans after graduation. Tuition fees in private universities are usually higher than those in public universities. Many students will enter the workplace or the military to earn tuition before entering universities and colleges. The U.S. military and many private enterprises will also subsidize employees' higher education tuition.

There are many universities in America. After the Puritans who immigrated to the United States founded Harvard University, the first university in the United States more than 360 years ago, American higher education inherited the traditions of ancient European universities such as Cambridge University and Oxford University. Today, more than 2,600 four-year universities confer bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees [95]. There are as many as 3400 two-year community colleges. These universities have no fixed form, ranging from large to small, such as the University of Texas at Austin with nearly 50,000 students, to deep springs college, California with only 26 students. Some universities have vast and beautiful campuses and complete teaching facilities, and some universities are located in several humble teaching buildings in downtown areas. There are no high walls between the campus and the surrounding urban areas, but they are completely integrated with the surrounding urban areas.

American universities are divided into public and private, four-year and two-year, regional and national, junior college and comprehensive college, and so on. These schools are completely independent and have nothing to do with any politics or sects. Each university has different timetables, teaching plans, educational purposes, and even salaries paid to faculty and staff. In 2009, the education index [96] in the human development index of the United Nations Development Programme ranked the education level of the United States as the second1in the world. At present, 76.6 million Americans are receiving education (from kindergarten to university). Many universities in the United States are also very competitive, whether public or private. It is conservatively estimated that there are about 3400 universities in the United States. Famous universities include Ivy League members, as well as Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvard's literature, business and medicine are recognized as the top in the United States; Yale Law Department ranked first in the United States for many years; MIT has the reputation of "the best university of technology in the world". The above factors make the United States the most important education hub in the world, attracting many international students from all over the world to study here every year.

President [editor]

South of the White House

Major projects: President of the United States

The president is the head of state, the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He has the right to nominate federal ministers and directors, Supreme Court judges, ambassadors and other candidates, and can take office after being approved by two-thirds of the members of the Senate. During his tenure, the whole family lived in the White House. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress, but if the bill is passed by two-thirds of the votes of both houses of Congress, the president's veto power will be overturned. The president can submit various State of the Union addresses and legislative plans to Congress.

The president is elected every four years, and individuals can only serve for two terms at most. Although the presidential and vice presidential elections are all universal suffrage, the election method is determined by electoral votes (electors are elected by the people)-except Maine and Nebraska, which distribute electoral votes according to the proportion of popular votes, all electoral votes in the other 48 States and Washington, D.C., are given to presidential candidates who have obtained a relatively large majority of popular votes, with 538 electoral votes nationwide, and the candidates at least win. The so-called "indirect election" of the electoral college is only a ceremonial procedure. When the electoral college votes, the elected voters must vote for the presidential candidate who wins in the state, so the election results can usually be calculated according to the election results of each state on the polling day. California, the most populous state in the United States, has as many as 55 electoral votes, while Alaska, with a small population, has only three electoral votes. In view of this situation, in previous US presidential elections, states with large populations have become important targets of presidential candidates. This has happened several times in American history. Although some presidential candidates got fewer electoral votes than their opponents in the general election, they were elected because they got enough electoral votes.

Office of the president [editor]

White house sign

Major projects: Office of the President of the United States

1939, the National Assembly passed a reorganization bill and established an office directly responsible to the President. So far, the number of institutions and staff has greatly increased. With a few exceptions, such as the Director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Trade Representative (both cabinet ministers), most of them are from federal government departments. All offices are headed by the White House Chief of Staff.

At present, there are the following organizations:

White House Office: This institution serves the President personally, and its members are appointed by the President without the approval of the Senate. Senior officials are generally held by the presidential campaign team and cronies, and a few positions are held by scholars or experts outside the campaign team. The White House Chief of Staff and the Deputy Chief of Staff are responsible for leadership.

Economic advisory Committee

Environmental quality Committee

National Security Council [China]

Homeland security Committee

administrating office

Office of Management and Budget: established in 192 1. Its director is cabinet minister and must be approved by the Senate.

Office of National Drug Control Policy

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Office of the U.S. Trade Representative: The head of the office is the cabinet-level "U.S. Trade Representative", which must be approved by the Senate.

Economic recovery advisory Committee

Intelligence advisory Committee

Federal administrative department [editor]

Main entry: United States federal administrative department

The highest head of the federal executive branch, except the Ministry of Justice, is called a minister and is a member of the US Cabinet.

There are now 15 federal administrative departments in the United States:

The State Council badge, USA

The State Council: Founded in 1789, it is the first branch of the federal government after the entry into force of the US Constitution. Responsible for foreign affairs, equivalent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is one of the largest government agencies in the United States, and its chief executive is the Secretary of State.

the Ministry of Finance

Department of Defense: The office is the Pentagon.

Department of Justice: A non-judicial institution whose department head is called the Attorney General of the United States instead of the Minister. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is attached to it.

Ministry of the Interior: It is responsible for the management of land owned by the federal government, which is different from the police and security affairs of most countries.

Ministry of Agriculture

Board of Trade

Ministry of Labour

Ministry of Health and Human Services

Ministry of Housing and Urban Development

Ministry of communications

Department of Energy

Ministry of Education

Department of Veterans Affairs

Department of Homeland Security

An independent agency of the federal government [editor]

Major projects: independent agencies of the US government.

An independent agency is a federal department with partial administrative power in addition to the above-mentioned 15 government department, which is mainly managed by a Committee composed of most members. Because of their technical professionalism and political neutrality, they can be more efficient in their respective fields. Therefore, the appointment and removal of the leaders of the following departments are mainly restricted by Congress and regulations, not the will of the president.

At present, the main independent institutions are as follows:

Federal reserve headquarters building.

Federal Reserve System: 19 13 is an institution with the function of central bank. Responsible for managing and regulating the banking industry and implementing monetary policy. It is operated by 12 regional reserve banks. The top management board of the Federal Reserve consists of six members. The chairman of the board of directors is elected from among the members, all of whom are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate. The term of office of the chairman is four years and can be re-elected. Because of its professional members and chairmen, the term of office often spans multiple presidential and congressional terms.

Central Intelligence Agency: Established in 1947, it collects and analyzes information about foreign governments, companies and individuals, politics, culture, science and technology, coordinates the activities of other domestic intelligence agencies, and reports this information to various departments of the US government.

NASA: Established in 1958 to undertake American space research projects.

Environmental protection agency

Federal Election Commission: supervises the campaign and fund-raising activities of federal elections.

Federal Communications Commission [United States]

United States International Trade Commission: quasi-judicial federal agency. Responsible for providing professional advice on international trade to legislative bodies and law enforcement agencies, judging the impact of imports on American industries, and taking measures against unfair trade (such as dumping and patent, trademark and copyright infringement).

Securities and Exchange Commission: Protect investors who buy stocks and bonds.

National Labor Relations Committee: Protecting employees and labor relations.

National Archives and Records Bureau: manages national archives related to national history.

Social Security Bureau: manages the national social insurance project, which consists of pension, disability allowance and survival allowance.

Personnel management office: ensure the fairness, merit-based selection and treatment of national civil servants.

National transportation safety board: Investigate all commercial aviation, some major railways and other accidents in the United States.

United States postal service

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) manages American foreign economic and humanitarian aid projects in the developing world, Central and Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union member countries.

Federal justice [editor]

Federal Supreme Court Building

Main projects: American courts and American federal courts.

The federal court of the United States is responsible for hearing disputes between two or more States, violations of federal laws, international treaties, the US Constitution, maritime commercial law, bankruptcy law and other related cases.

Federal courts are divided into three levels: courts of first instance, that is, U.S. district courts, with 94 courts hearing cases within federal jurisdiction; The United States has a *** 12 court of appeal, the main ruling comes from the appeal of the judgment of the district court within its federal jurisdiction, and the final judgment of most cases comes from the court of appeal; The Court of Final Appeal of the U.S. Supreme Court only accepts less than 65,438+000 judicial cases every year, and its main responsibility is to make a final interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.

The Federal Supreme Court consists of nine justices, of which 1 is the chief justice of the United States. Each justice is nominated by the president and approved by the Senate after the hearing. For all kinds of cases submitted, it is generally decided by a simple majority vote of nine justices.

American economy [editor]

Major projects: American economy

Summarize [edit]

The American economy is highly developed, the production scale is huge, the production technology is leading, and the departmental structure is complete; Industrially developed; Advanced agriculture; Highway, railway, water transport, aviation and pipeline transportation technology and volume rank first in the world; The foreign trade volume ranks first in the world; The financial industry is extremely developed; The total economic output ranks first in the world for a long time, and the per capita GDP is nearly 50,000 US dollars, ranking first among countries with a population of more than 50 million (inclusive). It is the most important economy in the world and plays an extremely important role in human economic life.

Development history [edit]

Main projects: American economic history

Wall Street in new york represents the powerful financial power of the United States.

Throughout the economic history of the United States, it is a successful transition from a colonial economy to becoming the world's largest industrial country in the 20th century.

/kloc-By the end of 0/9, the United States had surpassed Britain to become the world's largest economy. So far, the living standards of its citizens have been very high. In 2000, the per capita GNP exceeded US$ 40,000, ranking first in the world and one of the richest, most developed and highest living standards countries in the world.

Macroeconomics [editor]

The economic system has the characteristics of capitalism and mixed economy. In this system, enterprises and private institutions make major microeconomic decisions, and the government plays a less important role in domestic economic life; However, the sum of governments at all levels accounts for 36% of GDP; In developed countries, the social welfare network in the United States is relatively small, and the government's control over business is lower than that in other developed countries [46].

Economic activities in different regions have different centers of gravity. For example, new york is the center of finance, shipping, publishing, broadcasting and advertising, and also the top economic center in the world. Los Angeles is the production center of records, movies and TV programs, as well as the economic center of the west coast of North America and even the Asia-Pacific region. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Pacific Northwest are the centers of science and technology development, and Silicon Valley is the center of global high-tech and scientific research. The midwest of the United States is the center of heavy industry, Detroit is a famous automobile city, and Chicago is the financial and commercial center of this region; Southeast China is mainly engaged in medical research, tourism and construction. Because its salary cost is lower than other regions, it continues to attract manufacturing investment.

A farm in Pennsylvania. Agriculture accounts for less than 1% of American GDP, but it is still an important economic activity.

The service industry in the United States, especially the financial industry, shipping industry, insurance industry and commercial service industry, accounts for the largest proportion of GDP. Three quarters of the country's labor force is engaged in the service industry [47], which is in a leading position in the world. New york is not only the largest city and economic center in China, but also one of the best financial, shipping and service centers in the world. Education is one of the most important economic industries in the United States, which attracts many foreign students from all over the world to study here every year and attracts many talents.

The United States is rich in mineral resources, including gold, oil and uranium, but many energy supplies depend on foreign imports. The United States is one of the largest agricultural exporters in the world, and its main agricultural products include corn, wheat, sugar and tobacco. The amazing agricultural output of the great plains in the central and western regions makes it known as the "world granary" [48].

American industrial products mainly include automobiles, airplanes and electronic products. The United States is a major exporter of aircraft, steel, weapons and electronic equipment. The United States also has developed tourism, ranking third in the world [49].

The largest trading partner of the United States is neighboring Canada (19%), China (12%) and Mexico (1 1%), followed by Japan (8%), with daily value as high as 1 1. The American economy is considered as the largest and most important economy in the world. The American economy is highly developed, and the currencies of many countries in the world are linked to the US dollar, while the American securities market and debt are considered as a barometer of the world economy.

Since Ronald Reagan/Kloc-0 became president in the 1980s, the United States has increased the use of neo-liberal economic policies, relatively reduced the government's intervention in the economy, reduced the scale of the welfare system, and abandoned the Keynesian economic policies that have been biased towards interventionism for a long time since the Great Depression. Therefore, the American government provides less social welfare services than other industrialized countries, reduces domestic taxes, and relies more on Libreville Yard and private charities.

In the1990s, the popularity of computers and the Internet made the United States enter unprecedented prosperity and take the lead in the global science and technology field. 2/kloc-0 At the beginning of the 20th century, the Internet economy bubble burst, which caused the American economy to drop from high-speed growth to sustained low-speed growth. Although the American economy resumed a good growth trend after 2003, the subprime mortgage crisis broke out in 2007, which severely hit the American and even the whole world economy. The prestige of American finance and economy plummeted, and the status of international gold and crude oil denominated in dollars was also discussed. Then in 2008, the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States evolved into a financial crisis, sweeping the world, triggering a financial tsunami and affecting the economies of various countries, making the global financial industry, real estate, automobile industry and luxury goods. At present, it has gradually entered the post-financial tsunami era, and the economic model and future re-examination and reform are gradually clear, but the uncertainty is quite high (printing a lot of money). Despite this, the weight of the American economy is still high.

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